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Intervention programs used regarding postural deviations among children (Review article)
Section 7. Physical Education
Quka Najada, Sports University of Tirana, Albania PhD student in Sport Science Faculty of Movement Science E-mail: [email protected]
Intervention programs used regarding postural deviations among children (Review article)
Abstract: Because of the prevalence of poor posture on children it is necessary that the scientists should be focused more how to prevent and to correct the existed posture deviations in children during school time. The purpose of this review article was to investigate about the intervention programs used to reduce this phenomenon which is determine as an aesthetic problem as well as health problem on children’s later life. It is recommended that the treatment of poor posture via exercise should be applied before that the growth process is finished in order to have significant feedback on posture realignment. Furthermore the earlier posture deviation will be detected the higher will be the chances to prevent the aggravation of existed postural deviation. Method: Our collected data process were focused on selection of those research articles that investigated the effectiveness of exercises programs on posture correction during physical education class among children of 8-14 years old. By using Jab Ref, Pub Med and Research Gate as website-sectors to gather scientific information due to poor posture prevention in children, we gained 20 research articles. Because of children’s age used as selection criteria of scientific papers, we analyzed 12 of them gained more from Pub Med sector. Discussion and conclusion: In this review is shown that the correction of poor posture at children has become one of many issues that attracted the attention of scientific researchers. However further studies are needed to be done in the future because there is not a unified intervention program for posture correction in children that is classified as the most effective.
Keywords: poor posture, school age children, 8-14 years old, posture prevention program.
Introduction:
Posture has always been studied from medical, physiotherapist and orthopedics but this phenomenon has lately become the focus of research and studies even by physical educators and researchers. The reason for the concern of many international scientists about posture deviation was its high prevalence among children of school age [9, 139 - 152].
Except aesthetic damages, poor posture also negatively affects the health and the quality of many people life [5,517].
A child with poor postural stability will demonstrate difficulties to remain upright in their seat, dressing and undressing easily or being as much active as their peers without postural problems. Hold-
ing good posture against gravity and executing fine and gross motor activities by spending the same energy as their peer, it is not easy for those who have poor posture [8, 1-5].
Poor posture is a production of differences occurring on muscular system structure which are mostly accompanied by weak and lengthened agonist muscles combined with tight and strong antagonist muscle [6,567-74] Maintaining good posture is very important because it enable the body to function more efficiently regarding to different motor activities, health and appearance. [5,517] Furthermore person with a good posture gives the impression of a strong self confidence person and initiative, while poor posture the opposite impression. Having good posture should not
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Section 7. Physical Education
be confused with the ability of the body to maintain only the static posture position but also by keeping the proper posture alignment using the body during dynamic activities. [5,517] When human body part are in a good alignment it operates best while sitting, standing, walking or executing different daily physical activities. Postural problems are negatively influenced by different factors such as: environmental influences; excessive body weight; growth handicaps; congenital defects and reduced muscle strength [5, 518].
Because oflong time spending on school it is considered "the perfect place and time" to educate children with a correct posture behavior. Being sitting for prolonged time on the desk during school time may cause postural problems if they don’t have information how to take care about their spine [7, 78-84].
This study demonstrated that school is the place where physical educators may prevent posture deviation even to correct those that exist. The promotion of physical exercises as an attempt to correct and back care program to prevent poor posture among children has been applied by many scientific researchers. But the contention that postural deviation will be corrected via exercises continues to be unsupported [6, 567-74].
Methods:
Navigating on internet by using some different website-research-sectors such as: Jab Ref, Pub Med and Research Gate we collected data regarding scientific information how to prevent and correct the existed poor posture. Even why many articles were shown from these sites we analyzed only 12 of those we got from Pub Med sector. The selection of these scientific papers was made after the use of children’s age group as selection criteria.
Results:
Even the objective of the studies was the same, results showed different Exercise Program designed and applied at schools. Some of them tried to prevent it by implementing back care program inducing improvements on children’s posture knowledge. These programs were oriented due to worthy information about how much important is to have a good posture for their later life and how to take care of it. [1, 11, 12] Furthermore many other authors tried to implement physical exercise program to reduce the muscular imbalance correcting the poor posture. [2; 3; 4; 10] Their programs were designed to strengthening and stretching weakened posture muscles. (Shown at Table no.1)
Table 1. - A summary of these models are well presented and detailed
Methodology Exercise designed Results Conclusion
1 2 3 4 5
Gardon, G. -Bourde-audhuij, I. 2007. Investigated the effects of combining: back care program &physical activity promotion program in elementary school children. Group.1 participate at (A); Group-2 at B program and control group (no specific program only physical education routine) A (back care program) + B (physical activity promotion program) Group.1 shows higher improvement on back care knowledge and behavior than Group. 2. Two programs were effective but too much to be part of physical Education program. At postural aspects back care program was effective at children (9 years old).
Oliver, G. -Dougherty, Ch. 2010 182 healthy children 2 time/week, 8 week total. First 5 minutes of Physical education class. Isometric positions, based on core strength and endurance. Core stability was significantly improved within first 2 months of intervention program. 6-8 weeks of intervention are required that our organism responds and remodeling due to new or different external stimulations.
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Intervention programs used regarding postural deviations among children (Review article)
1 2 3 4 5
Byun, SHan, D. 2014 To verify the effect of using basic Taekwondo movements as posture correctional program at elementary school. 8 weeks, 3 times per week including 7 basic exercises. 1: Hwangso Makki, 2: Me-ongye Chigi, 3: Olgul Makki, 4: Olgul Yop Makki, 5: Batang-son Arae Makki, 6; Momtong An Makki; 7: Ap-kubi. - 1& 2 had a significant effect on neck correction. - 3, 4, 5, & 6, on shoulder cor rection and 7 on the correction of pelvis inclination. This study demonstrated that an exercise program of basic Taekwondo movements is an effective means of posture correction
Misra, A. - Al-agesan, J. 2012 Establish effectiveness of exercise program in preventing postural deviation caused by back pack in children. 40 subjects, 10-14 years old. 6 weeks exercise program for 30 minutes each day for 6-days a week. Strength exercises for core muscle combined with stretching exercises of opposite muscles. This exercise program had highly effect on postural deviation reduction caused by backpack in children.
Wang, CH- No-bilini, R. 1999 Evaluate the effects of commonly used shoulder exercises on shoulder kinematics using streching and strength exercises. 20 subjects with forward shoulder posture. Tested before and after the 6-week exercise program. Stretching exercises for the pectoral muscles. Strength exercises for the scapular retractors and elevators. Period of interevention: 6 weeks (3 times per week) 1. The strength of horizontal abduction and internal and external rotation increased after exercise (p <.01). 2. The anterior inclination of the thoracic spine decreased. The exercise program improved muscle strength, produced a more erect upper trunk posture.
Somhe- gyi, A. - Varga, PP. 2005. Were used the primary prevention program of the Hungarian Spine Society by using around 12 test exercises. Aim: biomechanically correct use of the spinal column. This interevention was applied for 1 school-year (2001/2002). Subjects: 413 (Intervention group (n=200) aged 6 to 14. The posture correction exercises were done under teachers direction in physical education classes. the strength and flexibility of the postural muscles of the intervention group improved significantly.Test results of the control group were significantly (p<0.05) worse at the end of the school-year than their own results at beginning of the school-year and were more significantly (p<0.01) worse than the test results of intervention group. The results of the study confirm that regular use of the preventive exercises in physical education improves the strength and flexibility of postural muscles.
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Section 7. Physical Education
1 2 3 4 5
Geldhof, E. - Cler-cq, D. 2007. This study was to investigate what young children learned about good body mechanics in the obliga tory school curriculum compared to intensive back posture promotion. - Intervention last 2 school-years. 398 elementary schoolchildren aged 8-11 years. - 13 h back education and the stimulation of postural dynamism in the class accompanied by environmental changes. Control group participated only at the obligatory curriculum. Evaluation consisted of a questionnaire. This interevention program improved backposture knowledge. The obligatory curriculum provided children with fundamental postural knowledge, the back posture program added important aspects. Intensive implementation of a structured multifactorial back education program in the elementary school curriculum is effective.
Conclusions:
Even why they used the same theoretical aspect to design their physical exercise intervention program, it was applied different kind of exercises combination. This difference on intervention programs doesn’t resolve the situation of having a
unified intervention program to correct posture. Further studies are needed to be done in the future because of this unified intervention program to determine the most effective posture correction program in children.
References:
1. Cardon G.M., Clercq DL. R., Geldhof E. JA., Verstraete S & Bourdeaudhuij M.M. Back education in elementary school children: the effects of adding a physical activity promotion program to a back care program. Eur Sp J. 2007, vol. 16. P. 125-133.
2. Oliver G.D., Adams-Blair H R & Dougherty Ch. P. Implementation of a Core Stability Program for Elementary School Children. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care. 2010. vol. 2 No. 6. P. 261-266
3. Byun S., An Ch., Kim M & Han D. The Effects of an Exercise Program Consisting of Taekwondo Basic Movements on Posture Correction. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2014. Vol. 26. P. 1585-1588.
4. Misra A., Nigam M, & Alagesan J. Effect of exercises in cervical postural deviation due to backpack in school children. International Journal of Current Research. 2012. vol. 4, Issue 08. P. 146-149.
5. Book. McGraw-Hill. Eighth Edition. Principles and methods of adapted physical education and recreation. Auxter D, Pyfer J, Huettig C & Pfyer J. Published by Brown & Benchmark Publishers, Madison, WI. 1996. P. 517-67.
6. Hrysomallis C. Effectiveness of strengthening and stretching exercises for the postural correction of abducted scapulae: A review. J Strength Cond Res. 2010. 24 (2):567-74.
7. Ningthoujam R. Postural deformities in lower extremities among school children. International Journal of Physical Education, Health & Sports Sciences. 2014. Volume: 03, issue: 01. P. 78-84.
8. Advice Sheet. Integrated Therapy Service. Somerset Partnership NHS Foundation Trust. Core Stability. Ref: CYP ITS ASSA007. 2012. P. 1-5. http://www.sompar.nhs.uk/content
9. Purenovic, T. Review of national and international research Studies in postural deformities: The period from 2000 to 2007. Physical education and sport. 2007. vol. 5, no 2. P. 139-152.
10. Wang C.H., McClure P., Pratt N.E. & Nobilini R. Stretching and strengthening exercises: their effect on three-dimensional scapular kinematics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999. 80 (8): P. 923-9.
11. Somhegyi A., Toth J., Makszin I., Gardi Z., Feszthammer A, Darabosne Tim I, Tothne Steinhausz V, Tothne Szabo K, Varga PP. Primary prevention program of the Hungarian Spine Society — Part II.
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Intervention programs used regarding postural deviations among children (Review article)
A prospective controlled study of exercises for the improvement of posture]. 2005. 58 (5-6): P. 177-82.
12. Geldhof E., Cardon G., Bourdeaudhuij I & Clercq D. Back posture education in elementary schoolchildren: stability of two-year intervention effects. Eura Medicophys. 2007. 43 (3): P. 369-79.
Selenica Rigerta, Sports University of Tirana, Albania PhD student in Sport Science Faculty of Movement Science E-mail: [email protected] Enkeleda Lleshi, Sports University of Tirana Scientific Research Institute of Sport. PhD student in Sport Science
The impact of strength training in VO2 performance (Stady Case)
Abstract: In volleyball the main achievement is winning the match so the means and methods used during the training sessions are very important to achieve this goal. The purpose of our study case is to show the impact of a method of strength training on the development performance of the maximum VO2. Methodology: Ästrand Bike Test has been used to assess the VO2 max. The study included 20 female volleyball players at the average age 17.5, who were divided in two groups called Team_and Control Group. The first group, the Team, apart from the volleyball training program, was simultaneously trained with exercises of strength, two times per week along a period of 12 weeks. Both groups were tested before the training by means of Pre-Test. After 12 weeks both groups, the Team and Control Group, underwent testing through the Post test. The processing of the results is carried out on the bases of the group mean. Results were processed statistically with Wilcoxon Signed — Rank test calculator and Pearson correlations calculator.
Results: Results showed a positive progress value from the Pre-test to Post-test, for both the Team and the Control Group: the result is significant at p<0.05 to Max 02ptake 1/min and Max 02 Uptake Ml/kg/min. Results showed correlations between Max heart rate bpm and Max 02 Uptake 1/min, Max heart rate bpm and Max 02 Uptake Ml/kg/min on post test for the Team, that showed negative correlation, but the results are not significant at p<0.05. Comparison of pre and post test results for the Control Group did not mark a significant value to p<0.05 for Max 02ptake1/min and Max 02 uptake Ml/kg/min.Conclusions and discussions: Strength training has made the single, most positive contribution to this type of improvement. Strength training influences every sport program, no matter what the sport is. We must remember that strength builds the foundation for all other physical qualities. Our study shows that the correlation between strength training and performance improvement of VO2 max results of laboratory values compared to the good part of them were significant. Important for our study was the transfer of improving the performance of force training to the component of The VO2max, which is an important component of influencing the sports results. Strength training impact cannot say that is a key indicator but secondary indicator on VO2max performance. Referring to the results, performance VO2max more influenced by the beat of the heart which leads us to and exercise of force should be adequately regulated on the range of heart rate always working in areas where the impact to be higher.
Keywords: strength training, VO2 max, volleyball, performance.
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