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ISSUES OF CORRECT SPELLING OF GEOGRAPHICAL
NAMES
Ismatova Nodirakhon Makhmudovna
A teacher of Kokand state pedagogical institute;
Phone number: +998911523454 Email address: nodiraismatova1981@gmail.com https://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10473766
ARTICLE INFO
Received: 02nd January 2024 Accepted: 08th January 2024 Online: 09th January 2024
KEY WORDS Geographical names, toponymy, spelling rules, correct writing, different names in the world.
ABSTRACT
The aim of the article is to illustrate some issues of geographical names and spelling rules of the geographical names. Moreover, it shows the connection of linguistics and toponymy.
INTRODUCTION
Toponymy and linguistics are connected to each other everytime like linguistics is connected to other spheres of life: technology, computer science, toponymy, teaching, medicine, history and all other subjects of life. Therefore, we utilize a language unit to express the idea of the subject. Lexicology is another key point of the reason that words illustrate the objects.
From the point of view of cognitive and linguocultural approaches, non-linguistic (extralinguistic, encyclopedic) information is more important in the semantics of toponyms. It represents a complex of knowledge, which consists of historical, cultural, ethnographic, geographical, sociocultural information about the object.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The linguo-cultural approach to the study of toponyms consists in researching and describing the mechanisms of their interaction with the cultural semantics and cultural code of the people in question. Toponyms help to reveal the stereotypes of a particular linguo-cultural society, for example, any geographical name with a transparent etymology reflects not only the territorial, natural-geographical, historical specificity of the ethnos, but also its mental characteristics, thinking, etc. That is, as V. Nikonov pointed out, "toponyms are an integral part of the background knowledge of language and culture owners, and they reflect the history of the people, their settlement in this area and their assimilation as in a mirror. [1.84]
The purpose of the science of toponymy is to study geographical terms and names, to determine their characteristics, to analyze the origin and essence of terms and names. The task of the science is to collect geographical names in a specific language, to study their development, to determine their areas, to clarify the lexical-sematic, grammatical features of names, to compile toponym dictionaries, to deal with problems such as transcription of place
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names. In general, toponymy is a branch of linguistics, one of the sciences belonging to the system of linguistic sciences. But place names are different from other words. They are formed in a specific area, reflect geographical laws, concepts and terms (relief forms, river networks, lakes, glaciers, names of plants and animals, minerals). Therefore, toponymy is an integral part of geography, toponyms live long. Various historical events and names of historical figures will be reflected in them. Therefore, this science is also related to the science of history. In this way, toponymy was born between the sciences of linguistics, history and geography. Terms and names are the language of geography. Toponymy problems have interested people since ancient times. Our ancestors - Abu Rayhan Beruni, Mahmud Kashgari, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur and other scholars paid attention to the explanation, history and correct spelling of place names in their time. Narshahi, who wrote the history of the city of Bukhara at the beginning of the 10th century, wrote down information that the city of Bukhara had such epithets as Numuchkat Madinat-at-tujor (city of merchants), Madinat Sufriya (city of coppersmiths), Fakhira. Narshahiy writes that some parts of Zarafshan are called Ruduzar, Kharomkom, and Shopirkon actually means Shopur Kom, that is, "the ditch dug by Shopur".
RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
Toponymic writing, the representation and recording of place names, can encounter several issues, some of which include the followings:
Orthographic Variations: Place names might have multiple accepted spellings due to historical changes, language differences, or transliterations. This can lead to confusion and inconsistency in writing.
Phonetic Challenges: Translating oral pronunciations into written form can be difficult, leading to variations in spelling. Different languages and dialects might interpret sounds differently, resulting in discrepancies.
Cultural and Linguistic Differences: Languages evolve over time, leading to changes in phonetics, scripts, and linguistic rules. As a result, the way a place name is written can differ significantly between languages.
Historical Changes: Some toponyms might have changed due to historical events, political reasons, or cultural shifts. Older or alternative names might persist in some contexts, causing confusion in writing.
Accents and Diacritics: Accents and diacritical marks in place names can be challenging to represent accurately, especially in systems or platforms that don't support these characters, leading to missing or incorrect representations.
Standardization Issues: Different regions or countries might have their own standards for transliterating or romanizing names from non-Latin scripts, causing inconsistencies in writing.
Political Context: Political disputes or changes in governance can lead to renaming places, resulting in different versions of names being used in different contexts.
Local Pronunciations and Vernacular: Local dialects and pronunciations might differ from the standardized or official versions, causing variations in writing when attempting to represent these names.
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Lack of Official Guidelines: In some cases, there might not be universally accepted or standardized guidelines for transliterating or representing certain place names, leading to ambiguity and multiple versions.
Resolving toponymic writing issues often involves referencing authoritative sources, consulting official databases, and considering the linguistic, historical, and cultural contexts of the place name to determine the most accurate representation.
When correcting toponymic names, it's crucial to refer to authoritative sources like official government publications, geographical databases, or recognized maps to ensure accuracy. These sources typically provide the most up-to-date and accurate spellings for place names.
Correcting spelling issues in toponymic names can be essential for accuracy. Here are some common mistakes and their corrections:
Misspellings due to incorrect pronunciation or typing errors: Incorrect: Pheonix Correct: Phoenix
Mistakes in foreign language names: Incorrect: Moskow Correct: Moscow
Typographical errors:
Incorrect: Los Angelos Correct: Los Angeles
Commonly Confused Names:
Incorrect: Columbuss Correct: Columbus
Historical or archaic name variations: Incorrect: Peking Correct: Beijing
Transliteration errors:
Incorrect: Mumbaii Correct: Mumbai
Old or alternative spellings:
Incorrect: Peking Correct: Beijing
Local variations or colloquial spellings: Incorrect: München Correct: Munich
CONCLUSION
All in all, correct spelling is vitally important for toponimic names as they represent the place and its tradition. Moreover, it shows the respect of the country.
Toponymy as a special science began to develop rapidly after the 50s of the 20th century. During this period, many scientific literature, special manuals and dictionaries were created. Scientific conferences on toponymy and the correct spelling of geographical names were held, and a "Department of Toponymy" was established under the institutes of geography. For example, the Department of Toponomics was established at the Institute of Geography in Azerbaijan, and Ramzi Yuzbosh, an old toponymist, was the head of it for many years.
The importance of toponomics in cartography and, conversely, the role of cartography in toponomics was highlighted in E.M. Pospelov's research. In Kazakhstan, K. Kankashboev, A. Abdramonov and Toychiboev, in Turkmenistan S. Otaniyozov, in Belarus B.A. Juchkievich, S. Karaev, H. Hasanov, T. in Uzbekistan. Nafasov, Z. The Dosimovs created many works, articles,
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and monographs devoted to toponymy. There are also institutions dealing with toponomics and transcription in foreign countries.
For example, the Committee on Geographical Names in Great Britain, the Geographical Council in the United States, the Toponomics and Dialectic Council in Belgium, etc. A geographical bulletin is published in Poland, showing the Polish spelling of oceans, seas, gulfs, straits, peninsulas and islands. In Sweden, special magazines devoted to geographical names are published. V.A. As Nikonov said, a toponymist should not be a linguist or just a historian, or just a geographer. In other words, a scientist who wants to study geographical names must be a comprehensive expert who has deep knowledge of the linguistic method, historical method, and geographical method of toponymic research. The rules for correct spelling of geographical names in Uzbekistan were developed by a special terminological committee. We get information about thousands of different place names through textbooks, scientific popular books, daily press, radio and TV broadcasts in Uzbek language. How to write these names in the Uzbek language and how to solve this problem correctly is an important part of our culture, but writing names correctly is a very complicated task. Because place names are related to history on the one hand, geography and linguistics on the other hand, and partially depend on ethnography, archeology, botany and other fields.
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