CC BY
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В фазе обострения у детей с ХГД в клинической картине преобладал болевой синдром (в 100% случаев) и проявления желудочной диспепсии (в 64%), тогда как в фазе неполной ремиссии при значительном уменьшении проявлений болевого синдрома и симптомов желудочной диспепсии, преобладали проявления кишечной диспепсии (метеоризм, вздутие живота, нарушения стула). Изменение клинической картины положительно коррелировали (р<0,01) с признаками дисбактериоза, сохраняющимися в фазе неполной ремиссии. Изменения со стороны микрофлоры представлены в таблице 2.
Таблица 2 - Динамика показателей микрофлоры кишечника в различные фазы течения ХГД
Микроорганизмы Дети в периоде обострения N=50 (группа 1 ) Дети в периоде неполной ремиссии N=30 (группа 2) Р
Бифидобактерии (снижение) 10 (20%) 27 (90%) 0,0001
Лактобактерии (снижение) 15 (30%) 25 (90%) 0,0001
Латозонегативная кишечная палочка (повышение) 5 (10%) 16 (53%) 0,0001
Кишечная палочка со сниженной ферментативной активностью (снижение) 17 (34%) 20 (66%) 0,0068
Стафилококк золотистый 4 (8%) 6 (20%) 0,12
Дрожжеподобные грибы (повышение) 8 (16%) 11 (36%) 0,0445
Энтерококки (снижение) 15 (30%) 17 (56%) 0,021
В периоде обострения ХГД изменения со стороны микрофлоры кишечника наблюдались у 48/96% детей, преимущественно за счет уменьшения облигатной и повышения численности условно-патогенной флоры. Через 3 месяца после эрадикации HP нарушения микрофлоры кишечника наблюдались у всех детей (100%). При этом в фазе неполной ремиссии изменения со стороны микрофлоры кишечника носили даже более выраженный характер, чем в периоде обострения за счет увеличения численности условно-патогенной флоры (дрожжеподобных грибов, лактозонегативной кишечной палочки) и снижения численности нормофлоры (преимущественно бифидо- и лактобактерий).
Выводы
Нарушения со стороны микрофлоры кишечника отмечаются как в периоде обострения, так и периоде неполной ремиссии хронического гастродуоденита. При этом в периоде неполной ремиссии они носят более выраженный характер, характеризуясь уменьшением облигатной (бифидо- и лактобактерий) и ростом условно-патогенной флоры (дрожжеподобные грибы, лактозонегативная кишечная палочка) .
Принимая во внимание выявленные изменения со стороны микрофлоры, можно заключить, что коррекция дисбиотических нарушений необходима на всех этапах лечения НР-ассоциированных гастродуоденитов у детей.
Литература
1. Капустина Т.Ю. Современные аспекты антихеликобактерной терапии у детей // Практика педиатра. - 2008. - № 3. - С. 41-44.
2. Корсунский, А.А. НеНсоЪаНег pylori - ассоциированные заболевания как педиатрическая проблема // Рос. пед. журн. -2002. - № 5. - С. 48-50.
3. Корсунский А.А., Щербаков П.Л., Исаков В.А. Хеликобактериоз и болезни органов пищеварения у детей // Медпрактика. -М.: ИД Медпрактика-М, 2002. - 168 с.
4. Урсова Н.И. Хеликобактерная инфекция у детей: проблема, анализ обобщенных данных // Лечащий врач. -2009. - № 6. - С. 14-17.
5. Новикова В.П., Цех О.М., Оришак Е.А. Состояние микрофлоры тонкой кишки при хроническом гастродуодените // Вопросы практической педиатрии. -2009. -№ 4. - С. 14-20.
6. Гурова М.М. Клинико-патогенетические особенности течения хронических гастродуоденитов у детей старшего возраста в периоде обострения и ремиссии // Врач-аспирант. - 2011. -№ 44. -С. 412-418.
7. Rolfe R.D. The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health // J. Nutr. 2000. Vol. 130 , № 10. P. 396 - 402 .
References
1. Kapustina T.Ju. Sovremennye aspekty antihelikobakternoj terapii u detej // Praktika pediatra. - 2008. - № 3. - S. 41-44.
2. Korsunskij, A.A. Nelicobacter pylori - associirovannye zabolevanija kak pediatricheskaja problema // Ros. ped. zhurn. - 2002. -№ 5. - S. 48-50.
3. Korsunskij A.A., Shherbakov P.L., Isakov V.A. Helikobakterioz i bolezni organov pishhevarenija u detej // Medpraktika. - M.: ID Medpraktika-M, 2002. - 168 s.
4. Ursova N.I. Helikobakternaja infekcija u detej: problema, analiz obobshhennyh dannyh // Lechashhij vrach. -2009. - № 6. - S. 1417.
5. Novikova V.P., Ceh O.M., Orishak E.A. Sostojanie mikroflory tonkoj kishki pri hronicheskom gastroduodenite // Voprosy prakticheskoj pediatrii. -2009. -№ 4. - S. 14-20.
6. Gurova M.M. Kliniko-patogeneticheskie osobennosti techenija hronicheskih gastroduodenitov u detej starshego vozrasta v periode obostrenija i remissii // Vrach-aspirant. - 2011. -№ 44. -S. 412-418.
7. Rolfe R.D. The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health // J. Nutr. 2000. Vol. 130 , № 10. P. 396 - 402 .
ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ / PHARMACEUTICS Лагуткина Т.П.1, Бахлол М.М.2
1Профессор кафедры управления и экономики фармации медицинского факультета, 2аспирант, магистр делового
администрирования
Российский университет дружбы народов
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫХ АСПЕКТОВ ПРОДВИЖЕНИЯ НА ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКОМ РЫНКЕ ЕГИПТА
Аннотация
Научно обоснована программа анализа маркетинговых коммуникаций, используемых различными субъектами фармацевтического рынка Египта, предложен инструментарий исследования, изучены приемы и методы формирования оптимальной политики продвижения для национальных и иностранных фармацевтических компаний-производителей.
Ключевые слова: фармацевтические компании, фармацевтический рынок Египта, маркетинговые коммуникации,
продвижение.
Lagutkina T.P.1, Bahlol M.M.2
'Professor of Pharmaceutical Management and Economics of Pharmacy, 2Post Graduate Student, Master of Business Administration
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Faculty of Medicine, People’s Friendship University of Russia SURVEY ON USING MARKETING PROMOTION BY PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCERS IN EGYPT
Abstract
Pharmaceutical market in Egypt has important economic value. Pharmaceutical companies use marketing promotion to promote their products. They use both mass communications and personnel communications to inform, stimulate and remind consumers; patients (directly or indirectly) about their products. We surveyed 85 pharmaceutical companies that work in Egypt with appropriate investigation of used marketing promotional tools by pharmaceutical companies. There are Egyptian and foreign pharmaceutical companies that compete in the market and have different characteristics. These different characteristics have effect on using of different marketing promotional tools by pharmaceutical companies e.g. age ofpharmaceutical companies, orientation of activities of the pharmaceutical companies, categories and types of drugs and using help of advertising agent.
Key words: pharmaceutical companies, Egyptian pharmaceutical market, marketing communications, promotion.
Introduction
Pharmaceutical market is considered to be one of the biggest markets in the world and it has its own features. For that pharmaceutical market has a great economic value. There is a need for investigation of the used of marketing promotional tools in their real life context and the market situation.
The importance of marketing promotional tools is highly recognized. Marketing communications (or marketing promotion) is divided into two to general groups; mass communications and personal communications.
1- Mass communications
Pharmaceutical marketer tries to use mass communications with the best way in the market. Mass communications include advertising, sales promotions and public relations. Nowadays, there is high increase in using personal communications, because of technological revolution of internet and other electronic communication factors. On the other side, mass communications has dramatic effect on promotion e.g. the fortunes of a company or its brand (4).
2- Personal communications
Personal communications includes personal selling and direct marketing. Presently, the sale to customers should not only require working hard, but also working smart. Marketing communications provides interaction between the company and its customers. The idea nowadays is not only how the pharmaceutical company can reach customer, but also it is about how the company can enable customers to reach the company. Due to technological development of communications, peoples are converting from traditional media (e.g. Fax and newspapers) to more advanced tools (e.g. Internet and mobile). Day after day, pharmaceutical companies depends more on the new advanced communications media, because of it is more cost effective and more targeted communications. Personalizing communications leads to doing the right thing at the right time to the targeted customer with more impact (4).
We investigated the marketing promotional tools in pharmaceutical field with the features of the companies e.g. age of companies, orientation of activities, categories of drugs, and type of drugs and using of advertising agent and analyze them.
Literature review
By reviewing literatures of marketing promotion, we founded a gap in studying effective marketing promotional tools for pharmaceutical industry in Egypt. Other researchers investigated promotional tools in other industries or some of them. Because of that study of marketing promotional tools for pharmaceutical industry in Egypt is important.
Marketing communications (or marketing promotion) is the way by which the pharmaceutical company can inform, stimulate and remind consumers; patients (directly or indirectly) about its products. It is a mean to build a relationships and dialogues with customers; distributors, pharmacists and physicians. Marketing communications enables pharmaceutical companies to link their products to other people, events, feeling, places and delivering the important information to the customer in the right time (5).
In pharmaceutical market, the marketing communication mix has five modes of communication that is divided into two groups:
1- Mass communications
1.1- Advertising: it is paid form of non-personal communication of ideas, goods and services by a certain sponsor.
1.2- sales promotion: a set of different short term incentives to stimulate trial or buying of a pharmaceutical products.
1.3- public relation and publicity: programs are designed to enhance a company’s image or its pharmaceutical products in the community.
2- Personal communications
1.2- personal selling: it is personal interactive mode (face to face) between a seller e.g. medical representative and one or more customers e.g. physicians and patients in order to making presentation, active communications and making orders.
2.2- Direct marketing: it is using mail, E-mail, telephone, internet and other tools to communicate with customers (2).
To achieve a strategic position and effective message all marketing communication activities should be integrated together. Pharmaceutical marketers should know the character and effectiveness of each marketing communication tools in buying process and decision making (when, where, why and extend of using it). Such knowledge will help them to allocate communication budget efficiently and develop and implement right communication programs in campaigns of pharmaceutical company.
According to these, pharmaceutical marketers should be media-neutral and evaluate all communication tools according to their effectiveness and efficient in a specific situation, local market and international market (1).
In pharmaceutical field, multinationals companies have a great effect on formulation of pharmaceutical market and marketing promotional tools. The role of marketing communication is directed towards certain people; e.g. physicians, pharmacists and patients for promoting the pharmaceutical products by companies. Marketing promotion is known as one of the important element of marketing mix. It helps to achieve the total marketing objectives of the company by the following tasks: 1-motivation of the customer, 2-generation, formation and update need of purchasing, 3-establishing good frame of the company (image), 4-information of the community about activities of the company, 5- Presentation of information about the manufacturing company and its products, 6-stimulation of purchase, 7- Formation of preferences about a certain brand and the need of buying it by the customer, 8- Remind about the company and its products (5). Each marketing promotion tool has its own characters and tasks. The following table has a comparison between the different types of marketing promotional tools.
Table 1 - A comparison between the different types of marketing promotional tools (5)
advertising Sales promotion public relation Personal selling Direct marketing
time frame Long term Short term Long term Like Short term, like Long term Short term
the main motive Emotional Rational Emotional Rational Rational
major task Image / brand positioning sale favorable attitude sale /mutual relations sale
contribution to profitability moderate high low high high
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Research methods
The purpose of the research is to study strategies of promotional and communication activities of pharmaceutical companies in Egypt. When a broad and representative overview of a situation is required, the survey is a suitable approach (3). For that, survey was used in this research for data gathering. The personal interviews were used to conduct this survey.
Sampling
We used in this research simple random probability sampling, where the pharmaceutical companies in Egypt are asked to respond to questionnaires.
The minimum sample size was determined by the following equation:
t2 G
n =
d 2
where
Where -n- minimum sample size, -t- confidence factor, -G- Dispersion that characterizes the variability of the studied traits in the general population, d - Margin of error.
The dispersion is 0.25 (maximum value used in the case study populations unknown). The degree of accuracy of the research is 0.90 (respectively, the coefficient of reliability takes a value of 1.64), assume the ultimate sampling error of 0.1 (10%). Under these conditions, the minimum size of the aggregate sample is equal to 67, i.e. the possibility of error in determining the properties of the population was less than 10% in 90 cases out of 100, according to that our questionnaires must be collected from at least 67 pharmaceutical companies(6). In this study, 85 pharmaceutical companies answered the questionnaires.
Data collection
In this study, we focused on communication mix of pharmaceutical companies in Egypt. We collected information from secondary and primary data. At first we started review of literatures of promotion and communication mix in pharmaceutical field. After that, we established structured questionnaire for data collection, where the questions of questionnaire were designed to collect data from pharmaceutical companies.
Fig. 1 - Scheme of survey on using marketing promotion by pharmaceutical producers in Egypt
Findings and discussion
In this survey, the total number of companies is 85 pharmaceutical companies. 72% of them are Egyptian companies and 28% of them are foreign companies. We found that most of surveyed foreign pharmaceutical companies are from USA (25%), followed by countries from European Union as Denmark, Germany and Switzerland. There are three Arab pharmaceutical companies which are Saudi Arabia, Emirates and Jordan. There is only one African pharmaceutical company from South Africa.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
I ■ ■
I ■ ■
I ■ ■
advertising sales personal public direct
promotion selling relation marketing
Foreign companies Egyptian companies All companies
Fig. 2 - Using of different promotional tools
By arranging using different promotional tools in Egyptian pharmaceutical market in a descending order, we found in this research the following; personal selling are used by all companies (100%), sales promotions (83.5 %), Public relations (51.%), advertising (38.8%) and the last one is direct marketing (23.5 %). Different promotional tools have the same order of arrangment in both Egyptian and foreign pharmaceutical companies ( figure 1) . Using of personal selling by all companies may be a result of absence of pharmaceutical companies
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that have only non-prescribed products , where communication of both physicians and pharmacies is important for non-prescribed and prescribed products .
Table 2 - Using of different promotional tools depending of companys’ age
Percentage of companies % depending on age Promotional tools
Advertising Sales promotion Personal selling Public relations Direct marketing
less than 10 years 38.5 69.2 100 61.5 30.8
From 10 to 40 years 34.9 90.7 100 48.8 20.9
More than 40 years 42.3 80.8 100 57.7 26.9
According to table 2, advertising is used by pharmaceutical companies that have aged more than 40 years (42.3 %) with higher extent than other companies, but sales promotion is used by pharmaceutical companies that have aged from 10 to 40 years (90.7 %) with higher extent than other pharmaceutical companies. Public relations and direct marketing are used by pharmaceutical companies that have aged less than 10 years with higher extent than other pharmaceutical companies.
Table 3 - Using of different promotional tools depending of orienations of activities of companies
Percentage of companies % Promotional tools
Advertising Sales promotion Personal selling Public relations Direct marketing
Companies that practice sales 38.5 76.9 100 46.2 30.8
Companies that practice manufacture and sales 21.9 81.3 100 43.8 18.8
Companies that practice manufacture, sales and developing of new drugs 52.5 87.5 100 60 25
In table 3, we observed that by comparing the companies according to orienations of activities, pharmaceutical companies that practice manufacture, sales and developing of new drugs use advertising and public relations more than pharmaceutical companies that do not develope new drugs. Using of advertising and public relations achieves long term effect. On the other hand, companies that practice only sales use direct marketing in higher extent to achieve short term effect .
Table 4 - Using of different promotional tools depending of category of drugs
Percentage of companies % Promotional tools
Advertising Sales promotion Personal selling Public relations Direct marketing
Prescribed drugs 34.8 65.2 100 52.2 30.4
Prescribed and non-prescribed drugs 40.3 90.3 100 51.6 21
Companies that have in their profile both prescribed and non-prescribed drugs use sales promotion to higher extent more than companies that have only in their profile prescribed products ( table 4). This is an indication of using sales promotion more frequently with nonprescribed products. Public relations and advertising are used with the same extent by both companies that have in their profile both prescribed and non-prescribed drugs and companies that have only prescribed products in their profile. Direct marketing is used by companies that have only prescribed products in their profile more than companies that have in their profile both prescribed and nonprescribed drugs.
Table 5 - Using of different promotional tools depending of using adverising agent
Percentage of companies % Promotional tools
Advertising Sales promotion Personal selling Public relations Direct marketing
Using adverising agent 42.4 75.8 100 60.6 30.3
Not using adverising agent 36 90 100 46 20
In table 5, Pharmaceutical companies that use help of advertising agent use promotional tools; public relations, advertising and direct marketing more than pharmaceutical companies that do not use help of advertising agent. This indicates that using of advertising agent leads to increase the level of contacting with customers to induce effect and build communication with customers. Besides that, Pharmaceutical companies that use help of advertising agent less depend on sales promotion than companies that do not use help of advertising agent, because it creates strong demand in the market by help of advertising agent.
Table 6 - Using of different promotional tools depending of type of drugs
Features of the range
Promoted preparations Established preparations Preparations that should be removed
Percentage of companies % Yes no yes no yes no
Advertising 39.4 25 35.7 41.7 52.6 31.7
Sales promotions 86.4 68.8 84.3 75 100 77.8
Personal selling 100 100 100 100 100 100
Public relations 56.1 31.3 47.1 75 68.4 46
Direct marketing 28.8 6.3 24.3 25 36.8 20.6
According to table 6, we observed the following;
1 - Presence of promoted products in the company profile led to more using of advertising, public relations, sales promotion and direct marketing, because promoted preparations are new in the market and there is more need to inform customers about their usage, features and its availability for the customers.
2 - Presences of established preparations led to less using of advertising, public relations and direct marketing, but more using of sales promotion. Established preparations are well known to customers, for that less need to use advertising, public relations and direct marketing, but more need to increase sales by using sales promotion.
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3 - In case of presence of preparations that should be removed more using of advertising, public relations, direct marketing and also all companies use sales promotion. Increase using of promotional tools to counteract the decrease in sales of these preparations by more informing customers about these preparations to increase sales volume.
Conclusion
We surveyed 85 pharmaceutical companies in Egypt that are practicing marketing communication tools and divided them into two groups; Egyptian companies and foreign companies. The number of pharmaceutical companies from USA and countries from European Union are higher than the number of pharmaceutical companies of Arabic countries which indicates strong position of pharmaceutical industry and ability to make business for companies from USA and European Union. All pharmaceutical companies use personal selling. By arranging using of different promotional tools in Egyptian pharmaceutical market in a descending order, we found in this research the following; personal selling has the first rank followed by sales promotions, public relations, advertising and the last one is direct marketing.
We found that there are differences in using of marketing promotion with certain characteristics e.g. age of pharmaceutical companies, orientation of activities of the pharmaceutical companies, categories and types of drugs and using help of advertising agent. We found that age of the company has effect on using of communication tools. Increase age of companies is combined by increase using of advertising and on the other hand, decrease the age of the companies is combined with increase using of public relations and direct marketing. Developing of new drugs is important to any pharmaceutical company and their customers. Pharmaceutical companies that developing new drugs depend more on both advertising and public relations to inform about its new drugs. Pharmaceutical companies that has only prescribed drugs use sales promotion with less extent, but they use direct marketing with higher extent. Using of advertising agent by pharmaceutical companies is combined with a changed in pattern of using promotional tools. By using of advertising agent, pharmaceutical companies increase using of public relations, advertising and direct marketing, but decrease using of sales promotions. Types of preparations have effect on using of promotional tools. There are three types of preparations; promoted, established and preparations that should be removed. Presence of promoted preparations and preparations that should be removed led to increase use of promotional tools; sales promotions, public relations, advertising and direct marketing. Presence of established preparations led to increase using of sales promotions and decrease using of advertising, public relations and direct marketing.
Finally, there are different characteristics of companies that may decrease or increase using of different promotional tools by pharmaceutical companies as age of pharmaceutical companies, orientation of activities of the pharmaceutical companies, categories and types of drugs and using help of advertising agent.
References
1. Alba, J. W., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1987). Dimensions of consumer expertise. Journal of consumer research, 411-454.
2. Bennett, P. D., & American Marketing Association. (1995). Dictionary of marketing terms. Lincolnwood, Ill., USA: NTC Business Books.
3. Fisher, C. (2007). Researching and writing a dissertation: a guidebook for business students: Pearson Education.
4. Kotler, P. (2009). Marketing management: A south Asian perspective: Pearson Education India.
5. Bol'sheva S.N. Issledovanie organizacionnyh aspektov prodvizhenija lekarstvennyh sredstv na Rossijskom farmacevticheskom rynke: dis. Kand.Farm.nauk.- M., 2002. - S. 12-14.
6. Efimova, M. R. Obshhaja teorija statistiki INFRA-M, 1999.-416 s.
ВЕТЕРИНАРНЫЕ НАУКИ / VETERINARY SCIENCE
Зотова Т.А.1, Семененко М.П.2 Аспирант, доктор ветеринарных наук,
Краснодарский научно-исследовательский ветеринарный институт
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ТОКСИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ИНЪЕКЦИОННОЙ ФОРМЫ ПРЕПАРАТА ДИПРОМОНИЙ-М В ОСТРОМ
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЕ
Аннотация
Авторами изучена острая токсичность инъекционной формы дипромония-М на лабораторных животных. Проведенными исследованиями установлено, что его внутрижелудочное и внутримышечное введение крысам в максимальных дозах не вызывает клинической картины токсикоза и гибели.
Ключевые слова: гепатопротекторы, дипромоний-М, острая токсичность, лабораторные крысы
Zotova T.A.1, Semenenko M.P.2
*Ph.D. student, 2DR.SC. (veterinary),
Krasnodar Research Veterinary Institute
STUDY TOXIC PROPERTIES OF THE INJECTABLE FORM DRUG DIPROMONY-M
IN ACUTE EXPERIMENT
Abstract
The authors studied the acute toxicity injectable form dipromoniya-M on laboratory animals. Conducted studies found that intragastric and intramuscular injection to rats in the highest dose does not evoke clinical toxicity and death.
Keywords: hepatoprotectors, dipromony-M, acute toxicity, laboratory rats.
Oдной из важнейших задач агропромышленного комплекса России является обеспечение населения продуктами животноводства. При этом животноводство - не просто ключевая отрасль АПК, оно определяет уровень потребления населением продуктов питания и, в конечном итоге, обеспечивает продовольственную безопасность страны. Интенсификация промышленного животноводства предполагает эксплуатацию поголовья на пределе физиологических возможностей организма. В условиях постоянных стрессовых нагрузок у животных возникает метаболическая переориентация, функциональные перегрузки органов и систем организма, возрастает риск нарушения обмена веществ и снижения неспецифической резистентности, что является механизмом возникновения многих патологических состояний. Одними из наиболее распространенных патологий в молочном скотоводстве являются гепатопатии - распространенная и сложная в клиническом проявлении группа болезней, подразумевающая обширный список токсико-воспалительных и дегенеративных повреждений паренхимы печени [1,3].
В практике ветеринарной медицины нормальное состояние обмена веществ и функции печени в организме во многом определяется применением гепатопротекторных препаратов. В течение многих лет в мире ведется активный поиск средств, повышающих устойчивость печени к патологическим воздействиям, усиливающим ее детоксицирующие свойства, а также способствующих восстановлению ее функций при различных повреждениях. Поэтому поиск, разработка и внедрение в ветеринарную практику новых гепатопротекторных препаратов, обладающих эффективными фармакологическими свойствами, безопасностью и удобством в использовании, продолжает оставаться актуальным [2,4].
Одним из перспективных и оригинальных лекарственных средств с соответствующими фармакологическими свойствами является препарат Дипромоний-М и его инъекционная форма.
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