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За результатами експериментальних дослджень отримано регресшш залежностi теплоти згорання синтез-газу тд час газифжаци низькосортних палив вид фракцшного складу палива, кiлькостi повтря, висоти шару палива. Знайдено ращональш значен-ня фракцшного складу, кiлькостi повтря, яке пода-еться у камеру газифкаци, та висоти шару палива у камерi газифжаци, при яких нижча теплота згорання синтез-газу досягае максимуму
Ключовi слова: нижча теплота згорання, синтез-газ, газифжаци низькосортних палив, регресшт
залежностi
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По результатам экспериментальных исследований получены регрессионные зависимости теплоты сгорания синтез-газа при газификации низкосортных топлив от фракционного состава топлива, количества воздуха, высоты слоя топлива. Найдены рациональные значения фракционного состава, количества воздуха, подаваемого в камеру газификации, и высоты слоя топлива в камере газификации, при которых низшая теплота сгорания синтез-газа достигает максимума
Ключевые слова: низшая теплота сгорания, синтез-газ, газификации низкосортных топлив, регрессионные зависимости
UDC 674.8:662.765.1
|DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2017.96995]
RESEARCH ON GASIFICATION OF LOW-GRADE FUELS IN A CONTINUOUS LAYER
Y. Mysak
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor* E-mail: Yosyp.S.Mysak@lpnu.ua S. Lys PhD, Senior Lecturer* E-mail: lysss@mail.ua M. Martynyak-Andrushko PhD, Senior Lecturer* E-mail: marta.martynyak@gmail.com *Department of Heat Engineering, Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants Institute of Engineering and Systems Management National University "Lviv Polytechnic" S. Bandery str., 12, Lviv, Ukraine, 79013
1. Introduction
Today, in the world, there is a tendency to decentralize power engineering, i. e. the use of cogeneration plants for heat and electricity. Ukraine's energy sector is an integral part of the global energy market, for which the characteristic features are high energy output, low energy efficiency, lack of motivation on energy efficiency, and a significantly negative impact on the environment.
To address these issues, the key measures include introduction of new energy efficient technologies aimed at improving the use of energy resources as well as development of alternative and clean energy. One of the most powerful alternative and clean energy sources is wood fuel. A significant advantage of wood fuel is its environmental friendliness: wood does not contain sulfur, chlorine or other harmful atmospheric elements. When burning, wood emits only the amount of CO2 that it has absorbed in the process of growing.
There are many ways of processing low-grade fuels into energy, but one of the most promising is gasification. This is due to the fact that the synthesis gas, or syngas, that is produced during the gasification of fuels can be used as fuel for utility boilers or as a liquefier and fuel for the internal combustion engine to obtain mechanical or electric energy.
Therefore, development of a low-grade fuel gasification technology is a topical problem whose solution will create clean energy as an alternative to natural gas and coal gasification.
2. Literature review and problem statement
Recently, the world has developed a tendency to decentralize heat and power engineering, i. e. the use of cogeneration plants [1, 2]. Promising cogeneration units are internal combustion engines that operate on synthesis gas. Therefore, gasification of low-grade fuels in order to produce synthesis gas is a favorable direction.
The analysis of the world trends of introducing gas-generating units concerns both commercial and scientific purposes. For example, in the U.S.A. and Austria, there are gasifiers with a liquefied layer [3-5], which provide over 80 % of combustible gas; consequently, there is a synthesis gas of a high calorific value (up to 18.5 MJ/Nm3). Gasifiers with a solid layer help produce a low-yield synthesis gas (up to 7.5 MJ/Nm3). Thus, it is important to study the question of improving the gasification of wood in a continuous layer.
Table 1 shows the analysis of modern technologies of wood pulp gasification in a continuous layer of gas generators with the use of synthesis gas to produce electricity and heat. The collected and analyzed data reflect the world's demonstration and commercial gasification units having continuous layers. It is shown that wood gasification technology has achieved significant development at both laboratory and pilot levels [4, 6-8]; a number of demonstration and commercial plants operate, although the efficiency of wood gasification in a continuous layer to obtain high-energy synthesis gas remains an urgent problem.
©
Gas-generating units with a continuous layer
No. The names of the organization and country The type of the gasifier The use of synthesis gas Power Advantages Shortcomings
1 Fluidyne Gasification (New Zealand) Sideflow In six gas engines 1.5 MWe A high degree of hydrocarbon conversion; low removal of ash Low efficiency
2 Martezo (France) Sideflow In a gas engine 300 kWe A high degree of hydrocarbon conversion Low power and efficiency
3 Xylowatt SA (Switzerland) Sideflow In a gas engine 350 kWe + 600 kWt A high degree of hydrocarbon conversion; low removal of ash Low power and efficiency
4 Biomass Engineering (Great Britain) Sideflow In a modified diesel engine 75 kWe A high degree of hydrocarbon conversion; low removal of ash Low power and efficiency
5 Bio Synergi (Denmark) With the open top In a gas engine 75 kWe + 175 kWt Simple design, low removal of ash Low power and efficiency
6 Kokemaki (Finland) Backflow In three gas ICEs 1.8 MWe + 4.3 MWt The high degree of conversion of hydrocarbons, low ash removal Low efficiency
7 Harbour (Denmark) Backflow In two gas ICEs 3.4 MWe + 0.75 MWt A high degree of hydrocarbon conversion; low removal of ash Low efficiency
8 Maa Tara rice-processing factory (India) Backflow In an ICE 350 kWe A high degree of hydrocarbon conversion; low removal of ash Low power and efficiency
9 Viking (Denmark) Two-stage gasification associated flow In a gas engine 20 kWe A high degree of hydrocarbon conversion; low removal of ash Low power and efficiency
The quality of the synthesis gas depends on many factors; the main ones among them are the type and characteristics of fuel, temperature and pressure in the reaction zone, the amount of air, and the fuel layer height [9]. Despite the extensive experience in operating gas generators [10, 11], there are many technical and technological problems, including stability and efficiency of gas generators, low calorie of the synthesis gas, and specific characteristics of various types of fuel.
To improve the efficiency of thermal processing of low-grade fuel into gaseous fuel, it is necessary to conduct a series of experiments by using modern methods and achievements of modern science and technology. The technologically and structurally simplest and most intense way of wood gasification is through a gasification reactor with a continuous layer [12-14]. The advantages of continuous layer gasifiers are the following: a high degree of hydrocarbon conversion, a small amount of ash, a long duration of solid fuel staying in the reactor, and a rather simple design of the gasifier.
3. The purpose and objectives of the study
The study is aimed at improving the efficiency of gasifying low-grade fuels in a continuous layer as an alternative to burning natural gas and gasifying coal.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to do the following tasks:
- to analyze the theoretical provisions and results of experimental research on the low-grade fuel gasification process in a continuous layer;
- to develop a schematic diagram of a gas generator design with a continuous layer;
- to determine the rational parameters of gasifying low-grade fuels in the gas generator with a continuous layer.
4. Materials and methods for studying the input factors' influence on the process of gasifying low-grade fuels and the calorific value of the syngas
4. 1. Materials and equipment, used in the experiments
The impact of input parameters on the calorific value of the syngas is analyzed to find the optimal regime parameters of the gasification process and the gas generator operation. This is aimed at developing a gasification process technology and a constructive model of an industrial gas-generating unit.
The experiments were based on using the following materials: willow (Salix alba L.), pine (Pinus sylvestris), and birch (Betula pendula Roth.).
The problem was in finding the dependence of the lower heating value (LHV) (net calorific value (NCV) or lower calorific value (LCV)) of the synthesis gas on the size of the wood particles that are fed into the gasifier, as well as the dependence of the amounts of air and fuel on the total volume of the reactor during the gasification of the studied species of wood.
The experiments were conducted and the technological process for gas synthesis was developed on the basis of designing a gasifier with a continuous layer (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. The construction design of the gas generator: 1 and 2 — an enclosure; 3 — a bolted connection;
4 — a gasification chamber; 5 — a lower truncated cone;
6 — a grating; 7 — an upper truncated cone; 8 — a hatch;
9 — a tube to drain the synthesis gas; 10 — a sump for the condensed substances; 11 — a cover for cooling the synthesis
gas; 12 — a supercharger of air; 13 — an inter-cone space;
14 — an ash collector; 15 — a hatch for ash removal and fuel ignition; 16 — a gateway shutter; 17 — a thermocouple;
18 — a microwave radar level gauge; 19 — a thermocouple;
20 — an air flow meter; 21 — a pipe to drain the synthesis gas to the consumer
The known modern gas generators with continuous layers [4, 5] allow obtaining synthesis gas with a calorific value of 5-7.5 MJ/Nm3; they are vulnerable to the gasified fuel quality and hard to maintain. The challenge is to develop a gas generator that would be easy to maintain and that would help obtain synthesis gas of a higher calorific value and gasify fuel at a higher humidity.
In the developed gas generator with a continuous layer, the problem is solved because the gasification chamber is made in the form of two truncated cones. The larger bases of the cones are placed opposite one another with a small gap between them, which excludes fuel bridging and facilitates its passing to the nozzle at the top of the gasifier. The device for air supply is made of a casing, with a tube inside to drain the synthesis gas from the top of the case to the consumer. This design allows heated air to be blown into the gasification chamber and helps cool the syngas. The truncated cones and the enclosure parts are bolted for easy maintenance.
The tests have showed that the use of gas generators of the proposed design helps improve efficiency by increasing the speed and intensity of the chopped wood gasification process. This is achieved because the gases that are formed during the gasification process repeatedly pass through a layer of hot fuel in the zone of oxidation and recovery. At high temperatures, there happen the heterogeneous recovery of carbon dioxide, i. e. C+CO2^2SO, and the formation of carbon monoxide as a combustible component of the synthesis gas. If the recovery area contains water vapor, a
high temperature produces the reaction of its conversion, i. e. C+H2O^CO+H2 and C0+H20^C02+H2. In this case, there appears a second combustible component of the synthesis gas, which is hydrogen. Thus, due to the high content of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the synthesis gas, the lower heating value (LHV) is relatively quite high.
4. 2. Methods of processing the experimental results
In a series of experiments, the task was to find the LHV dependence on the particle size of the chopped wood as well as the amount of air and the amount of fuel in the gasification chamber for each of the studied wood species. Besides, another task was to determine the dependence of the LHV of the synthesis gas on the species of wood that was gasified.
The nature of the influence of the variables on the LHV of the synthesis gas was determined by a three-level B-plan (B3) [14]. The levels and intervals of the varying factors are listed below in Table 2.
Table 2
The levels and intervals of the varying factors
The name of the factor The symbol of the factor The levels of the factor changing The interval of the factor changing
Natural Normalized (-1) (0) (+1)
The dimensions of the particles of wood, mm l xi 10 30 50 20
The amount of air, Nm3/h G X2 40 65 90 25
The amount of fuel in the gasifier reactor, % q X3 50 75 100 25
The number of the tests that were duplicated in each series was n=6. The data of each experiment were subjected to statistical analysis to find gross errors; questionable results were checked by using the Student's t-test. Any questionable result (yi) was temporarily excluded from the sample, and the remaining data were used to calculate the arithmetic mean (yavg) and the variance (S2) [15, 16]. Further calculation was the following:
Yi - y
(1)
The table value of the t-criterion ttable is found on the basis of the tables of the Student's distribution [15] at the chosen significance level of q=0.05 and with the number of degrees of freedom being f with variance S2.
If tcalc>ttable, the expected result is a mistake to be excluded from the sample. In this case, the test is repeated to preserve the even duplication of tests in the experiment.
The B-plan (B3) is used as the experimental plan to study the effects of the wood particle size, the amount of the supplied air, and the amount of fuel in the gasifier reactor on the LHV of the synthesis gas [15, 17-19]. The levels and intervals of the changing factors are listed in Table 2. In the chosen plan of the experiment, each factor varies at three levels: upper (+), lower (-), and basic (0).
The transfer from the natural to the normalized symbols of the factors is based on the correlation
c=-
A,
(2)
where c is the normalized value of the factor; x. is the natural value of the factor; x0 is the natural value of the basic level, which is determined by the formula
a- xmax - x0 = x0 - xmin.
(4)
Then the normalized values are associated with the natural values by the following relations:
= 1-30 ; = G-65; = q - 75
X^ --; Xo --; Xo --.
1 20 2 25 3 25
(5)
To reduce the number of system errors during the tests, the method of randomization is used to establish a sequence of random experiments.
The number of tests is determined by the formula
N - 2m + 2-m, where m is the number of the variables. N - 23 + 2-3 -14.
(6)
(7)
The number of the tests was equal to 14. The required number of observations in each experiment was determined by the formula:
t2 - V2
(8)
where t is the table value of the Student's t-criterion; V is the coefficient of variation, %; and p is the accuracy ratio, %. The number of observations in each experiment was 6.
The regression equation, which can be obtained as a result of implementing plans of the second order, i. e. plans to obtain the mathematical description of objects in the second order, has the following form:
y - b0 + I V. + I b„x2 + I b.j
(9)
i,j-1
where x denotes the variable factors; b stands for the regression coefficients; k denotes the number of the variables.
The accuracy, objectivity, and reliability of determining the actual value of the measured characteristics and, therefore, the correctness of all subsequent conclusions depend on the accuracy of processing the experimental results.
After processing the experimental data and obtaining the regression equations, there followed their statistical analysis. This solved two major problems: the significance
of regression coefficients was evaluated and the adequacy of the mathematical model was verified.
The homogeneity of the experiments was verified by the Cochran criterion:
G . - -
I s2
j-i
(10)
where Si^ is the largest of the variances in question;
(3) IS2 is the sum of all variances.
j-1
where xmax and xmin are, respectively, the upper and lower levels of the factor in its natural sense; Ai is the interval of the factor variation:
The variance for the j-th experiment was determined by the formula:
1 N 2
S -n-1 -I(yji-yj),
(11)
where n is the number of experiments that are duplicated in each series; y^ is the j-th value of response in the i-th experiment; y is the average value of the results of the j-th series of duplicated experiments.
If Gcalc<Gtable, the hypothesis of the homogeneity of the variances is accepted.
The significance of the regression coefficients was assessed by using the Student's t-test. The regression coefficient was considered to be significant if it complied with the condition:
N * w - s{b1},
(12)
where |bj denotes the absolute values of the regression coefficients; S{bi} is the average standard deviation corresponding to the regression coefficient; ttable is the table value of the Student's t-criterion for a significance level of q=0.05 and a number of degrees of freedom f=N-(n-1).
If condition (12) is not satisfied, the regression coefficient bi is insignificant and the corresponding term in the regression equation is eliminated.
The adequacy of the mathematical model was verified by using the Fisher criterion:
F -
calc o2
s2 {y}'
(13)
where Sfdq is the variance adequacy estimate; S2{y} is the estimate of the variance reproducibility.
The dispersion reproducibility is taken as the arithmetic mean of the experiment variances:
IS2 s2 {y}-^
N
(14)
The adequacy variance estimate was calculated by the given formula:
S2 -
1N
N-pj (ye- yl
(15)
where p is the number of coefficients of the regression equation that is sought, including a free member; ye and yp are the experimental and calculated values of the response function in the j-th experiment.
2
2
The regression equation is adequate if the satisfied condition is the following:
5. The results of researching gasification of low-grade fuels in a continuous layer
F < F
calc table '
(16)
where Ftable is the table value of the Fisher criterion when
q=0.05 for
fadq = N - p, fy = N "(n -1).
(17)
(18)
The matrix of planning in the natural and normalized values for pine wood is given in Table 3.
The data of each experiment underwent preliminary statistical analysis to find and eliminate gross errors. The influence of the variables on the LHV of the synthesis gas was studied by the three-level B-plan.
The estimates of the regression coefficients bij, the Cochran criterion Gcalc, and the Fisher criterion Fcalc [15, 16] for pine wood are given in Table 4.
The B3 plan was used to obtain the mathematical description of the object in a second order polynomial, which is:
Q- --1.5562 + 0.2726 -1 + 0.11256 - G +
-^pine
+0.06772 - q - 0.00375 -12 - 0.000832 - G2 -
-0.000432 ■ q2 - 0.00004 ■ l ■ G --0.00002 ■ l ■ q + 0.000032 ■ G ■ q.
(19)
Table 3 shows that Gcalc<Gt (0.095<0.48); thus, the tests can be considered to be reproducible.
As Fcalc<Ft (0.2554<2.5027), the model is considered to be adequate and usable for describing the object.
Table 3
The calculation results of the B-plan for pine wood
The matrix of the experimental design The experiment results
No x1 X2 X3 The size of the wood particles, mm The amount of air, Nm3/h The amount of fuel in the gasifier reactor, % y S2 yp
1 -1 — 1 10 40 50 6.375 0.026832 6.32424
2 1 — 1 50 40 50 8.124 0.026218 8.11390
3 -1 1 10 90 50 6.597 0.029938 6.61218
4 1 1 50 90 50 8.315 0.020869 8.31174
5 -1 -1 1 10 40 100 6.490 0.023851 6.50244
6 1 -1 1 50 40 100 8.271 0.036050 8.26520
7 -1 1 1 10 90 100 6.865 0.032795 6.88428
8 1 1 1 50 90 100 8.497 0.019663 8.55694
9 -1 0 0 10 65 75 7.343 0.032659 7.36774
10 1 0 0 50 65 75 9.119 0.022941 9.09890
11 0 -1 0 30 40 75 8.995 0.024494 9.06990
12 0 1 0 30 90 75 9.430 0.029495 9.35974
13 0 0 -1 30 65 50 9.289 0.021773 9.35872
14 0 0 1 30 65 100 9.636 0.032773 9.57042
The calculation results of the regression coefficients, the Cochran criterion, and the Fisher criterion for pine wood
bo b, b2 b3 b11 b22 b33 b12 b13 b23 Gt G,„, Ft F !
9.73 0.87 0.14 0.11 -1.50 —0.52 —0.27 —0.02 —0.01 0.02 0.48 0.095 2.5027 0.2554
The obtained dependence must be rationalized to determine the values of the factors that ensure the maximum value of the function. To solve this problem, Microsoft Excel is used as the service "Solve" with the Newton search method [15].
The transfer from the normalized to the natural factors is based on the given correlation:
l = 20 ■ x1 + 30;G = 25 ■ x2 + 65; q = 25 ■ x3 + 75, (20)
where xi is the natural value of the factor.
The regression equation rationalization for pine wood produced important input parameters at which the lower heating value Ql reached the maximum (Table 5).
Table 5
The regression equation rationalization for pine wood
The coded values of the factors The natural values of the factors
x1 0.287 l 35.741 mm
X2 0.138 G 68.451 Nm3/h
X3 0.199 q 79.986 %
Qi 9.877 MJ/Nm3
Similar estimates of the regression coefficients bj the Cochran criterion Gcalc, and the Fisher criterion Fcalc for birch wood are given in Table 6.
The B3 plan was used to obtain the mathematical description of the object in a second order polynomial, which is:
Qbirch =-1.1256+0.2721-1 + 0.10928 ■ G +
+0.06428 ■ q - 0.00375 ■ l2 - 0.000816 ■ G2 -
-0.000416 ■ q2 - 0.00004 ■ l ■ G -
-0.00002 ■ l ■ q+0.000048 ■ G ■ q. (21)
Table 5 shows that Gcalc<Gt (0.139<0.48); thus, the tests can be considered to be reproducible.
As Fcalc<Ft (0.2488<2.5027), the model is considered to be adequate and usable for describing the object.
The regression equation rationalization for birch wood produced important input parameters at which the lower heating value Q| reached the maximum (Table 7).
The estimates of the regression coefficients bj, the Cochran criterion Gcalc, and the Fisher criterion Fcalc for willow wood are given in Table 8.
Table 7
The regression equation rationalization for birch wood
The coded values of the factors The natural values of the factors
x1 0.284 l 35.681 mm
X2 0.142 G 68.560 Nm3/h
X3 0.214 q 80.368 %
a 10.058 MJ/Nm3
The B3 plan was used to obtain the mathematical description of the object in a second order polynomial, which is:
Qwillow = -1.279 + 0.2712-1 + 0.1116 ■ G +
+0.05796 ■ q - 0.00375 ■ l2 - 0.0008 ■ G2 -
-0.000368 ■ q2 - 0.00008 ■ l ■ G +
+0.00002 ■ l ■ q+0.000016 ■ G ■ q. (22)
Table 8 shows that Gcalc<Gt (0.094<0.48); thus, the tests can be considered to be reproducible.
As Fcalc<Ft (0.2517<2.5027), the model is considered to be adequate and usable for describing the object.
The regression equation rationalization for willow wood produced important input parameters at which the lower heating value Q reached the maximum (Table 9).
Thus, the B3 plan produced the mathematical description of the object in a second order polynomial for each of the wood species. The rationalization of the regression equations for the studied species of wood has specified important input parameters at which the lower heating value reached the maximum: Qpine=9.9 MJ/Nm3, Qbirch=10 MJ/Nm3, and Qwillow=9.7 MJ/Nm3.
Table 6
The calculation results of the regression coefficients, the Cochran criterion, and the Fisher criterion for birch wood
b0 b1 b2 bs b11 b22 b33 b12 b13 b23 Gt Gcalc Ft F !
9.91 0.86 0.14 0.11 — 1.50 —0.51 —0.26 —0.02 —0.01 0.03 0.48 0.139 2.5027 0.2488
The calculation results of the regression coefficients, the Cochran criterion, and the Fisher criterion for willow wood
bo b, b2 b3 b11 b22 b33 b12 b13 b23 Gt G.C Ft F !
9.60 0.85 0.16 0.11 -1.50 —0.50 —0.23 —0.04 0.01 0.01 0.48 0.094 2.5027 0.2517
Table 9
The regression equation rationalization for willow wood
The coded values of the factors The natural values of the factors
x1 0.281 l 35.628 mm
X2 0.146 G 68.657 Nm3/h
X3 0.238 q 80.971 %
Qi 9.745 MJ/Nm3
6. Discussion of the results of researching gasification of low-grade fuels in a continuous layer
The study has developed a high-end gas generator with a continuous layer, which differs from the known designs of gas generators. The suggested gas generator has a heat exchanger that heats air, feeds it into the gasification chamber, and simultaneously cools the synthesis gas. The gateway shutter and the microwave radar level gauge allow limiting the height of the fuel bed in the gasification chamber, whereas the supercharger and the air flow meter control the amount of air that is supplied to the gasification chamber.
The use of gas generators of the proposed design can increase the efficiency of the thermal processing of solid fuel into gaseous fuel by increasing the speed and intensity of the fuel gasification process [20]. It can also solve the problems of the ecological utilization of industrial and household waste as well as of obtaining cheap energy and securing ecologically-friendly industrial conditions for the environment.
The analysis of the theoretical provisions and experimental results has proved the possibility of processing wood by means of its gasification in a gas generator with a solid layer of gaseous fuel having a lower heating value of 10.4 MJ/Nm3, which is 1.5 times higher in comparison with the calorific value of the gaseous fuel that is produced by any other known gas generator of this type.
The experimental findings have specified the regression dependence of the LHV of the synthesis gas during the gasification of pine, willow and birch wood. The resulting regression equation can be the basis for implementing the studied process and its rational management. The equations of the input factors' dependence on the original setting make
it possible to determine every possible parameter of assessing the process under study at any value of the factors between the upper and lower levels.
The tests have revealed the regularities of the influence of the operational factors on the process of thermal processing of wood into gaseous fuel and the LHV of the synthesis gas.
The study is a continuation of work on improving the efficiency of gasifying low-grade fuels in a continuous layer as an alternative to natural gas combustion and coal gasification, and it will be resumed in the future.
7. Conclusion
The modern technologies of wood gasification in a continuous layer were analyzed to solve the problem of recycling the synthesis gas to produce electricity and heat. The collected and analyzed data concern demonstration and commercial gasification units that exist in the world. Solid fuel gasification technology is shown to have been significantly developed at both laboratory and pilot levels, with a number of demonstration and commercial units functioning. The analysis of the methods of thermal processing of wood into gaseous fuel has showed that the most promising method is gasification in a continuous layer, followed by the use of the syngas for the purposes of the power-engineering industry.
A gas generator with a continuous layer has been developed; the use of gas generators of the proposed design increases the efficiency of processing wood into gaseous fuel by increasing the speed and intensity of the process of gasifying fuel. It also can solve the problems of the ecological utilization of industrial and household waste as well as of obtaining cheap energy and improving industrial effects for the environment.
The heat from burning the syngas has been found to be dependent of the particle size of chopped wood, the amount of air and the amount of fuel supplied to the gasification chamber. The B3 plan implementation has produced the mathematical description of the object in a second order polynomial for each species of wood under study. The rationalization of the results for the studied types of wood has specified the important input parameters for which the calorific value of the synthesis gas that is produced during the gasification peaks at Qpine=9.9 MJ/Nm3, Qbirch=10 MJ/Nm3, and Qwiuow=9.7 MJ/Nm3. The average values of the rational input parameters for the gasification process in a continuous layer are the following: l=36 mm, G=69 Nm3/h, and q=80 %.
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