Научная статья на тему 'Intra-cultural continuity and diversity of semantic category norms'

Intra-cultural continuity and diversity of semantic category norms Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

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Ключевые слова
ИНТРА-КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ РАЗЛИЧИЯ / INTRA-CULTURAL DIVERSITY / КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СТАБИЛЬНОСТЬ / CULTURAL CONTINUITY / КАТЕГОРИАЛЬНЫЕ НОРМАТИВЫ / CATEGORY NORMS / ЧАСТОТА НАЗЫВАНИЯ / EXEMPLAR GENERATION FREQUENCY

Аннотация научной статьи по языкознанию и литературоведению, автор научной работы — Marchenko O.P., Bandurka T.N., Pavlov Yu.G.

This study was aimed to examine intra-cultural continuity and regional specificity of generation frequency norms for semantic categories in the Russian language. Participants from three different regions of Russia carried out a standard procedure for generating exemplars of 45 semantic categories. Overall generation frequency compared between three regions for each concept in order to study the regional specificity of concepts. Hellinger Affinity scores were used as a measure of between-regional accordance of generation frequency norms. Generation frequency for most concepts did not differ significantly between all three regions and Hellinger Affinity coefficients were strong providing evidence for the intra-cultural homogeneity of these norms in Russia. However, the number of concepts with significantly different generation frequency values was lower and the Hellinger Affinity was significantly stronger when a geographical distance between cities was smaller. Significant differences of generation frequencies between regions, elicited in a study for a small number of concepts, can be explained by geographical, environmental and experiential factors.

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ВНУТРИ-КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СТАБИЛЬНОСТЬ И ВАРИАТИВНОСТЬ КАТЕГОРИАЛЬНЫХ НОРМ

Исследование было направлено на изучение внутри-культурной стабильности и региональной специфичности показателей частоты называния русских слов, принадлежащих различным семантическим категориям. Участники исследования из трех различных регионов России выполняли стандартную процедуру называния слов, принадлежащих 45 семантическим категориям. Для каждого экземпляра категории сравнивали общую частоту его называния между тремя регионами. Показатели близости Хеллингера использовались как мера согласованности частоты называния слов между представителями разных регионов. Коэффициенты близости Хеллингера между частотными рядами слов были высокими, а для большинства понятий различия между показателями частоты называния в разных регионах были не значимыми, что является свидетельством географической стабильности этих нормативов в России. Между тем, число понятий, обладающих разной частотой называния, было ниже, а коэффициенты близости Хеллингера были более высокими, если расстояние между городами было меньше. Различия в частоте называния между регионами, полученные для небольшого числа понятий, могут быть объяснены особенностями опыта респондентов, географическими и средовыми факторами.

Текст научной работы на тему «Intra-cultural continuity and diversity of semantic category norms»

GENERAL QUESTIONS RELATING TO BOTH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE. PHILOLOGY _(UDC 80)_

DOI: https://doi.Org/10.18454/RULB.2018.14.2.9

ВНУТРИ-КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СТАБИЛЬНОСТЬ И ВАРИАТИВНОСТЬ КАТЕГОРИАЛЬНЫХ НОРМ

Научная статья

Марченко О.П.1' *, Бандурка Т.Н.2, Павлов Ю.Г.3

1 Московский государственный лингвистический университет, Москва, Россия;

2 Иркутский государственный университет, Иркутск, Россия;

3 Уральский федеральный университет, Екатеринбург, Россия

* Корреспондирующий автор (olga.p.marchenko[at]gmail.com)

Аннотация

Исследование было направлено на изучение внутри-культурной стабильности и региональной специфичности показателей частоты называния русских слов, принадлежащих различным семантическим категориям. Участники исследования из трех различных регионов России выполняли стандартную процедуру называния слов, принадлежащих 45 семантическим категориям. Для каждого экземпляра категории сравнивали общую частоту его называния между тремя регионами. Показатели близости Хеллингера использовались как мера согласованности частоты называния слов между представителями разных регионов. Коэффициенты близости Хеллингера между частотными рядами слов были высокими, а для большинства понятий различия между показателями частоты называния в разных регионах были не значимыми, что является свидетельством географической стабильности этих нормативов в России. Между тем, число понятий, обладающих разной частотой называния, было ниже, а коэффициенты близости Хеллингера были более высокими, если расстояние между городами было меньше. Различия в частоте называния между регионами, полученные для небольшого числа понятий, могут быть объяснены особенностями опыта респондентов, географическими и средовыми факторами.

Ключевые слова: интра-культурные различия, культурная стабильность, категориальные нормативы, частота называния.

INTRA-CULTURAL CONTINUITY AND DIVERSITY OF SEMANTIC CATEGORY NORMS

Research article

Marchenko O.P.1' *, Bandurka T.N.2, Pavlov Yu.G.3

1 Moscow State Linguistic University, Moscow, Russia;

2 Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia;

3 Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia

* Corresponding author (olga.p.marchenko[at]gmail.com)

Abstract

This study was aimed to examine intra-cultural continuity and regional specificity of generation frequency norms for semantic categories in the Russian language. Participants from three different regions of Russia carried out a standard procedure for generating exemplars of 45 semantic categories. Overall generation frequency compared between three regions for each concept in order to study the regional specificity of concepts. Hellinger Affinity scores were used as a measure of between-regional accordance of generation frequency norms. Generation frequency for most concepts did not differ significantly between all three regions and Hellinger Affinity coefficients were strong providing evidence for the intra-cultural homogeneity of these norms in Russia. However, the number of concepts with significantly different generation frequency values was lower and the Hellinger Affinity was significantly stronger when a geographical distance between cities was smaller. Significant differences of generation frequencies between regions, elicited in a study for a small number of concepts, can be explained by geographical, environmental and experiential factors.

Keywords: intra-cultural diversity, cultural continuity, category norms, exemplar generation frequency.

Introduction

Culture and conceptual behavior are inseparable [6]. The frequency of concepts generated in specific semantic categories (like "A Toy" or "A Furniture") can differ dramatically between different languages. Thus, a frequency of words can be used as a key indicator of the specific features of cultures [12].

Cultural differences can be caused by many factors, such as differences in social, historical, economic, educational systems and habitat, the degree of familiarity of the population with the category [7]. It has been shown that some categorization phenomena can be quite sensitive not only to

language and to culture aspect but to experiential factors as well [5], [13], [11]. Nevertheless, we can't suggest that only environmental factors will explain category representation as thanks to culture and language people can build the representation of things they did not interact with [10]. It can be suggested, the culture, which is dominated in the country, can outweigh environmental factors, which can vary in different regions. However, it has been shown in many studies that there is a crucial intra-cultural diversity, which can be found even inside the country with a homogeneous culture, which can be explained by social and economic factors [8], [2].

Generation frequency database for 45 semantic categories was collected for the Russian language [3]. Category norms collected in Moscow were shown to be reliable [3]. Nevertheless before making inferences and generalizing generation frequency norms collected in Moscow to the Russian language and the whole country, the geographical stability of these results was examined. Moscow, Irkutsk, and Yekaterinburg regions were chosen for this aim. As correlations between the three regions were very strong, the geographical stability of generation frequency norms for the Russian language was suggested [4]. Such result supports the idea that cultural representations maintain their stability while reaching a cultural level of distribution [10].

Nevertheless, previous work was aimed only to prove geographical stability and further analyses needs to be continued in order to study the intra-cultural homogeneity of category norms and regional specificity of concepts with more sensitive statistic methods. Hellinger Affinity, which is used in the current study, as a measure of distance between frequency distributions, is much more sensitive to differences than correlation. Furthermore, a separate comparison of frequency for each concept in a category was conducted with help of Chi-square test with Yates correction in the study.

Thus, the aim of this study was to measure Hellinger Affinity distances in order to evaluate a degree of intra-cultural homogeneity. and to compare differences in generation frequencies between three cities in order to understand the degree of regional specificity of concepts.

The following suggestions can be made. Between-regional accordance of generation frequency norms will be strong showing stability of representations on a cultural level. Nevertheless, the strength of differences can be related to geographical distance. As cities are closer to each other, fewer differences can be observed.

Method

Participants. One hundred sixty-two students of different universities of Moscow aged 18-26 years participated in the study as volunteers (126 females and 36

males, M=19.19, SD=1.52). One hundred sixty-two students from Yekaterinburg aged 18-24 years (126 females and 36 males, M=19.56, SD=1.18) and one hundred sixty-two students from Irkutsk aged 18-28 years (132 females and 30 males, M=19.31, SD=1.82) participated in this study as well. There was no significant difference in proportion of male and female participants in samples taken from three different regions (Pearson Chi-square=0.685, df=1, ps=0.408, Pearson Chi-square=0.000, df=1, p=1). Participants involved in this study in each region represented the same generation and the same social group. All of the participants were native Russian speakers.

Procedure. The procedure used to gather the Russian category norms was similar to the procedure of Battig and Montague (1969). Participants were asked to write down in the notebook as many items included in each category as they can in 30 sec. For example, if they were given category "birds" they were supposed to write names of different birds like a sparrow, a nightingale etc. The full version of the instruction can be found in the paper by Battig and Montague of 1969 [1]. Overall generation frequency was calculated for each word. The category set for this study consisted of 45 different semantic categories [4]. For each word, overall generation frequencies were compared between regions with help of two-tailed Pearson Chi-square with Yates' continuity correction. The number of significant differences was compared between regions using Chi-square-test as well. Hellinger Affinity coefficients as a measure of distance between two frequency distributions from different regions were measured for each category. The value of Hellinger Affinity coefficients ranges from 0 to 1 and the 1 means that two distributions are identical. Data were analyzed with help of Microsoft Office Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics 23.

Results and Discussion

Hellinger Affinity coefficients were measured between frequency distributions of three regions (table 1). The level of Hellinger Affinity was strong proving the intra-cultural stability of such kind of data. The similar level of intra-cultural affinity was received in other studies [14], [9].

Table 1 - Hellinger Affinity coefficients as a measure of distance between frequency distributions

Category Moscow-Yekaterinburg Moscow -Irkutsk Yekaterinburg -Irkutsk Category Moscow-Yekaterinburg Moscow-Irkutsk Yekaterinburg -Irkutsk

An Alcoholic Beverage 0.97 0.95 0.96 A Crime 0.91 0.90 0.91

A Nonalcoholi c Beverage 0.95 0.95 0.96 An Insect 0.96 0.96 0.96

A Disease 0.91 0.91 0.91 A Science 0.90 0.92 0.89

A Domestic Appliance 0.96 0.94 0.95 A Vegetable 0.98 0.97 0.98

A Tree 0.96 0.95 0.97 An Article of Clothing 0.96 0.95 0.96

A Wild Animal 0.96 0.94 0.94 An Organ of the Human Body 0.97 0.96 0.95

A Domestic Animal 0.96 0.95 0.97 A Weapon 0.92 0.92 0.92

A Precious Stone 0.96 0.95 0.96 A Reptile 0.97 0.96 0.97

A Kind of Food 0.89 0.89 0.89 A Profession 0.87 0.87 0.88

The end of Table 1

Category Moscow-Yekaterinburg Moscow-Irkutsk Yekaterinburg-Irkutsk Category Moscow-Yekaterinburg Moscow-Irkutsk Yekaterinburg-Irkutsk

A Unit of Time 0.98 0.97 0.97 A Bird 0.96 0.95 0.97

A Unit of Distance 0.97 0.97 0.96 A Plant 0.87 0.94 0.87

A Type of Music 0.92 0.92 0.94 A Family Member 0.98 0.98 0.98

A Girl's first name 0.91 0.93 0.91 A Fish 0.91 0.84 0.87

An Amphibian 0.93 0.91 0.92 A Sport 0.93 0.93 0.94

A Toy 0.89 0.88 0.91 A Country 0.95 0.95 0.95

A Carpenter's Tool 0.92 0.92 0.92 A Type of Vehicle 0.96 0.93 0.95

A Kitchen Utensil 0.94 0.91 0.94 A Farm Animal 0.98 0.98 0.98

A Type of Fabric 0.94 0.94 0.93 A Fruit 0.98 0.97 0.97

An Article of Furniture 0.96 0.96 0.96 A Color 0.98 0.98 0.98

A Mammal 0.95 0.95 0.94 A Flower 0.95 0.91 0.92

A Male's First Name 0.93 0.93 0.92 A Part of the Human Body 0.96 0.96 0.96

A Musical Instrument 0.97 0.96 0.96 A Four- footed Animal 0.96 0.96 0.96

A Metal 0.94 0.98 0.94

Hellinger Affinity scores between frequency distributions of Moscow and Yekaterinburg samples were stronger than the Hellinger Affinity scores between frequency distributions of Moscow and Irkutsk samples (Z=-2.261, p=0.024). The presence of significant differences in levels of Hellinger Affinity shows some degree of slight regional diversity. Differences in the strength of Hellinger Affinity between other two pairs of regions were insignificant (p>1).

Chi-square comparison with Yates' correction showed that there were no significant differences between three cities

Such small percent of differences can be explained by random factors and ignored. Nonetheless, some regional specificity can be revealed in such limited number of concepts. That is why the number of concepts with significantly different generation frequency in samples of three regions (two-tailed p<0.01) compared using Chi-square without Yates' correction.

There were significantly more concepts, which differed in generation frequency between Moscow and Irkutsk than between Moscow and Yekaterinburg (Pearson Chi-

for the most concepts. Differences in generation frequencies were significant (p<0.05) only for 3.98 -5.24 % of concepts (table 2). Just a small number of concepts showed very significant differences with p<0.01 (1.27-2.41%). This finding once again supports the suggestion that norms of generation frequency for the Russian language are geographically homogeneous.

square=19.835, df=1, two-tailed p<0.0001). There were no significant differences in the number of concepts between Moscow-Yekaterinburg and Irkutsk-Yekaterinburg (Pearson Chi-square=1.722, df=1, one-tailed p=0.1894). There were more concepts, which had significantly different frequencies between Moscow and Irkutsk than between Yekaterinburg and Irkutsk (Pearson Chi-square=9.963, df=1, one-tailed p<0.01).

Thus, it can be suggested that strength of similarities related to geographical distance. Stronger similarities are

Table 2 - The number of words with significantly different frequencies between regions

The number of concepts which differed significantly (p<0.01) The number of concepts which did not differ significantly The percent of concepts which differed significantly

M - I 129 5067 2.41

M - Y 70 5304 1.27

I-Y 84 5141 1.57

M: Moscow, I: Irkutsk, Y: Yekaterinburg

observed between Moscow and Yekaterinburg, which are closer to each other than between Moscow and Irkutsk.

Analyses of words with strongest significant differences in frequency between regions showed that in some cases intra-cultural diversity could be explained by ecological, environmental and experiential factors. For example in Irkutsk sample word omul (fish with lives in Baikal lake which is close to Irkutsk) was named 90 times while in other samples it was named twice (Pearson Chi-square with Yates' correction= 114.897, df=1, two-tailed ^<0.0001 in comparison to Moscow and Yekaterinburg). In Moscow sample in category "vehicles" metro was the frequent answer, while in Irkutsk it was not as there is no subway (Pearson Chi-square with Yates' correction = 67.258, df=1, two-tailed

^<0.0001). The frequency of word metro was significantly lower in Yekaterinburg sample as this type of vehicle is not such popular in this city as it is in Moscow (Pearson Chi-square with Yates' correction =25.372 df=1, two-tailed ^<0.0001).

The intra-cultural affinity for data is shown to be strong. Most of the concepts (more than 97.5%) did not differ in frequency between regions. Even though such rare significant differences in frequency can be explained by random factors, some cross-regional diversity for a few concepts was revealed and should be taken into account. Such differences can be explained by geographical, socio-economical, environmental and experiential factors.

Финансирование

Работа была поддержана Российским фондом фундаментальных исследований, проект "Культурно-универсальные и культурно-специфичные аспекты категоризации" 17-3601131.

Конфликт интересов

Не указан.

Funding

This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant "Culturally universal and culturally specific aspects of categorization" 17-3601131.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

Список литературы / References

1. Battig W.F. Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: a replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms / W.F. Battig, W.E. Montague // Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph. - 1969. - Vol. 80(3). - P. 1-45. -doi:10.1037/h0027577.

2. Hazin I. Brazilian Normative Data on Letter and Category Fluency Tasks: Effects of Gender, Age, and Geopolitical Region / I. Hazin, G. Leite, M. O. Rosinda, J. C. Alencar, H. Fichman, d. N. P. Marques, C. Mello // Frontiers in Psychology. -2016. - Vol. 7. - doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00684.

3. Marchenko O.P. Psycholinguistic Database for Russian Language [Electronic resource] / O.P. Marchenko // European Perspectives on Cognitive Science / Ed. by B. Kokinov, A. Karmiloff-Smith, N.J. Nersessian. // New Bulgarian University Press. 2011. — URL: http://old.nbu.bg/cogs/eurocogsci2011/proceedings/pdfs/EuroCogSci-paper197.pdf (accessed: 18.06.2018).

4. Marchenko O.P. Geographical stability of category norms for Russian language / O.P. Marchenko, T.N. Bandurka, Y.G Pavlov // Russian Linguistic Bulletin. - 2016. - Vol. 4(8). - P.12-16. - doi: 10.18454/RULB.8.25.

5. Medin D.L. The native mind: biological categorization, reasoning and decision making in development across cultures/ D.L. Medin, S. Atran // Psychological Review. - 2004. - Vol. 111(4). - P. 960-983. - doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.960.

6. Ojalehto B. Perspectives on Culture and Concepts / B. Ojalehto, D. Medin // Annual review of psychology. - 2014. -Vol. 66. - doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015120.

7. Pekkala S. Semantic verbal fluency in two contrasting languages / S. Pekkala, M. Goral, J. Hyun, L. Obler, T. Erkinjuntti, M. Albert // Clinical linguistics & phonetics. - 2009. - Vol. 23. - P. 431-445. - doi:10.1080/02699200902839800.

8. Realo A. The Nature and Scope of Intra-Cultural Variation on Psychological Dimensions / A. Realo, J. Allik // Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. - 2002. - Vol. 2. - doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1019.

9. Marful A. Normative data for the 56 categories of Battig and Montague (1969) in Spanish / A. Marful, E. Diez, A. Fernandez // Behavior Research Methods. - 2015. - Vol. 47(3). - P. 902-910. - doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0513-8.

10. Sperber D. The cognitive foundations of cultural stability and diversity / D. Sperber, L. A. Hirschfeld // Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - 2004. - Vol. 8, - Iss. 1, -P. 40-46. - doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.002.

11. Taverna A. S. Naming the living things: linguistic, experiential and cultural factors in Wichi and Spanish speaking children / A. S. Taverna, S. R. Waxman, D. L. Medin, N. Moscoloni, O. A. Peralta // Journal of Culture and Cognition. - 2014. - Vol. 14. - P. 213-233. - doi:10.1163/15685373-12342122.

12. Wierzbicka A. Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese / A. Wierzbicka. - New York&Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1997.

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

13. Winkler-Rhoades N. Naming the animals that come to mind: Effects of culture and experience on category fluency / N. Winkler-Rhoades, D. L. Medin, S. R. Waxman, J. Woodring, N. O. Ross // Journal of Cognition and Culture. - 2010. - Vol. 10 (1-2). - P. 205-220. - doi:10.1163/156853710X497248.

14. Yoon C. Category norms as a function of culture and age: Comparisons of item responses to 105 categories by American and Chinese adults / C. Yoon, F. Feinberg, P. Hu, A.H. Gutchess, T. Hedden, H. Chen, Q. Jing, Y. Cui, D.C. Park // Psychology and Aging. - 2004. - Vol. 19. - P. 379-393. - doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.379.

Список литературы латинскими символами / References in English

1. Battig W.F. Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: a replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms / W.F. Battig, W.E. Montague // Journal of Experimental Psychology Monograph. - 1969. - Vol. 80(3). - P. 1-45. -doi:10.1037/h0027577.

2. Hazin I. Brazilian Normative Data on Letter and Category Fluency Tasks: Effects of Gender, Age, and Geopolitical Region / I. Hazin, G. Leite, M. O. Rosinda, J. C. Alencar, H. Fichman, d. N. P. Marques, C. Mello // Frontiers in Psychology. -2016. - Vol. 7. - doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00684.

3. Marchenko O.P. Psycholinguistic Database for Russian Language [Electronic resource] / O.P. Marchenko // European Perspectives on Cognitive Science / Ed. by B. Kokinov, A. Karmiloff-Smith, N.J. Nersessian. // New Bulgarian University Press. 2011. — URL: http://old.nbu.bg/cogs/eurocogsci2011/proceedings/pdfs/EuroCogSci-paper197.pdf (accessed: 18.06.2018).

4. Marchenko O.P. Geographical stability of category norms for Russian language / O.P. Marchenko, T.N. Bandurka, Y.G Pavlov // Russian Linguistic Bulletin. - 2016. - Vol. 4(8). - P.12-16. - doi: 10.18454/RULB.8.25.

5. Medin D.L. The native mind: biological categorization, reasoning and decision making in development across cultures/ D.L. Medin, S. Atran // Psychological Review. - 2004. - Vol. 111(4). - P. 960-983. - doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.960.

6. Ojalehto B. Perspectives on Culture and Concepts / B. Ojalehto, D. Medin // Annual review of psychology. - 2014. -Vol. 66. - doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015120.

7. Pekkala S. Semantic verbal fluency in two contrasting languages / S. Pekkala, M. Goral, J. Hyun, L. Obler, T. Erkinjuntti, M. Albert // Clinical linguistics & phonetics. - 2009. - Vol. 23. - P. 431-445. - doi:10.1080/02699200902839800.

8. Realo A. The Nature and Scope of Intra-Cultural Variation on Psychological Dimensions / A. Realo, J. Allik // Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. - 2002. - Vol. 2. - doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1019.

9. Marful A. Normative data for the 56 categories of Battig and Montague (1969) in Spanish / A. Marful, E. Diez, A. Fernandez // Behavior Research Methods. - 2015. - Vol. 47(3). - P. 902-910. - doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0513-8.

10. Sperber D. The cognitive foundations of cultural stability and diversity / D. Sperber, L. A. Hirschfeld // Trends in Cognitive Sciences. - 2004. - Vol. 8, - Iss. 1, -P. 40-46. - doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.11.002.

11. Taverna A. S. Naming the living things: linguistic, experiential and cultural factors in Wichi and Spanish speaking children / A. S. Taverna, S. R. Waxman, D. L. Medin, N. Moscoloni, O. A. Peralta // Journal of Culture and Cognition. - 2014. - Vol. 14. - P. 213-233. - doi:10.1163/15685373-12342122.

12. Wierzbicka A. Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese / A. Wierzbicka. - New York&Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1997.

13. Winkler-Rhoades N. Naming the animals that come to mind: Effects of culture and experience on category fluency / N. Winkler-Rhoades, D. L. Medin, S. R. Waxman, J. Woodring, N. O. Ross // Journal of Cognition and Culture. - 2010. - Vol. 10 (1-2). - P. 205-220. - doi:10.1163/156853710X497248.

14. Yoon C. Category norms as a function of culture and age: Comparisons of item responses to 105 categories by American and Chinese adults / C. Yoon, F. Feinberg, P. Hu, A.H. Gutchess, T. Hedden, H. Chen, Q. Jing, Y. Cui, D.C. Park // Psychology and Aging. - 2004. - Vol. 19. - P. 379-393. - doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.379.

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