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INVOLVEMENT OF STAKEHOLDERS IN DE-RADICALIZATION OF TERRORISM IN POSO DISTRICT: PENTAHELIX MODEL
PAUL ADRYANI MOENTO1 ALEXANDER PHUK TJILEN2 BEATUS TAMBAIP3
1,2'3Program in Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences,
Universitas Musamus Coresponden author: alexander @unmus.ac.id
Abstrak: The Purpose of this Study is to Analyze the Involvement of Stakeholders in De-Radicalization of Terrorism in Poso District using the Pentahelix Model. This Study Adopts a Qualitative Descriptive Method. Data was Collected through Interviews with Key Stakeholders, including the Head of the Social Services Office, the Chairman of the FKUB, the Secretary of the Kesbangpol, the Head of the Police Resorts Binmas, the Pasi Intel Kodim 1307 Poso, Representatives from NGOs, Community Leaders, and Individuals Involved in the De-Radicalization Process. Additional Data was Obtained through Literature Reviews and Internal Discussions at Musamus University.
The Results Indicate that the Implementation of the Pentahelix Model Improved the Prevention of Terrorism in Poso District. The Government Prioritized Social Welfare through the Social Services Officet. Empowerment of Former Terrorism Convicts was Achieved through Psychosocial Training Provided by the Wasta Foundation and The Habibie Centre. The Indonesian Peace Alliance Community Offered Entrepreneurship Training to Former Convicts. The Academic Sector Supported the Government through Research that Can Help Prevent Terrorism among Youth and Students. The Media Provided Information about Peace through Educational Films."
Keywords: Pentahelix Model, De-Radicalization of Terrorism, Academics, Business, Community, Government, Media.
A. INTRODUCTION
Terrorism is a form of organized violence that uses violence as a means to achieve specific goals. It poses a threat to the lives of individuals, civil liberties, institutions and society, both at the national and international level. It is characterized by its malicious intent and its devastating effects on communities.(Baisagatova et al., 2016). Some definitions, including oppression of people, violence and cruelty, have been referred to in regards to terrorism(Mahmood, 2020). Terrorism is classified as violence or threats of violence carried out to instill fear in the target of terrorism, typically such as government, ethnic groups, political parties, and so on. The occurrence of human tragedy caused by bombing by irresponsible parties that happened in Bali and in some places in Indonesia, has a significant impact on Indonesia (Herdi, 2019).
The bombing tragedy has an impact on Indonesia's regional security and affects various sectors, especially the tourism sector (Mangindaan & Krityakierne, 2018). As a result of the bombing incident, the security of Indonesia's region was disrupted, leading to travel warnings being issued by European and Australian countries, considering that the majority of victims of the bombing incident were foreign tourists. Bomb explosions due to terrorism not only occur in Indonesia but also in the Philippines and the worst was the bomb explosion in New York, the 9/11 attack in 2001. This can trigger war or political tension between countries and disrupt the economic growth of a country (Statistics & Security, 2009)
The policy for handling radical terrorism in Indonesia was announced after the Bali bombing with the issuance of Republic of Indonesia Law No. 15 of 2003 on the Establishment of Government Regulation Replacing Law No. 1 of 2002 on the Eradication of Terrorism Acts into Law. Then the President signed Presidential Regulation No. 46 of 2010 and established the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT). Subsequently, Presidential Regulation No. 12 of 2012 on Amendments to Presidential Regulation No. 46 of 2010 on Counter-Terrorism Agency was issued. BNPT is the most authoritative agency to formulate and make policies and strategies and to be a coordinator in the field of
countering terrorism. BNPT has three policy fields, namely (a) prevention, protection and deradicalization, (b) enforcement and capability building, and (c) international cooperation. The pentahelix concept in BNPT uses all potentials to form a national strength against the ideology of radicalism and terrorism. Involving five elements, namely government, academia, business world, society and media to break the chain of radicalism and terrorism (Muluk, 2022). As part of the pentahelix, (BNPT) involves the community in preventing and controlling the actions of terror networks. (Firmansyah et al., 2022). The collaboration and cooperation of the five factors in the Pentahelix concept, in the form of representative actors, is crucial in the development and implementation of the three proposed de-radicalization stages, which are identification, psychological management, and subsequent care (Firmansyah et al., 2022). BNPT actively involves the community through religious leaders' forums and Anti-Terror Coordination Forums in 34 provinces. Through these forums, BNPT carries out prevention by involving religious communities, youth, women, and others with the aim of eradicating terrorism from various lines, from upstream to downstream. The multi-agency approach in forming the FKPT is an effective solution in the effort to prevent terrorism (Fahreza, 2020).
Terrorist actions always have a strong reason, as these actions come with the sacrifice of material and lives. There are two main reasons behind the emergence of terrorist actions. First, ideological drive, manifested in the hatred of the oppressors of their group and those who obstruct their efforts to achieve their goals, thus they are willing to sacrifice their lives to achieve their desired goals. Second, economic reasons. Economic pressure experienced by terrorists, especially for those who commit suicide bombing, can be the background for choosing a way to end their lives because of the large number of people living below the poverty line. This is considered a failure of the government, which adheres to the economic system, which seems not to make the people well-off. (Khairil, 2012). Terrorist actions not only disrupt the government operations in Poso, but also become a problem for all elements of the Poso regency society. Terrorism actions in Poso can stem from the lower to the upper society, its impact is that it can disrupt the administration and the order and security of the Poso regency society. Therefore, the Poso Regency Government needs to prevent terrorism actions that touch all layers of society. If terrorist actions are left unchecked, not prevented and fought against, and even given a presence in society, while tolerance and nationalism is just a slogan, then the actions of terror groups are actually being nurtured more fertile (Tressa, 2021). Counter-terrorism activities are still ongoing and the presence of interrelated terrorist networks make it a big task for the government to handle. The strategy of the Poso Regency government in creating order and security plays a very important role. This role involves the Poso Regency government together with the Indonesian National Armed Forces holding the "Sulteng Youth Unity Call" and officially opened by the Regent of Poso Darmin Sigilipu at Battalion 714 Sintuwu Maroso field. The effort of the Poso Regency government in preventing terrorism by implementing mandatory government affairs related to basic services such as peace, public order and protection of the community.
After the death of the terrorist leader Santoso in Poso, the security situation in Poso became conducive. To counter the spread of terrorism that causes security disturbances, the police and local government of Poso work together with religious leaders and scholars to prevent the activities and recruitment of radical terrorism groups because they are dangerous to the lives of people in Poso. Next, the Poso Civil Society Strengthening Institution (LPMS) conducts training to improve the skills of the civilian population in supporting the reintegration and social rehabilitation of former extremists. BNPT Sulawesi Tengah's policy in dealing with radicalism consists of two parts: deradicalization and counter-radicalization. Firstly, de-radicalization is an effort to reduce radical activities and neutralize the radical ideology for those involved in terrorism, former terrorism prisoners, and members of the community who have been exposed to terrorism ideologies (BNPT). De-radicalization has a long-term program that works at the ideological level with the goal of changing the doctrine and interpretation of the terrorists' religious understanding. Efforts to prevent radicalism in Poso District are carried out through security operations, the local government works with BNPT and relevant government agencies such as the Ministry of Religion to
conduct socialization and guidance on preventing radical ideology, provide assistance to worship homes and boarding schools. While the deradicalization program is only carried out by the police and BNPT using pre-emptive and preventive patterns. In addition, BNPT is only focused on preaching in boarding schools and worship homes, less proactive in providing preaching in school environments, or colleges in the Poso District area, even though young people are very susceptible to accepting the doctrine or radical ideology.
Next, the government issued Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 7 of 2021 on the National Action Plan for the Prevention and Countering of Violence-Based Extremism Leading to Terrorism 2020-2024. Article 2 explains the purpose of the Perpres is to increase the protection of citizens' right to safety from Violence-Based Extremism Leading to Terrorism, as part of the state's obligation to respect human rights in maintaining national security stability based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. In its implementation (article 8), it is handed over to the ministry, agency, and local government to work together and involve community participation. The concept of deradicalizing terrorism through the collaboration of multiple stakeholders, including government, academia, business, community, and media, using a pentahelix approach, aims to provide quick and moderate solutions. This approach represents the nation's identity as a diverse and tolerant society that prioritizes the rule of law, accountability, human rights, and democracy in counter-terrorism efforts. This requires active involvement from all levels, including government, ministries, agencies, academic organizations, human rights advocates, traditional and religious leaders, to implement a comprehensive strategy.
B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
a. Research design
The researcher uses a qualitative descriptive research method aimed at describing and understanding the subjective experience of an individual about a phenomenon, which emphasizes the subjective experience of the individual and how they understand and experience their surrounding world (Rianto, 2016), The researcher uses a qualitative descriptive research method that aims to describe and understand the subjective experience of someone about a phenomenon, focusing on the subjective experience of individuals and how they understand and experience the world around them, about the phenomenon of what the research subjects experience about the causes of someone becoming a terrorist follower, and the social and environmental conditions around them.
b. Participant
The participants involved as informants are: Social Department of Poso Regency, Head of Poso Regency FKUB, Secretary of Poso Regency Kesbangpol, Head of Poso Police Station, Intel Commander of Kodim 1307 Poso, Director of Poso Regency Civil Society Strengthening Institute, Community leaders and those involved in the deradicalization process and internal discussions with academics at the Faculty of Social and Political Science at Musamus University in Merauke, where the writer is now a lecturer in the field of political studies.
c. Research location
The research location was conducted in Poso Regency, a region in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, with an area of 7,112.25 km2 and a population of 248,325 (2021). The selection of this research location was based on it being the place where radicalism first originated, starting with a communal conflict, and as a place where radicalism was specifically handled by prioritizing local wisdom in the Poso Regency area (Djumantara & Zulfa, 2021), Thus, the role of other stakeholders must be re-examined.
d. Collection and Analysis Data
This case study research combines various data sources to provide a detailed account of the complex research phenomenon in the context of real life (Morgan et al., 2017). Focused on interview results and data cross-checking, and comparing with previous research to ensure the validity of the data (Sanjani, 2020). The more flexible and less structured qualitative interview nature allows the researcher to explore beyond the question guidelines about the issues that arise during the interview
process (Brouneus, 2011). Qualitative case study collects data from various sources for triangulation purposes. (Noble & Heale, 2019).
For this research, three data elicitation techniques were used in order to gather data from different sources in a comprehensive and adequate manner. The data was analyzed in several stages, including data reduction, data presentation, and finally, conclusion drawing or verification (Moleong, 2014).
C. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a. Prioritization Of Social Welfare of The Community
The government plays a role as a regulator in the pentahelix model. The government acts as both a regulator and a controller with regulations and responsibilities in developing the object. The Social Services Department of Poso Regency provides assistance through the construction of livable homes for underprivileged communities and families of terrorism convicts. The Social Services Department of Poso Regency involves the military in the construction of livable homes, which is the military's duty through territorial operations. The military and police also provide socialization to the community on how to create security in their environment by exchanging information related to disturbances that will disrupt the peace and order and security of the community (Novianti & Lase, 2021). The aim of this effort is to create a secure and peaceful atmosphere within the community, allowing the people to engage in social and economic activities effectively and efficiently, free from fear and concerns about their safety.
This territorial operation aims to help restore security situation that has been disturbed for quite some time by threats of terrorism, radicalism and other security disruptions, so that Poso becomes conducive again as usual in launching national development programs and helping the local government improve the welfare of its people. Then, the Social Service Office of Poso Regency is supported by the Poso Regency Civil Society Strengthening Institution in providing assistance to former terrorism prisoners, which is packaged in the Improved Quality of Social Welfare Rehabilitation Services for PMKS program. This social assistance is in the form of business assistance to former terrorism prisoners who are grouped into KUBE (joint business group). The purpose is for former terrorism prisoners to have special skills in building the economy for their livelihood. The assistance given by the Social Service Office of Poso Regency comes from the Poso Regency's local revenue and expenditure budget and the national revenue and expenditure budget.
b. Empowerment of former terrorism convicts by the private sector
The role of the private sector in preventing terrorism is crucial and is an important collaboration in supporting government performance. In preventing terrorism in Poso, the pentahelix strategy has been implemented by the private sector, specifically The Habibie Centre. They empower former terrorism convicts through psychosocial skill training. This activity involved 20 former terrorism convicts from Poso. This economic empowerment is aimed at supporting ex-convicts who have left their network and intend to start a new chapter, without them, it is possible that they will return to their network that is ready to receive them and bear their economic burden.
c. Training in entrepreneurship by the community
Community in the pentahelix model acts as an accelerator. In this case, the community is made up of people with similar interests and relevant to the growing business. The Alliance for Peaceful Indonesia in Jakarta is a key player in securing training to strengthen entrepreneurship for former terrorism convicts. The Alliance for Peaceful Indonesia in Jakarta gives former terrorism convicts in Poso the opportunity to receive training to acquire entrepreneurial skills for a new life after leaving the correction institution.
According to Darcy Noriks, one of the ways to design deradicalization is through rehabilitation (Arts et al., 2010). The rehabilitation process is carried out by working together with various parties such as the police, correction institutions, the Ministry of Religion, the Ministry of Manpower, mass organizations, and others. This program will provide support for them to live life after leaving the correction institution (https://www.voaindonesia.com/a7polda-sulteng-dorong-pemberdayaan-ekonomi-bagi-mantan-narapidana-terorisme-di-poso/6476489.html). In this case, the anti-terrorism efforts in Poso Regency carried out by the Alliance for Peaceful Indonesia in Jakarta involves the
local government, specifically the Vice Regent of Poso who was invited to the event and served as a speaker in the entrepreneurship training reinforcement for former terrorism convicts.
d. Academic Instituion
In the purpose of national education, higher education teaches students to have faith in the Almighty God and possess noble character. Students are required to carry out the Three Duties of Higher Education Institutions. Furthermore, higher education institutions play a crucial role in preventing the spread of terrorism through religious activities on campus, interests and talents activities, and the campus controlling all activities carried out by students. With these activities, terrorism can be suppressed from spreading among students in higher education institutions (Huda & Haryanto, 2018). In Poso district, the role of higher education institutions in preventing terrorism is carried out by academics through research on terrorism management policies in Poso district. In a scientific journal, it is stated that the handling of terrorism in Poso is carried out using a Soft Approach and Hard Approach approach (Tressa, 2021). Next research conducted by other academics related to Securitization: Anti-Terrorism Policy in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, prevention of terrorism is carried out through securitization policies (Kambo, 2022).
Based on the research findings of the competent parties, the terrorism issues in Poso Regency can be overcome through collaboration among stakeholders using the collective action theory approach. This is also in line with the provisions of Law No. 5 of 2018 Article 43I paragraph (4), that one form of national preparedness is carried out through community empowerment.
This means that the community must also play a role in efforts to prevent and handle terrorism and radicalism in the Poso Regency area. In addition, the governance spirit has focused on compatibility among policy actors, namely the government (state), the private sector (private), and civil society (Sirua & Priyambodo, 2022). Or in other words, policy formulation using a society-centered approach, where the power of the state is controlled by its citizens (Giebler et al., 2021). Regarding the handling of terrorism crimes that occur in Poso Regency, various efforts have been made by the Central Sulawesi Regional Police in handling terrorism crimes, including: First, a community approach, and Second, through law enforcement (Permana & Manan, 2020).
e. The involvement of the media in providing information
In the pentahelix model, the media plays a role as an expander, in this case, the media supports the publication in promotion and creating brand image. The advancement of technology today makes the media play a significant active role in helping inform all government policies. In the case of preventing terrorism in Poso, the media always provides information related to terrorism prevention. The information is in the form of information about the government's performance in preventing terrorism, then information about the importance of preventing terrorism. There is also a short film that is published to social media about peace films in Poso. From the data above, it can be said that the media has an active role in preventing terrorism in Poso through informative information that educates the public.
Information waves that are increasingly fierce are manifestations of the rapid advancement of information technology. The types and quality of information channels change over time and spread to all corners of the world. The implication is that the boundaries of existing communication systems, cultures, and laws in each country are becoming thin. The communication technology revolution has made the world smaller by successfully making all events around the world a public space that can be accessed without space and time restrictions.
Terrorist events that disturb the Middle East, Europe, and Asia such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Philippines, and even Indonesia itself, can easily and quickly be accessed by global mass and digital media coverage as a logical consequence of the advancement of information and communication technology. Another logical consequence of the advancement of information and communication technology is that terrorist events that plague various parts of the world not only impact one political stability balance, but also spread to religion, economics, society, culture, education, and others (Ridho et al., 2022).
News coverage of terrorist attacks in Indonesia includes various facts about the perpetrators, solidarity, victims, and violence containing various emotional quotes about post-terrorism suffering.
On one hand, as a democratic country, journalists have the right to convey in-depth reports of terrorist attacks and the public has the right to know what is happening. However, on the other hand, in-depth news coverage of terrorist attacks can put society at various risks.
In the media dependency theory, social change and conflicts in society can cause changes in institutions, beliefs, and activities. In a stable social situation, media needs will also change where people prefer and are influenced by the content they are watching. The ease of use and quick access of internet media, especially if it is done all the time, can certainly result in an increase in interest and trust in the content that internet media presents (Pebrianti, 2020).
Media technology is considered to have the power to influence society. Dependence on media is a result of the audience's motivation to find satisfaction and availability and ease of alternatives. Each factor is influenced by a number of characteristics. Dependence on media will have an effect on the media itself. The greater a person's dependence on media, the greater the effect that the media will have on that person.
D. CONCLUSION
The government of Poso Regency is utilizing a pentahelix models to prevent terrorism by prioritizing community social welfare. The social service office provides housing and business assistance to former terrorism convicts.
The private sector, represented by The Habibie Centre, empowers these individuals with psychosocial skills training, including entrepreneurship and family management. The government is taking responsibility in preventing terrorism through this approach.
The Indonesian Peace Alliance community plays a crucial role in preventing terrorism by offering entrepreneurial training to former terrorism convicts in Poso Regency.
Academics play an important role in preventing terrorism in Poso District by conducting academic research, the research provides support to the government through the research results that can help the government to prevent terrorism in Poso District.
The media plays a role in preventing terrorism by providing information on its importance and promoting peace through educational peace films that create a peaceful image for the people of Poso District.
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