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USING DRONES IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE: OPPORTUNITIES AND ADVANTAGES (ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ДРОНОВ В ТОЧНОМ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИИ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И ПРЕИМУЩЕСТВА)
Kliyanenko K.M., 2-year student of the training program 35.03.04 Agronomy. Scientific supervisor: candidate of philological studies Sinitsyna I.A.
FSBEI HE RT SAU
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье рассмотрены перспективы и преимущества использования дронов в точном земледелии. Проанализированы технологические возможности дронов, такие как мониторинг полей, распределение удобрений и химических средств защиты, а также управление поливом.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
Дроны, точное земледелие, сельское хозяйство, технологии. ABSTRACT
The article discusses the prospects and advantages of using drones in precision agriculture. The technological capabilities of drones, such as field monitoring, distribution of fertilizers, chemical protection, and irrigation management are analyzed.
KEYWORDS
Drones, precision agriculture, agriculture, technologies.
Introduction. The use of drones in agriculture has undergone significant development over the past decades, evolving from a novelty to an indispensable tool for precision agriculture. Modern agrodrones have a wide range of functionalities that allow agricultural enterprises and farmers to improve production efficiency and reduce costs. This important area of agricultural development not only provides new tools to monitor and manage fieldwork, but also helps to optimise the use of resources such as fertiliser, water and crop protection chemicals.
The aim of the paper is to study the role of drones in agriculture, their capabilities and advantages, and the prospects for further development of this technology in the context of precision agriculture.
Material and methods. The article is based on a generalised analysis of literature sources, expert feedback and existing practical examples of drone use in the agricultural sphere. Thus, the research methods in this article can be characterised as analytical and review.
Results and Discussion. Various types of drones are used in agriculture, including multirotor and fixed wing drones.
Multirotor drones are quadrocopters or octocopters that are highly manoeuvrable and have the ability to hover steadily in place Fixed wings, resembling small aircraft, are characterised by a longer range and the ability to fly long distances without recharging batteries. Both types of drones can be equipped with various sensors and cameras to collect data on fields and plants.
Modern technology allows drones to automatically detect and classify objects on the ground, such as plants or crops. Drones can be equipped with thermal imagers to detect changes in plant temperature, allowing them to identify crop or disease problems. Some drones are equipped with multispectral cameras that can record not only visible light but also infrared radiation, providing additional information on plant health. To monitor soil parameters,
drones can be equipped with sensors that measure moisture levels, pH and nutrient content. Also, some drones are capable of monitoring atmospheric parameters such as air temperature and humidity. Some drones have the ability to accurately distribute fertiliser or chemical protection products, optimising their use and reducing pollution. Drones can be equipped with communication systems to transmit real-time data to farms or control centres.
Some drones have the ability to accurately distribute fertiliser or chemical protection products, optimising their use and reducing pollution. Drones can be equipped with communication systems to transmit real-time data to agricultural enterprises or control centres.
Drones can also be used to protect and monitor agricultural areas from poachers and illegal logging.
Through the use of GPS and autopilot systems, drones can fly autonomously along predetermined routes, ensuring uniform field coverage. Some modern drones have vertical take-off and landing capabilities, making them easier to use in confined or uneven areas. To operate in low visibility or at night, drones can be equipped with lighting systems or night video cameras. To improve safety and reduce the risk of accidents, some drones have automatic collision avoidance systems.
One of the main functionalities of drones is aerial photography, which enables the creation of high-resolution maps and field images, such as 3D terrain models, to better analyse field structure and optimise field use.
Advances and improvements in drone technology continue to open up new opportunities for agricultural applications, making them an increasingly integral element of precision farming.
The main components and equipment of drones for the agricultural industry include various technical elements specifically adapted for agricultural applications. An important component is a camera capable of high-resolution aerial photography and equipped with specialised filters to collect plant health data. In addition, drones for the agribusiness industry are usually equipped with GPS receivers and autopilot systems for precise positioning and automatic flight control. Sensors to measure soil, moisture and temperature parameters are also important equipment, allowing for more accurate analyses of field and plant health. Finally, some drones can be additionally equipped with systems for precise distribution of fertilisers or chemical protection products, providing even greater efficiency in agriculture.
The use of drones in precision agriculture offers a number of significant advantages. One of the key benefits is the ability to monitor and survey fields with high accuracy and efficiency. Drones can quickly and thoroughly scan the entire field, identifying problem areas and abnormalities in plant growth. Using specialised cameras and sensors, drones can detect problems invisible to the naked eye, such as water shortages, diseases or insufficient soil fertility. This information allows agricultural businesses to respond quickly to problems and take targeted action to improve crop health. Drones also help optimise the use of resources by allowing efforts and resources to be focused on specific areas that require special attention. In addition, drone monitoring provides a wider view and greater coverage of fields that may not be available with traditional surveillance methods. As a result, the use of drones in monitoring and surveying fields significantly increases the efficiency of agricultural production and improves crop yields.
Another example of an effective approach to optimising agricultural production processes is the distribution of fertilisers and chemical protection products using drones. One of the main advantages of this approach is the ability to accurately apply fertiliser and protection products according to the needs of specific areas of the field. Drones are equipped with systems that can recognise and differentiate different areas of the field according to their condition and needs. This minimises the unnecessary use of fertiliser and chemical protection products, which in turn reduces costs and environmental impact. In addition, drones contribute to resource efficiency by providing more uniform coverage of the field with the necessary substances. Accurate distribution of fertilisers and chemicals also saves time and resources for agricultural companies, as it eliminates the need for repeated treatments and adjustments.
With the ability to programme flight routes and automatically distribute inputs, drones significantly reduce the time spent on agronomic operations.
Another benefit of drones in precision farming is moisture monitoring and irrigation management. Drones equipped with thermal imagers and infrared sensors can assess soil moisture levels and irrigation needs of plants. This data is transmitted in real time to agricultural enterprises, allowing them to make quick decisions to optimise irrigation. By analysing the data in detail, growers can adjust the automatic irrigation systems to achieve the optimum soil moisture level in each area of the field. This reduces unnecessary water use and improves irrigation efficiency, which in turn increases yields and reduces costs.
In addition to monitoring and surveying fields, distributing fertiliser and chemical protection products, and monitoring and managing irrigation, there are several other benefits of using drones in precision farming. These are reductions in the time it takes to monitor and manage fields and the labour required to carry out these tasks. Also important is the improvement in data quality: drones provide high-quality data collection on the condition of fields and plants, allowing agricultural businesses to make better-informed decisions based on accurate and up-to-date information. With faster detection of problem areas and the ability to respond to them in real time, the use of drones helps agricultural businesses minimise the risk of crop losses. Importantly, drones can be easily integrated with other modern agricultural technologies such as GPS systems, the Internet of Things and data analytics to create comprehensive and integrated solutions for agriculture.
In the long term, the use of drones can lead to cost savings through improved productivity and optimised agricultural production processes. Also, since precision farming supported by drones promotes more efficient use of resources, it can help make agriculture more resilient to climate change and other unfavourable conditions.
While there are the aforementioned advantages in the application of this technology, it is important to note some of its disadvantages as well.
Technical limitations are a significant factor affecting the efficiency of drone use in agriculture. One of the most critical limitations is the limited range and duration of operation on a single battery charge, which can reduce the ability of drones to cover large areas and carry out long missions. In addition, interaction with weather conditions, such as strong wind or rain, can significantly limit the drone's usability and negatively impact the quality of data collected. The accuracy of data collection also remains a challenge as some aspects, such as image resolution or measurement accuracy, may be subject to limitations, making subsequent analyses and decision-making difficult. Flight safety remains another important aspect, as technical problems or malfunctions of drones can pose a danger to others. Integration with other systems can also be a challenge, as effective interaction with other technologies and systems in agriculture is required.
In addition, legal restrictions and regulations may limit the widespread use of drones in agriculture by requiring compliance with regulatory requirements and restrictions. Maxim Chizhov, CEO of Agrimax.Aero LLC, a drone development company for agriculture in Russia, notes that the main problems of the industry in Russia are regional restrictions, inconsistencies in regulations, and complications in obtaining airworthiness certificates for domestic drones. In addition, there is a lack of trained personnel [3].
At the same time, Nikita Danilov, founder and CEO ofFly Drone, a developer of a one-stop-shop system of digital services for the lifecycle of unmanned aircraft, believes that these problems can be solved within two years (by 2026) [3].
The prospects for the further use and development of drones in the agribusiness sector are vast and promise significant benefits for agriculture. One of the key areas of development is improving drone performance, such as increasing the range and operating time on a single charge. This will broaden the scope of drone applications and increase their effectiveness in agriculture. An important aspect of development is also the improvement of the quality of collected data and algorithms for their processing, which contributes to more accurate analyses of the condition of fields and plants. In the future, drones are expected to be actively integrated with other agricultural technologies, such as autonomous tractors or artificial
intelligence systems, which will provide additional opportunities to optimise production processes. In addition, the development of more efficient control and monitoring systems is expected to expand the use of drones in various aspects of agriculture, from yield monitoring to pest control.
Results. 1. The use of drones in precision agriculture represents a promising area of agricultural development, promising significant benefits for the agricultural sector. They are becoming an integral part of modern agribusiness, providing effective monitoring and management of fields, optimising resource use and increasing yields. 2. Despite technical limitations, advances in technology and continuous innovation in the field of drones are opening new perspectives for their application in agriculture. 3. The future of drone use in agribusiness is linked to improved technical performance, integration with other agricultural technologies, and further refinement of data processing algorithms. 4. Joint efforts of agricultural enterprises, technology companies and legislative bodies will maximise the potential of drones in agriculture and make agriculture more efficient, sustainable and environmentally friendly.
Библиография:
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2. Грабовский И.В. Высокоточное земледелие с использованием сельскохозяйственных дронов // Современные достижения селекции растений — производству: материалы Всероссийской научно-практической конференции (Ижевск, 15 июля 2021 г.). Ижевск: Ижевская государственная сельскохозяйственная академия, 2021. С. 86-90.
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References:
1. Anikin N.V., Danilenko J.V. Agricultural drones to help farmers // Contribution of university agrarian science to the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex: materials of the 70th International Scientific and Practical Conference (Ryazan, May 23, 2019). Volume Part III. Ryazan: Ryazan State Agrotechnological University named after P.A. Kostychev, 2019. PP. 34-38.
2. Grabovsky I.V. High-precision agriculture using agricultural drones // Modern achievements of plant breeding - production: materials of the National scientific and practical conference (Izhevsk, July 15, 2021). Izhevsk: Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, 2021. PP. 86-90.
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УДК 621.315.1:621.311.001.57:621.316.13:621.3.064.1
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РЕЖИМА УСТОЙЧИВОГО ОДНОФАЗНОГО КОРОТКОГО ЗАМЫКАНИЯ В СЕЛЬСКОЙ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СЕТИ 0,4 кВ НА ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ
Лансберг А.А., младший научный сотрудник лаборатории электроснабжения, электрооборудования и возобновляемой энергетики. ФБГНУ ФНАЦ ФИМ
АННОТАЦИЯ
Исследование аварийных режимов работы сельских электрических сетей 0,4 кВ в настоящее время является актуальной задачей, в связи необходимостью определения режимных параметров, которые могут использоваться в качестве уставок срабатывания технических средств повышения эффективности функционирования электрических сетей. В работе представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований режима устойчивого однофазного короткого замыкания в сельской электрической сети 0,4 кВ на физической модели. Погрешность значения тока однофазного короткого замыкания по сравнению с законодательно утвержденной методикой по ГОСТ 28249-93 «Короткие замыкания в электроустановках. Методы расчета в электроустановках переменного тока напряжением до 1 кВ» для схожих начальных данных составила 3,6-6,3%, что позволяет сделать вывод о высокой степени достоверности данных, получаемых при моделировании. Было выявлено, что при удаленности до 25% от вывода низкого напряжения трансформатора до точки однофазного КЗ отношение напряжения на неповрежденных фазах к напряжению на поврежденной составляет не более, чем 1,5 раза. В свою очередь, при удаленности от 75% и более отношение напряжений превышает значение 5 и более раз.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА
Электрическая сеть 0,4 кВ, однофазное короткое замыкание, моделирование, физическая модель, фазное напряжение, аварийный режим.
ABSTRACT
The study of emergency modes of operation of rural 0.4 kV electric networks is currently an urgent task, due to the need to determine the operating parameters that can be used as operating settings for technical means to improve the efficiency of electric networks. The paper presents the results of experimental studies of a stable single-phase short circuit mode in a rural 0.4 kV electrical network based on a physical model. The error in the value of the single-
