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СУДОСТРОЕНИЕ И СУДОРЕМОНТ
УДК 629.12(470) S. O. Baryshnikov,
prof., PhD, Department of Fundamentals of Engineering Design, SPSUWC;
A. V. Burkov,
PhD, SPSUWC;
V. G. Nikiforov,
prof., Dr. Sc., Department of Shipyards Economics
and Management, SPSUWC
EXPLORING NEW TRENDS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НОВЫХ НАПРАВЛЕНИЙ В РОССИЙСКОМ СУДОСТРОЕНИИ
В статье анализируются текущие тенденции развития отечественной судостроительной промышленности.
The article dedicates to the analysis of current Russian shipbuilding industry developments.
Ключевые слова: судостроение, судоходство, судоверфь, программа развития, Объединенная судостроительная корпорация
Key words: shipbuilding, shipping, shipyard, program of development, United Shipbuilding Corporation.
AST THREE YEARS has shown strong intention of national Government to improve the economical situation in Russian shipbuilding and shiprepair sector. Within 90ties and beginning of 2000th years shipbuilding and shiprepair has suffered severely of the lack of fair Governmental tax regulation and other protection measures which would allow the industry to "set sail" with the due rate. Now when domestic shipping is developing with more or less positive trend forming fleet replacement programs of shipping companies based on non-government sources it has come the turn of shipbuilding and shiprepair to be set on modern regulations and management rules.
Taking into account global character of shipping which can not be locked inside borders of one singular state or region we have to report some shipping trends formed by companies located geographically not only in European part of Russia, but all over the country. Cargo flows generated in different regions of Russia or globe may have destination for European ports of Russia located on seashore or in hinterland. Otherwise
cargoes originated from European part of Russia may have destination for other regions of homeland or abroad. Progress in cargoes transported proves the fact that growing shipping is mainly the driven force behind market shipbuilding demand. At least it worked for centuries till the last global financial crisis which turned the rule down... for a while. Last decade from 1998 till 2008 have shown positive trend in the development of national transportation by sea and inland waterway communications by total volumes of goods carried. The total quantity of cargos transshipped in domestic ports increased by 2005 up to 407 ml. t (including 234 ml. t of liquid, 71 ml. t of dry bulk and 102 ml. t of general cargos). According to economical prognosis of Russian Ministry of Transport the progress in turnover of national ports will reach up to 530 ml. t level in 2010 and up to 650 ml. t level in 2015, [1].
The functional structure of commercial or trade fleet of modern Russian Federation is consistes of Marine Fleet and River Fleet, governed by Federal Agency of Marine and River Fleet of Russian Ministry of Transport. Such division
Table 2
Main shipyards of European part of Russia broke down by its capacities [1]
Name of the Shipbuilding Yard Location Average number of stuff Maximum building capacities by size of vessel under construction, Length x Width, m
1 2 3 4
Admiralty Shipyard St.-Petersburg 8400 250x35
Almaz Marine Shipyard and Almaz Shipbuilding Company St.-Petersburg 300 70x30
Baltiysky Shipyard St.-Petersburg 5500 250x36
Severnaya (North) Verf St.-Petersburg 4000 170x24
Vyborgsky Shipyard Vyborg 3500 139x18
Yantar Shipyard Kaliningrad 2800 170x26
Sevmash Severodvinsk 27 000 374x57
Rybinsk Shipyard Rybinsk 600 140x17
Vympel Shipyard Rybinsk 1500 70x14
Okskaya Shipyard Navashino 1700 150x17
Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard Nizhny Novgorod 6100 150x25
Yaroslavsky Shipyard Yaroslavl 1100 78x13
Astrakhansky Korabel Shipyard Astrakhan 1400 140x23
Lotos Shipyard Astrakhan 850 160x28
Krasnye Barrikady Shipyard Astrakhan 1600 120x21
Volgogradsky Shipyard Volgograd 3400 141x17,5
Newsky Shipbuilding/Shiprepair Yard Shlisellburg 500 120xn/a
Zelenodolsk Shipyard Zelenodolsk n/a n/a
Avangard Shipyard Petrozavodsk n/a n/a
Zvezdochka Shipyard Severodvinsk 10 000 up to 18 000 LDT
Volga Shipyard Nizhny Novgorod n/a n/a
Srednenevsky Shipyard St.-Petersburg n/a n/a
Pella Shipyard St.-Petersburg n/a n/a
There are 22 enterprises of shipbuilding industry located in European part of Russia. In spite of tight times during decline of 90ties all mentioned above yards survived, each struggling its
way in competitive environment of domestic and global market. Dynamics of completed vessels deliveries of merchant fleet during 1995-2007 is shown below in table 3.
Table 4 (Finishing)
3 Tanker project 20070 KALININGRAD LUKOIL ARCTIC TANKER Russia 20 000 02,2001
4 Tanker project 20071 SARATOV LUKOIL ARCTIC TANKER Russia 20 000 08,2002
5 Tanker project 20071 USINSK LUKOIL ARCTIC TANKER Russia 20 000 10,2002
6 Tanker project 05-55 TROITSKY BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 09,2003
7 Tanker project 05-55 TUCHKOV BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 03,2004
8 Tanker project 05-55 BASHENNY BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 12,2004
9 Tanker project 05-55 TORGOVY BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 11,2005
10 Tanker project 05-55 TEATRALNY BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 04,2006
11 Tanker project 05-55 TAVRICHESKY BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 10,2006
12 Tanker project 05-55 TVERSKOY BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 08,2007
13 Tanker project 05-55 TRANSSIB BRIDGE JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 47 400 05,2008
14 Tug ASD 34/70 SVITSER BUSSE Wijsmuller Building Company B. V. Norway 315 12,2007
15 Tug ASD 34/70 SVITSER KORSAKOV Wijsmuller Building Company B. V. Norway 315 12,2007
16 Tanker project 70046 MICHAIL ULIANOV JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 70 000 08,2008
17 Tanker project 70046 KIRILL LAVROV JSC "Sovcomflot" Russia 70 000 05,2009
Admiralty Verf has just lunched in December 2009 the second arctic tanker of R-70046 project, named "Kirill Lavrov". The first one "Michail Ulyanov" has been lunched in 2008. Both vessels are berthing now at yards aquatory under fitting works and planned to be delivered: the first one — by the end of January 2010, the second — by the end of June 2010. Owner of the vessels — JSC "Sovcomflot", Designer — "Aker Arctic Technology" (Finland). Tankers of R-70046 project are the largest vessels ever built at Admiralty Verfs, their launching weight is about 25 000 t [3].
Previously during 2003-2008 Admiral Shipyard has built and delivered a series of modern tankers for the same customer — JSC "Sovcomflot", mentioned order consisted totally of eight units with 47 400 DWT each (project 05-55).
Last years has shown a good pattern of orders to be built at the domestic yards such as Baltiysky Shipyard. It is diesel-electric icebreakers — a vessels type which is being by 2008 the first unit of mentioned class built at the domestic yards for the last 34 years. In July 2009 Baltiysky Shipyard has delivered to the owner a second new-
ly built diesel-electric ice-breaker named "Sankt-Peterburg" The owner of the vessel is government owned company "Rosmorport". Home base of the new icebreaker "Sankt-Peterburg" is port St.-Pe-tersburg, and vessel will be engaged in linear ice shipping from the 2009 winter navigation. This is the second vessel in a series and sister-ship of the same series icebreaker "Moskva", which has been delivered at the end of 2008. Main designer of the ice-breakers is Baltsudoproject Design Bureau. Some characteristics of the vessel is following: total engine power is 16 MWt; vessel equipped by two rotating thrusters to increase maneuverability in ice waters; vessel's displacement 10 000 t; L116xB26,5xT8,5 m; speed in clear, deep and still water — 17 knots; on board — 26 member crew; hall shape is calculated for pressures permitting the vessel break through 1 m thick ice pack with optimization to navigate properly in Baltic Sea and Finish Gulf in particular [4].
As an example of unique machinery production in November 2009 Baltic Shipyard has completed first of two kits Melting Isolation Installations (MII) or Core Melt Isolation with the total weight more than 800 t. These installations are designed for LAES-2 — sister-unit of Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (LAES-1) located in Sosnovy Bor. Putting in to action of LAES-2 will permit to complete concealing works of existing LAES-1 in the near future. The customer of MIIs is JSC "Atomenergoprom" [5].
The brief analysis of nowadays situation with Russian shipbuilding, made above, has just proved the fact of necessity to modernize the industry, the task which is Government aimed on. Actually except for modernization there are plans announced and options discussed to set up a completely new "super shipyard" to be designed and located on sea shore of Russian part of Baltic. Such "super shipyard" must fill the gap in Russian shipbuilding in heavy tonnage or by other words to add up capacities enabling to produce vessels of larger dimensions and tonnage up to 200 000 DWT or even higher. Most probable for investments there are two projects — first is building a new shipyard near Vyborg at Primorsk, and second — modernization of Kronshtadsky Morskoy Zavod. Total investments in a project at Primorsk (to be designed by STX Shipbuilding Ltd — South Korea) estimated on a level of USD1 bil-
lion. Main equipment of the new shipyard would be consisted of large dry dock and cranes of lifting capacity of 1200 t. Total investments in a project of modernization at Kronshtadt estimated a bit higher — EUR1,5 billion [6, 7, 8].
Meanwhile it was announced that modernization of two shipyards in Primorskiy Kray (Far East) would cost approximately USD700 millions. The bigger part of these investments are planned to be done through Russian financial funds (75 %). Completing of the first project means a new shipyard appearance at Chazhma Bay which profile would be off-shore drilling rigs building. Singapore partners are involved in this project. The second project aimed on modernization of "Zvezda" naval shipyard. Within the investment plan is new dry dock and additional work shops will be erected able to build tankers and LNG carriers. All these tasks are part of measures to stimulate shipbuilding activity at Far East region of Russia as well as common social and economical situation at the region. In May 2009 there were plans adopted for establishing East Center of shipbuilding at Far East of Russia under the holding of United Shipbuilding Corporation, the same as Notherns and Western centers of shipbuilding [9].
Russian Government is eager to put high investments within next decades and thus to rise up productivity of shipbuilding sector of Russian economy to make it more up-to-dated and competitive in a world range scale. Economical estimations for the previous 10 years (1996-2005) revealed that share of domestic producers (yards and suppliers) in total volume of Russian shipowners demand holds up to 4 % only. The same estimations shows that our domestic yards and producers are able to deliver for Russian shipowners 30-40 commercial vessels annually with total DWT up to 450 000-500 000 (30 % of demand). These figures take in to account existing capacities and technical limitations of domestic yards and suppliers. For the 2010 Government is planning to spend additionally RUB17,5 billion to support domestic shipbuilding directly, that is with RUB10,5 billion of the same support in current year making the industry turning on and on. Protective governmental policy gives certain results in following numbers: in 2007 the share of Russian shipowners orders assigned for domestic yards and suppliers reached the level of 6 %, in
2008 the same figure has grown up to 8 % [10]. The next steps increasing the productivity of domestic shipbuilding industry as the community expects lays behind national tax regime.
In 2008 for the development of commercial and military (navy) shipbuilding in Russia under the aegis of United Shipbuilding Corporation The Federal Purpose Program was adopted, reflecting the aims for domestic industry for the period 2009-2016. Government focuses on such sectors of shipbuilding like:
— military ships (for Russian navy and export orders);
— marine deep-sea vessels;
— river vessels and river-sea vessels;
— research and hydrographical vessels;
— icebreakers;
— off-shore industry (rigs and supply vessels);
— fishing vessels.
Enhancing effectiveness of fishing industry capacities and aqua resource controlling 243 units of research vessels and boats will be built for certain employers in Russia till 2016, among them 4 ocean research vessels; 8 units to transport alive fish; 208 units for bio-eco-monitoring of aqua resources and other research and hydrographical units. Total government investments expected roughly RUB16 billon (currency and price level of2008). Head designer: JSC Vostok Design Bureau [10].
Then 107 units of different types of vessels included in program "Development of transport system of RF for the period 2010-2015", among them 4 supply vessels, 5 cargo-passenger vessels, 28 multipurpose vessels, tugs and rescue boats, 20 diver support vessels, 15 hydrographical and pilot boats of ice-class, 4 oil-separator boats, 6 concrete floating berths (on basis of PM-61M type), 25 patrol boats (for port authorities). Total government investments expected roughly RUB31 billon (currency and price level of 2008). Head designers: JSC's Almaz Design Bureau, Baltsudoproject Design Bureau, Zelenodolsk Design Bureau, Malakhit Design Bureau, Vostok Design Bureau, Gorodets Shipyard [10].
Program "Development of icebreaking fleet for the period of 2008-2020" includes 32 vessels with volume of government investments totaling up to RUB154 billion (currency and price level of 2008). Among them 5 nuclear icebreakers of 60 MegaWt power each and 1 nuclear icebreaker of 110 MegaWt power, others are diesel-electric icebreakers of power range from 4 MegaWt up to 25 MegaWt for operations either in ports and open sea and inland waterways (liner icebreakers). Head designers: JSC's Iceberg Design Bureau and Malakhit Design Bureau [10].
Program "Nuclear energy development" as completely innovative in marine sector is totaling up to RUB60 billion (currency and price level of 2008) which includes design and production of 7 Floating nuclear power plants. Head designer: JSC Iceberg Design Bureau. Builders: JSC's Sevmash and Zvezdochka [10].
"Development of inland waterway transport" program includes 468 vessels of wide-range functional purpose (except for commercial transport of cargoes and passengers). This program is actual up to 2016 and costs approximately RUB35 billion (currency and price level of 2008). Mainly there are dredging, pilot, eco-monitoring and buoy layers vessels of inland navigation capacities. Head designers: JSC's Engineering center of shipbuilding, Vostok Design Bureau, Vympel Design Bureau [10].
Commercial fleet for mostly new segments of domestic shipbuilding industry and shipping is also a subject for direct government financial support. There are such new segments for example like LNG carriers, ferries, arctic tankers of high tonnage (up to 80 000 DWT). In table 5 shown the distribution of commercial fleet development program estimated in 2008 year price level.
Demand for the fishing industry according to governmental program includes 184 vessels of different purposes in fishing and processing and estimated approximately up to RUB100 billion. Head designer — Design Bureau "Vostok". Rather large portion of reported demand might be fulfilled through finance leasing schemes [10].
[ЖУРНАЛ водных /_/ коммуникации
Table 6 (Finishing)
Shore terminals 2 Nevskoye Data not availiable
Shuttle tankers 58 Nevskoye, "Rubin" Admiral Shipyard, Volgograd Shipyard and purchasing abroad + new capacities (yard(-s))
Gas carriers (LNG) 27 Severnoye* purchasing abroad + new capacities (yard(-s))
Auxiliary vessels and boats 68 Zelenodolsk, "Vostok" Yards of West Shipbuilding Center
Air-cushion vessels 6 "Almaz" Yards of West Shipbuilding Center, "Almaz"
Vessels for transportation and montage of rigs at seas 10 Data not available Yards of West Shipbuilding Center
Pipe-layer vessels 9 Severnoye "Severnaya (North) Verf" Yard
TOTAL 232
Note: * — Works on a new design of LNG tankers are planned to perform in cooperation and technical support with GTT company (France). Estimated cost of the new LNG carrier is about USD 200-250 mln. See Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. One of the probable visions of LNG tanker to be designed by GTT and Severnoye Design Bureau [11]
Total distribution of planning shipbuilding mentioned above programs developed by United orders to be built and/or purchased through every Shipbuilding Corporation (OSK) is shown in table 7.
Table 7
National newbuilding allocation by vessel's type, number and workload [10]
Vessel's type or market segment Total numb, units By years of build Total workload, thousand men-hours By years of build
20082010 20112015 20162020 20082010 20112015 20162020
Fishing 427 94 243 90 115 480 31 530 68 950 15 000
Table ? (Finishing)
Sea and river (including "river-sea 754 106 611 37 181 560 17 115 143 645 20 800
going")
Icebreakers 20 2 6 12 70 500 6000 24 000 40 500
Floating Nuclear Power Plants 7 1 2 4 17 000 3000 5000 9000
Off-shore Industry 168 45 65 58 411 220 8050 181 890 148 830
TOTAL 137б 248 927 201 795 7б0* 138 145 423 485 234 130
Note: * — necessary number of workers required is about 37 000 for the 12 year period and average rate 1800 men-hour of workload per year.
Criticized by the industry for inventing heavy burdened but yet ineffective superstructure like USC (OSK) the Government is trying to level the situation up gearing it by steps which should prevent shipyards from decease in competing but stimulate market with new players. Earlier last spring the documents about privatization of shipyards were signed by Government including into register of openly listed JSC's the shares of 19 shipbuilding and shiprepair domestic yards and design bureaus, which are planned to privatize from 2009. All these companies will also join the government-owned United Shipbuilding Corporation, which is now finishing consolidate assets of Shipbuilding Industry of Russian Federation.
Graduate intensity rising in modernization activities at Russian shipyards having to be done within next 10 years and financed partially through either governmental and non-governmental sources may increase the productivity and orders portfolio of domestic shipyards and market share of Russian shipbuilding. Will the governmental measures to protect national shipbuilding be effective to compete internationally the time will show. Now the industry has come to era of consolidation and under the United Shipbuilding Corporation umbrella other reorganizations, mergers, or re-groupings should to be expected while production and productivity are rising slow and project management still lacks thus needs to be improved.
List of references
1. Shipbuilding industry in Russia. Presentation of the market study results. St. Petersburg Foundation for SME Development. The Hague, The Netherlands, October 23, 2008. URL: http://www.focuson-russia.com
2. Egorov G. V. Modern approaches to extension of vessel's service life (CAP, Conversion, Renovation); Proceedings of conference. — Odessa, 2002. — P. 114-119.
3. Launching of tanker "Kirill Lavrov". URL: http://www.admship.ru/news/108
4. Shipyards of USC have delivered to owner new icebreaker. URL: http://www.bz.ru/ru/news*1,74.
html
5. Baltic Plant has completed. URL: http://www.bz.ru/ru/news%76.html
6. For setting up a shipyard at Primorsk. URL: http://47news.ru/2009/03/23/020/
7. Hearings on a new shipyard design has been taken place at Primorsk. URL: http://vyborg.allnw. ru/primorsk/news/96825
8. The new shipyard may appear at Kronshtadt. URL: http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-nw/1178966.
html
9. Investments into modernization of two shipbuilding yards in Primosky Cray. URL: http://www. navy.ru/news/vpk/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=41562
10. Venkov V. V. Development of commercial shipbuilding within USC. URL: http://www.korabel.ru
11. Severnoye Design Bureau in cooperation with France based company GTT starts up with design of gascarrier. URL: http://spkb.air.spb.ru/news/news/2009/04/07/gazovoz/
УДК 621.892:621.436 Ю. Н. Цветков,
д-р. техн. наук, проф., СПГУВК;
В. М. Тарасов,
канд. техн. наук., ст. науч. сотр., ООО «ВМПАВТО»
ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ДИЗЕЛЕЙ НАНЕСЕНИЕМ НА ПОРШНИ ТВЕРДОГО СМАЗОЧНОГО ПОКРЫТИЯ, СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ДИСУЛЬФИД МОЛИБДЕНА
INFLUENCE OF PISTON SKIRT COATING CONTAINING MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE ON THE EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL ENGINE
Изложены результаты двух серий экспериментов на дизельном стенде. В первой серии оценивалась эффективность работы двигателя с поршнями без покрытия, а во второй — с твердым смазочным покрытием, содержащим дисульфид молибдена, нанесенным на тронки поршней. Твердое смазочное покрытие снижает удельный эффективный расход топлива, примерно на 5 % при работе дизеля на 75 % от номинальной мощности, а износ поршневых колец в среднем в 2 раза.
The results of two series of experiments on a diesel engine are presented. The first series was carried out using the pistons without a coating, whereas the second one involved testing the diesel with the piston skirts coated with organic-bondedfilm containing molybdenum disulphide. The bondedfilm lubricant decreases the specific fuel consumption by 5 % in working at 75 % of power rating, and the wear of piston rings decreases 2 times.
Ключевые слова: твердое смазочное покрытие, поршень, дизель, износ, удельный эффективный расход топлива
Key words: bondedfilm lubricant, piston, diesel, wear, specific fuel consumption
Введение
Твердые смазочные материалы со слоистой структурой широко используются в узлах сухого трения, а также в качестве добавок к пластичным и жидким смазочным материалам. Не менее важным является их использование в составе твердых смазочных покрытий (ТСП). Такие покрытия применяют в узлах трения с жесткими условиями работы с точки зрения температур, наличия агрессивных сред, вакуума и т. п. Твердые смазочные покрытия наносят в том числе и на юбки (тронки)
поршней двигателей внутреннего сгорания (ДВС). Обычно твердые смазочные покрытия состоят из наполнителя (пигмента) — дисперсного порошка твердого смазочного материала — и связующего [1-3]. В качестве наполнителя в твердых смазочных покрытиях чаще всего используется графит или дисульфид молибдена (Мо82) [1-3], а в качестве связующего — термореактивные смолы. Однако, несмотря на широкое распространение практики нанесения ТСП на поршни ДВС, в литературе очень мало конкретной информации о поло-
