CC BY
34
САДОВО-ПАРКОВЕ ГОСПОДАРСТВО
було зафксовано у грунт на якому зростало грабове насадження. Дещо нижче - у грунтово мову покрив1 ¡з модриною та ще нижче фунтовому покрив1 ¡з дубом та буком. Найнижчий вм1ст фосфору виявлено у Грунтовому покрив1 на якому зростало ялинове насадження. Вмют фосфору у грунт1 пщ грабовим насадженням становив 240 мг/кг. Майже у десять разш нижчий вмют фосфору у грунт1 де зростало ялинове насадження - 28 мг/кг. Високим залишаеться вм1ст фосфору у грунт1 ¡з модри-новим насадженням - 80 мг/кг. У дубовому та буковому насадженнях вмют фосфору становив 54 мг/кг. Схо>ю тенденци збер1гаються по вмюту кал1ю у Грунтах ¡з р1з-ною деревною рослиншстю. Найвищий вмют кал1ю зали-шався у грунт1 ¡3 грабовим насадженням - 137 мг/кг. Дещо нижчий вмют кал1ю був характерний для Грунтового по-криву дубового та модринового насадження - по 75 мг/кг. У грунт1 де зростало букове насадження вм1ст кал1ю становив 35 мг/кг. Найнижчий вмют кал1ю був вщмнений у ялиновому насадженш - 30 мг/кг.
Висновки. Склад та продуктившсть л1сових асоц1ац1й у значнш м1р1 впливають на формування грунтового по-криву. Найбшьш позитивы тенденци щодо накопичення гумусу (2,56%), азоту (73-78 мг/кг), фосфору (240 мг/кг) та кал1ю (137 мг/кг) у верхньому (до 30 см) шар1 грунту були вщмтеш у листяних деревостанах, зокрема, дубових, грабових та букових. Значно нижчим вм1стом цих елементш у верхшх гумусових горизонтах характе-ризувалися хвойш, зокрема, ялинов1 деревостани.
Найвища кислотшсть грунтш характерна для грунтш, на яких зростали ялинов1 та модринов1 деревостани. Зокрема, для грунтш ялинових та модринових дерево-станш кислотшсть рН = 3,9. Значно нижча кислотшсть характерна для грабових, букових та дубових дерево-сташв (рН = 4,1-5,22) що вказуе на необхщшсть бшыи
широкого використання листяних nopifl при люовщнов-ленш та л1сорозведенш.
/Итература
1. Анучин Н.П. Лесная таксация: Учебник для вузов / Н.П. Анучин . - М.: Лесная промышленность, 1982. - 552 с
2. Аринушкина Е.В. Руководство по химимческому анализу почв / Е.В. Аринушкина.-М.: МГУ, 1970.-487 с.
3. Кауричев И.С. Практикум по почвоведению / И.С. Кауричев. - М.: Агро-промиздат, 1986. - 336 с.
4. Качинский Н.А. Физика почвы / Н.А. Качинский.- М.: Высшая школа, 1965. - 322 с.
5. Крикунов В.Г., Полупан Н.И. Почвы УССР и их плодородие / В.Г. Крикунов, Н.И. Полупан. - К.: Вища школа, 1987. - 319с.
6. Методические рекомендации по определению потенциональной производительности лесных земель и степени эффективности их использования / Туркевич И.В., Медведев Л.А., Мокшанина И.М., Лебедев В.Е.- Харьков: УкрНИИЛХА, 1973,- 72 с.
7. Цыганов Д.Н. Фитоиндикация экологических режимов в подзоне хвойно -широколиственных лесов / Д.Н. Цыганов. - M.: Наука, 1983. - с.
8. Цурик 6.1. Таксацмы ознаки i будова насаджень: Навчальний поабник / 6.1. Цурик. - Льв1в: УкрДЛТУ, 2001. - 362 с.
References
1. Anuchin N.P. Forest inventories: the Textbook for high schools / N.P. Anuchin. -M.: Forest Industry, 1982. - 552 p.
2. Arinushkina E.V. Guidance on chemical analysis of soil / E.V. Arinushkina. -M.: MGU, 1970. - 487 p.
3. Kaurichev I.S. Workshop on Soil / I.S. Kauricheva. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1986. - 336 p.
4. Kaczynski N.A. Soil Physics / N.A. Kaczynski. - M.: Higher School, 1965. -322 p.
5. Krikunov V.G., N.I. Polupan. The soils of the USSR and fertility / V.G. Krikunov, N.I. Polupan. - K .: Vishcha School, 1987. - 319 p.
6. Guidelines to determine the potential productivity of forest lands and the effectiveness of their use / Turkevich I.V., Medvedev L.A., Mokshanina I.M., V.E. Lebedev - Kharkov: UkrNIILKhA, 1973. - 72 p.
7. Tsyganov D.N. Phytoindication environmental regimes in the subzone of coniferous-deciduous forests / D.N. Tsyganov. - M .: Nauka, 1983 - 350 p.
8. Tsurikov E.I. Find our Taksation signs and structure of planting: Navchalny posibnik / E.I. Tsurikov. - Lviv: UkrDLTU, 2001. - 362 p.
УДК 582.572.7:635.9(477) V. P. KarpenkO
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of Biology, Vice-Rector for Research and Snnovation Uman National University of Horticulture
INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF GENUS IRIS L. IN UKRAINE AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF GLOBAL TRENDS
Abstract. The article presents adapted literary materials, starting with the first references (I century) and up to now, concerning the introduction and use of species and varieties of Genus Iris L, both in Ukraine and throughout the world. The literary history of the Ukrainian name "pivnyky" has been analyzed for the very first time. It is shown that iris study has been formed on the basis of the first educational establishments, botanical gardens as well as the Main School of Horticulture (Uman National University of Horticulture nowadays) and Tsarina's Garden (now it is known as Sofiyivsky Park) which existed as a unit up to 30th XX century.
The history of foundation of major global iris societies, the important role of national and foreign scientists as well as amateur irisarians in the development of the culture of iris have been established. Keywords: Iris I., species and varieties,history,introduction.
В. П. Карпенко
доктор сшьськогосподарських наук, професор кафедри бюлоги, проректор з науковоТ та ¡нновацшноТ дтльносп Уманський нацюнальний ушверситет садшництва
1СТОР1Я 1НТРОДУКЦП ВИД1В I COPTIB РОДУ IRIS L. В УКРА1Н1 НА ФОН1 СВ1ТОВИХ ТЕНДЕНЦ1Й
Анотащя. У статтi наведено опрацьований л1тературний матер'1ал, починаючи з перших згадок (1 сгол 'гття) й донин '1, стосовно уведення в культуру та використання вид'т i сорлв роду Iris L. як в Укра'М, так i в cbítí. Вперше дослщжено л'!тературне закрепления укра/нськоi назви ¡рису - «п 'тники». Показано, що в Украш1 ¡риавництво формувалось на базi перших навчальних закпад1в та ботан1чних сад1в, зокрема - Головного училища сад'тництва (нинi - Уманський нацюнальний ун1верситет сад'тництва) та Царициного саду (hhhí - Софй'вка), яю ¡сну вал и як едине цте до 30-х роюв минулого сгол'гття. З'ясовано icropiio заснування основних cbítobhx спток ¡рис'тництва, значения в розвитку культури ¡рису видатних в '!тчизняних та заруб'жних учених, а також - ¡риавниюв-аматор 'т. Ключовi слова: Iris L., види й сорти, ¡сторЫ, штродукц1я.
№2, 2015 В1СНИК УМАНСЬКОГО НАЦЮНАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТУ САД1ВНИЦТВА
The history of the genus Iris L. dates back to the high antiquity. Thus, a Soviet paleobotanist and geologist of Ukrainian origin African Mykolaiovych Khrystofovych distinguishes the existence of rhizomes and leaves of irises in tertiary deposits of Europe and North America etc. in his paper «Paleobotany» [1].
Ukraine belongs to European and Asian North America zone formation and species differentiation of rhizomatous irises, in particular Euro-Mediterranean Centre of morpho-and species formation. According to the description of H. I. Rodionenko [2] the ancestors of modern irises can be described as heliophilous perennial plants that used to have monopodial branched stem with internodes which took roots while lodging. Independent plantlets could be formed in the axils of the stem. Root system consisted of perennial roots. Leaves were sessile and alternately placed. Flowers were small and pale, with equal lobes that had not coalesced at the base. The ovary was superior. The style was solid with trilobite stigma. Nectar didn't produce. Pollen grains were egg-shaped and the pollination was cross. Flower bunches were placed in the axils of the leaves on the leading and side shoots. The iris fruit was a capsule which used to open in three parts to reveal the numerous seeds within. Certainly
for many thousands of years intraspecific, interspecific and remote hybridization played an important role in the speciation of irises.
The first reference to irises in botanical and medical literature appeared in the 1st century in Codex (Codex ex Vindobonensis Graecus, Figure 1), written by a Greek physician Dioscorides [3]. Since then the literary history of the genus Iris L. has started: 1549 - Leonhart Fuchs, 1551 - William Turner, 1554 - an unknown author described the medicinal properties of iris, 1576, 1601 - Karl Clusius described decorative properties of almost 28 varieties of irises (Figure 2).
G. C. Oeder presented the picture of Iris Pseudacorus L., in a comprehensive atlas of botany «Flora Danica» (1770). In 1782 O. F. Muller presented the image of Iris spuria L. in the same edition (Figure 3).
In 1781 P. S. Pallas (a German scholar and lexicographer) described 17 species of genus Iris L.
The first monograph on irises was published in 1782 (Figure 4). By the end of 18th century the descriptions of more than 40 species of irises could be found in the literature [2, 4].
Its name derives from the Greek goddess, Iris, who
Fig. 1. The image of Iris in Dioscorides' scientific work
(left)
(Electronic photograph of the original, published by the National Library of Naples)
Fig. 3. Iris spuria L.
(A picture from Flora Danica // MDCCLXX (1782). - Tab. CDXCIV; MDCCLXXXII. - Tab. DCCXXXIV, that is saved in funds of Scientific Library of UNUH)
lui. LATirOLIA MAIO
Fig. 2. Images of species Iris L. in books*:
A - by German physician and botanist Leonhart Fuchs (Den nieuwen Herbarius, dat is, dboeck vanden cruyden / Leonhart Fuchs. - 1549. - CXIX);
B - by unknown botanist (Bloemen en Cruydeboek, Manuscript / Anonymous. - 1554. - P. 380); C - franco-dutch botanist Carl Klusius (Rariorum plantarum historia / Charles de L' Ecluse. - 1601. - 771p.).
(Note - * images from the original sources published on www.biolib.de)
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CAflOBO-nAPKOBE fOCnOflAPCTBO
IRIS,
QUAM
DISSERTATIONS S OTAN ¡CA DE LI NE AT AM, C0\s EXPER1ENT. FÀC MED. VPS.1L.
PRAESIDE
CAROL P. THUNBERG,
Mec, Doct., P«or. Rec. et Ektiaoid., Acad. Gesas. N. C. Rte. Scient. Hörnum. Societ. Scient. Upsal. Patb, Holmisns. Dr. ko lin. N. Sciutat. Lundi n. Ha situ. Amsiil. et Nimosiens. Mehero.
FUDLICO RXMTIXI Sl'BJICIT, Stipemjiar. Djeleiam.
Olaus Jacob. Ekman,
IN AUDIT. GUSTAV. UAj. 0. XVI DEC. A NNO MDCCLXXXII. H. A. M. S.
UPSALIAE, D J O II. EDUAN, DIRECT. II REG. ACAD. 1
2
s/
A
Fig. 4. The first world monograph about irises, written by Swedish naturalist Carol. P. Thunberg. (Carol P. Thunberg. Iris. Upsaliae, 1782. - 36p.).
(Note - * the image of the original, published by the library www.archive.org)
carried messages from Olympus to earth along a rainbow. Greek doctor and naturalist Hippocrates (approximately IV c. BC - 450-377) [5] named a flower in honour of the goddess. C. Linnaeus consolidated the antique name for the irises in 1753. He described and divided 18 species of Iris he knew in two groups - Bearded (Barbatae) and Beardless (Imberbis) Irises [6].
Carl Linneaus had been collecting herbarium for 71 years (1707-1778) in which he presented a significant amount of preserved species of the genus Iris L, including Iris biflora, Iris dichotoma, Iris eduiis, Iris fíavissima, Iris foetidissuma, Iris germanica, Iris gramínea, Iris haiophiia, Iris ochroieuca, Iris pérsica, Iris pseudoacorus, Iris pumiia, Iris pygmaea, Iris sibirica, Iris spuria, Iris susiana, Iris tenuifoiia, Iris varie-gata, Iris ventricosa, Iris verna, Iris virginica (Figure 5).
Irises have been cultivated in Ukraine since ancient times. Primarily they were planted in monastery gardens. At that time monasteries served as centers of culture and distributors of planting material for fruit, berries, vegetables and ornamental plants. Obviously, the plant got its common name «pivnyky» when it appeared in farmsteads of ordinary people.
There are a lot of opinions as for the origin of the name «pivnyky». It is most likely that the name is linked to the similarity of flowers with a rooster tail [7]. According to
legends, «pivnyky» protect people from evil forces. A rooster is a savior as all evil spirits disappear when it sings [8].
The creation of the first botanical gardens promoted the introduction of species of Iris into Ukrainian horticulture. At the turn of 18-19 centuries Botanical Garden of the Kharkiv National University and Nikitsky Botanical Garden in Crimea were founded. Most of the Iris representatives appeared in the gardens collections of already existing at the time.
Moscow botanical garden was founded by P. Demidov in 1756. There were more than 70 species and varieties of Iris in its collection in 1786. Another botanical garden was founded by Earl Rozumovsky in 1798. Catalogues made by F. Fisher in 1804, 1805, 1808, 1812 contained 36 species of Iris. Several species of irises were introduced, such as: bearded irises, beardless irises, bulbuous irises -I. tenuifoiia, I. flavissima (I. Humiiis GeorgiJ, I. dichotoma Pall., I. humiiis M. Bieb. (- I. Pontica Zapal.J, I. piicata Lam., I. pallida Lam.).
The creation of Imperial Botanical Garden began in 1822 with the elimination of Rozumovsky's Botanical Garden. In 1856 the collection included 72 species of irises (I. aequiloba Ledeb., I. aphylla L., I. biglumis Vahl., I. bloudowii Ledeb., I. gueldenstadtiana Lepech., I. haiophiia Pall., I. laevigata Fisch. et C. A. Mey., I. notha M. Bieb., I. orientalis Thunb., I. setosa Pall., I. tigridia Bunge, etc.).
Fig. 5. Iris Herbarium specimens from the collection of Carl Linnaeus (left - Iris sambucina L., right - Iris germanica L.), stored in the herbarium of the Swedish Museum of Natural History
(http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome. html.se)
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Botanical gardens actively exchanged planting material with each other and foreign ones, as well as supplied plants for parks and private gardens. At that time Kiev Botanical Garden had rather small collection of irises [4]. Uman park «Sofievka», founded by earl Pototsky in 1795, could probably have irises in its collection at that time. As there are some facts concerning their delivery from many European and Asian countries in order to be planted in the park [9].
Odessa Botanical Garden was founded in 1820 and there evidently were irises in its collection. The only Main School of Horticulture was established on the basis of the botanical garden. According to the decree of the king (9 February 1842) its main task was to spread «correct gardening». A prominent naturalist and zoologist A. D. Nordman played a great role in the development of the botanical garden as well as the Main School of Horticulture. He went on a number of expeditions in order to study plants of Southern Ukraine, Balkans, Crimea, Caucasus etc. Those studies undoubtedly influenced the formation of the botanical garden collection fund. Thus, in his book «The description of Odessa Imperial Garden...» [10] A. Nordman noted that 500 species of perennial plants, as well as rare ones were collected in the parterre of the botanical garden. Bulbs and rhizomes from the parterre used to be exchanged with other gardens. They were also sent to Kiev, Petersburg, Berlin and Paris. It was also mentioned that students would also be sent to Caucasus coastal area in order to collect new and rare plants and seeds. Unfortunately there is no full description of the parterre plants in his scientific project. The author focused his attention on the rare plants only, though it didn't mean that irises were not cultivated in the collection.
The Main School of Horticulture was transferred from Odessa arid zones to Tsarina's Garden which was a better place for gardening. Nowadays it is known as Sofiyivsky Park. According to another king's decree the school was entrusted to provide government agencies and some people with the best breeds and varieties of fruit, berry and forest crops and other reproductive organs of vegetable and garden plants. In addition to this the Main School of Horticulture had to conduct research on acclimatization as well as an extensive research for further development of horticulture, forestry and gardening. Some facts prove that carts full of seedling, seeds, rhizomes, tubers and bulbs of ornamental
plants were sent from Odessa to Uman. Rich experimental basis contributed to the development of natural science areas in the Main School of Horticulture. Being a director of the Main School of Horticulture, Mykola Ivanovych Anenkov made a special contribution to the development of botany. Studying the flora of Uman and using the collections of plants from Tsarina's Garden (Sofiivka) and the Main School of Horticulture (two institutions functioned as a unit to the 30s XX cen.) he managed to complete his book «Demotic names of Russian plants» (the original name, 1858). Later the name was changed to «Botanical Dictionary» [12, 13]. For the very first time the name «pivnyky» was used in this dictionary. The use of 17 species of irises were described there as well (Fig. 6).
The description of the genus Iris L. and its species starts there. In 1840 a French gardener Jean-Nicolas Lemon published a catalogue of irises which included 100 varieties. The publication was «Annales de Flore et de Pomone». Owing to the catalogue a significant impetus to the development of iris study was given [14]. He updated the name of one of the varieties "Jacquesiana» in this catalogue. It was named in honour of Antonio Henri-Jacques, who was the main gardener of Royal Neuilly Domain. In 1841-1842 he extended the preliminary list of irises and presented from his own selection in this publication - Iris de Boismilon, Iris Madame Rousselon, Iris Madame Lemon, Iris Jacquesiana, Iris Conqueror (Fig. 7).
Since that time foreign companies offered not planting material of specific irises only but some of their varieties too. For example in The Scientific Laboratory of Uman National University of Horticulture there is a survived catalogue where the firm of brothers Zonneveld and Filippo (Holland) offers to purchase irises: Iris Florentina, Iris Germanica, Japanese Iris, Iris Kaempferi, Iris Pumila, Siberian Iris (the names are used according to the original) [16].
A German firm of Gus (Goose) and Kennerman released the first batch of dwarf irises [17]. Such catalogues made it possible to replenish the collection with new types and varieties of irises. In 1885 y. in the catalogue of Tsarina's Garden Iris fimbriata Vent, was offered for realization. Then in early XX century different varieties and colours of irises appeared [18-20].
In the second half of the XIX century the culture of iris
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Illa L. Irldaie. Ирпс-ь. паевтахт,. Ко с apt (Majop. Oca.) П*тушкв(Нед. Росс.) Iii г нам (Muop.) IHnaaxa.—
Пож. Koaaolac, Kozicibc — Чешс*. Ко-•atne — Сгрбсш. Лерупыиа (Паяч.) Sah-Ни. — ly¡. fiülertearn]a. Skleícica.— финн. Kurieoinleklca. — l)>i/i. в Г^р. аш<ахв.-Л|»я. Der Scbmrlel. Schwertal lilla. — Фраыц. Irla. — Аки. Irl». Orri», Orrice, Swirdlilj, Irla biflora. Пепавкв (Черв.) От-
Blp-I. KIIPBB ni.lffTT. 0T1. JBIopsjLRB.
Irie biglumla V<M. ПасвуилВКт. (E.ac. Pill.)
Irla hohomlaa F. W. Sehn. Штуга-KB, ячейки (Muop. Por.)
ItIb dicho toma Xin. fll. ЭувпоЯ норв в г. (Приарг. хр.) Ножницы трапа. Kopeui. ыадуть an бол-вой >yrti,
Irls ЯвтIHalma Poli. НодчШ огу-рецъ (Ceieiir. Ksjlö.)
Irls florea tina L. Фарв. н»яи. Iris alba a. florentina. Ф1аднопы1 корепь.
Н»я. Ear Ueherace, die Teilchenwiirj, die Violanwnr«, Florenllnlaeler Sehwar-lel, — Франц. Racine de Florence, Hacine do Viole lie. — Лна. Florentine Irls, Irls-root. Owia-root, Корсвь ni-«учъ Ii упптребд. El яыдЬаху wnim вещей и иг, пар®юивр!и.
Irla footldlBilma L. Фара. паяв. Spiihnla foetida a, Xyrla s. üladlolua fcetldus (Badil). Каолоавпк-ь (Ковдр. i. Яр, ihn Ii foe I ida). - Slinkeaín
Fig. 6. The ectype of one of the three pages of Botanical Dictionary by M. Anenkov (1878)
Fig. 7. The image of the varieties of irises described by Jean-Nicolas Lemon in the publication «Annales de Flore et de Pomone» by 1841-42 in the close row from
left to right - Iris Jacquesiana, Iris Madame Lémon, Iris Conqueror; then- on the left- Iris de Boismilon, on the right- Iris Madame Rousselon.
В1СНИК УМАНСЬКОГО НАЦЮНАЛЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТУ САД1ВНИЦТВА
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CAflOBO-nAPKOBE rOCflOflAPCTBO
was gradually introduced to the study of educational establishments of horticultural profile. Curricula for schools (probably typical) were approved by the Ministry and issued. Educational institutions developed their (working) programmes on the basis of them (curricula). Thus in «Program of flower open field, greenhouse floriculture, flower forcing, dendrology garden, ornamental and landscape horticulture», developed by O.M. Chelintsev (the teacher of Uman School of Horticulture and Agriculture). The most common cultures including plant genus Iris L., were obligatory for studying in the chapter «Perennial flowering plants, methods of vegetative reproduction and seed conservation and protection in winter»[21-22].
The active classification of irises began in the second half of XIX century. Iris florentina is used for getting essential oil. New varieties of Iris were created and the herbarization of some varieties of Iris is prolonged (Fig. 8) etc. [23-26]. Famous scientific gardeners and L. T. Luchinski in particular (the teacher of horticulture in Uman School of Horticulture and the main gardener of Tsarina's Garden) used the culture of iris for the park landscaping [27].
In 1892 John Gilbert Baker published his project dedicated to iris. 161 varieties of iris are described in the monograph [28]. An English professor Michael Foster presented his publication «Bulbous Irises» the same year. It was framed as a lecture where he described different varieties of irises: Iris Sisyrinchium, Eeticulata Group, Xiphium Group, Iris tuberosa, Juno Group, Iris nepaiensis etc. [29]. Professor meteorologist V. A. Poggenpohl monitored the beginning of the flowering phase of Iris germanica L., Iris variegata L. in the publication «The results of phyto-phonological observations of the development phases of wild and cultivated plants in Tsarina's Garden and in the fields of Acricultural School in Uman, Kiev province» within 1886-1990 yy. [30].
At the end of XIX century the culture of Iris took a prominent place in horticulture as the «Encyclopedic Dictionary» (1895) by Kordenakhi-Kero proves [31]. It was for the second time when the Ukrainian name «pivnyky»
was used among other names in the literature. At the same time the description of new varieties appeared in specialized editions. Thus in 1900 a magazine «Gardening» published the description of the varieties Darius and Madam Chereau (Madam Chereau has been grown up to now) [32].
At the beginning of XX century a number of publications indicated the increased use of the species of the genus Iris L. [33, 34]. The growing of irises in specially designated places is described in the scientific project of L. Lipsky, named «Botanical gardens of Madrid, Lisbon and Kew» [35]. In particular there were 28 varieties of iris in the collection of Madrid Botanical garden and 52 varieties in the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew.
The First world War, Revolution, World War II stopped the development of the culture of iris in Ukraine for many years. Moreover of lot of steps were made in the selection work, discovering new species and the classification of the culture of iris. In particular the most prominent iris expert the English botanist William Dykes published his monograph «The Genus Iris» in 1913 [36]. He studied the species of Iris L. from his own collection as well as herbariums in England and other countries. W. Dykes managed to describe 138 representatives of the genus Iris L. This scientific work is still significant nowadays.
At the beginning of XX century irises gained popularity in North America. As a result «American Iris Society» was founded in 1920.
XIV Horticultural Congress (1995) made the association register all the varieties of iris. That's why there were 12000 registered varieties, 19000 in 1939 and nearly 25000 in 1949 [2].
The British Iris Society was founded in 1922. The First International Conference on Irises was convened the same year in Paris. Using the conference materials a book was published. The book included the list of members of the committee with their photos (Figure 9). A lot of prominent scientists were the members of the committee.
A powerful global genetic base of the varieties of iris was
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UlMMi-'lU.N hl> IKIS
Fig. 8. Iris pseudocorus L. from the herbarium stock of Uman National University of Horticulture, collected by Ukrainian and Polish botanist J.K. Pachosky «na blotach, miedzy tatarakiem, nad stawami, wrowach, Mai, Czerwiec, Human»
(in Polish), 1882 y. Note -* there are 8 examples of genus Iris L., in the herbarium of Uman National University of Horticulture, dated XIX century.
Fig. 9. The Commission members on the iris, the National Union of Gardeners of France, Paris, 1922
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created in the prewar period. After the reconstruction and restoration of national botanical gardens, irises significantly enriched their collections. In such a way national stockbreeders were enabled to include irises into the selection process. As a result new national varieties of irises were created in 1950 CRBG AS USSR (nowadays M. M. Gryshko Botanical Garden). The following varieties were created: Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Ivan Susanin (author K.D. Kharchenko)
[38] and also Kievlianin, Metro, Velvet, Present, North Pole
[39].
Since 1959 selection work on irises was started in Uman Agricultural Institute (now Uman National University of Horticulture). It became possible because of the construction of the breeding nursery in 50th, which included 120 sorts of irises [40].
During 1968-1984 a collection was created in Donetsk Botanical garden. 300 sorts of introduced irises were tested there [41]. An extensive work on the culture of iris promotion was conducted as well as implementation of its best varieties into green building.
O. Amekhin started work on the introduction of Japanese Irises in 1969 in Lviv. As a result 45 decorative forms and varieties of iris have been selected in 15 years [42].
The Italian Iris Society was formed in 1959. The International Symposium on Irises was held in Florence in 1963. Next meetings on Iris were held in Warburg (Germany, 1970 y.), Prague (1974). In May 1978 an International Congress and Contest of the varieties of Iris were organized by French florists in Orlean [43].
The publication of the national monograph in 1961 «Rod (Genus) Iris. L» by the scientist H. I. Rodionenko became a significant event in the history of iris study. The phylogenetic system of the species of Iris was justified in the monograph for the very first time. This titanic scientific work still serves as a major reference book for many scientists not from former USSR but from near and far abroad countries.
In 1968H. I. Rodionenkowaselectedthehonorary member with the highest award - the Medal in commemoration of Michael Foster, he was also elected the honorary member of the Italian Iris society. In 1987 the monograph was published in London. In 1999 he was elected the honorary member of the American Iris Society and awarded Beatrice Varburton' medal. H. I. Rodionenko was the first botanist who received such a honourable award.
A Dutch selectionist FrederikWillem van Eeden introduced a hybrid iriodictium «George» and the new variety of the genus Juno (Juno Rodionenko) and named them after H. I. Rodionenko [44].
Amateur iris breeders have played a significant role in the process of making the culture of iris popular in Ukraine. V. Y. Mitsakh from Illovaisk Donetsk region had a great collection of iris (300 sorts) which served as a source of planting material and innovation for many connoisseurs of this culture [45]. He also carried out the selection work and long-term seeding were obtained [46].
An amateur florist N. O. Miroshnychenko has been engaged in the purposeful iris breeding since 1967. In 1967 her first cultivar Fata Morgana appeared, followed by Oda vesne in 1972. In 1967 she sent four varieties of iris to the state variety testing (Mednyi vsadnik, Zolotoi Orfei, Zimnee utro and Serenada). At the beginning of 80th long-term seeding were selected: Purga, Sedmoe nebo, Rozovoe kruzhevo, Olimpiiskaia snezhynka, A.Viatkin. Some new varieties of iris were introduced in 2000 - Belyi sphinx, Bronzovyi vek, Gimn zhenschine, Moi gimenei, Prazdnichnyi, Slavianskyi bazar, Solnechnyi veter, Veter pustyni, Zamriyanyi vals, etc. In 2007 the cultivar Solovina nich (introduced by N. O. Miroshnychenko) was declared the winner of the International Contest Fransiris-2007 [47, 48]. In general N. O. Miroshnychenko has introduced 225 varieties of iris. The best of them have been planted in the Royal Garden of England [49]. In fact, Nina Opanasivna Miroshnychenko was the founder of the Ukrainian School of Iris study.
In the middle of the last century a lot of national symposiums were dedicated to the culture of iris. The first symposium was held at the Main Botanical Garden of the USSR in 1970. The second one was held in Lviv in 1981. The symposiums were addressed to the questions of hybridization, accelerated reproduction, protection from pests, etc. [50]. All this helped to popularize the culture of iris, supported the search and study of new species. Thus in USSR 58 species of wild and cultivated irises were known in 1961 [2]. In 1977 the amount of the species of iris increased to 60, 16 species among them were in Ukraine as of 1999 [52] which equals nearly 30% of wild iris flora. According to the international register the number of the varieties of Iris has increased since 1975 (1975 - 30.000 varieties of Iris [53], 1980 - 35.000 [41], 2000 - 40.000 [54], 2014 -80.000 [55]).
Nowadays there are no botanical gardens in Ukraine as well as in the world without iridariums and collections of irises. In particular there are more than 250 varieties of bearded irises in M. M. Gryshko National Botanical garden [54], 30 species of genus Iris L. and 50 varieties in the National Dendrological Park Sofiyivka [52], 114 varieties of bearded irises only in the collection of the Botanical Garden ofTavria National University [56].
Much attention in the botanical gardens of Ukraine is paid to the preservation of rare species of wild irises. There are five species of rare irises in Ukraine, that are included in the Red Book of Ukraine (2009): I. furcata M. Bieb., I. pineticoia Klokov, I. pontica Zapat, I. pseudocyperus Schur, I. sibirica L. Iris pineticoia is an endemic species which grows in the Right bank and left Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, rarely occurs in the northern part of steppe and in the valley of The Siverskyi Donets [57].
The foundation of the Ukrainian Iris society in 2010 was an important event of the 21 century. The main taskofwhich is the popularization and promotion of the culture of iris and the development of national iris study. So it can be said for sure that the culture of iris is as actual, as centuries ago and is gaining popularity nowadays. Therefore the history of introduction of species of genus Iris L. and their varieties continues in Ukraine and new pages will be inscribed soon.
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Седна-Агро - офщшний дистриб'ютор провщних ффм-виробникш 3aco6¡B захисту рослин та насшня TOB „Сингента" (Швейцарш), „БайерКропСайенс" (Н1меччина), TOB „CaMMiT-Arpo Юкрейн" (Японш), Unifer, Dupont, Nufarm, та ¡hiiií.
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Micia компани „Седна-Агро": покращення ekoctí життя людей через вщповщальне ставлення до впровадження ¡нновац1йних технологй в arpo6¡3Hec¡.
Мета та цшь компани „Седна-Агро" -забезпечення товаровиробнимв високояш сними ресурсами та cepeicoM всегмегт засобю захисту рослин ¡ насшня.
Стратепя компани - побудова довгострокових взасмовигщних стосунюв э партнерами. Нашими партнерами с господарства, роэташован в Черкасы™. Хармвсьюй, Полтавсьюй, Вшницьк1й, Кфовоградсьмй, Микола'шсьюй, Сумсьмй, Херсонсьюй, Одесьюмта Кшвсыай областях.
Наше кредо: Яюсть, Професшнють, Оперативн1сть та Порядысть.
Принципи роботи „Седна-Агро" :
- залучення до роботи висококвалфкованих фахшц1в та постшне пщвищення ïx квалфкацм;
- встановлення тюних контактш з науковими, дослщними та державними установами областг
- налагодження тривалоТ взаемовипдно'1 спшпрац1 з товаровиробниками шляхом розробок грограм тривало'1 добропорядноТ роботи;
- створення та впровадження навчальних програм;
- представления на ринку ттьки hkíchq'í продукцм;
- роэвиток та застосування в Укра1ш наукових розробок, hobíthíx технолопй;
- участь у сусптьному жигп кражи.
Принципи дистрибуцн „Седна-Агро" :
- краще i noBHime задоволення готреб wiíchtíb;
- розповсюдження ¡нформацм про товар;
- оргаызацш логстики;
- створення конкурентного середовища;
- досвщ роботи, дотримання принципш та гост1йний розвиток дозволяе компани „Седна-Агро" утримувати позицм лщера i розширювати сфери свого вгливу.
АДРЕСА:
вул. JleHiHa, 29а, м. Монастирище, Черкаська область, УкраТна, 19100
ТЕЛ./ФАКС: 04746-2-23-75. 04746-2-24-71 МОБ.: 067-442-04-60 57-518-02-56 E-MAIL: info@sedna-agro.com
В1СНИК УМАНСЬКОГО НАЦЮНАЛ ЬНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТУ САД1ВНИЦТВА
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