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Тематический выпуск
ДИНАМИКА СОВРЕМЕННОГО СЕМИОТИЧЕСКОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА: ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ПЕРСПЕКТИВА
CIP&PL
Thematic issue MODERN SEMIOTIC SPACS: THE LINGUISTIC DYNAMICS APPROACH
http://philjournal.ru 2023 No 1 200-209
Original Paper
https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-1-200-209
Interpretation of Verbal and Non-Verbal Means of Multimodal Communication (Based on Speeches in the European Parliament)
Irina A. Zyubina
Southern Federal University, 105/42 Bolshaya Sadovaya Str., Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation, 344006; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1265-8366; Web of Science Researcher ID: J-5205-2017; Scopus Author ID: 57194704279; e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: The purpose of the study is to determine the linguistic and cultural specifics of verbal and non-verbal means and mechanisms of multimodal communication functioning in the European Parliament speeches and to interpret them within the framework of political discourse. The material of the study was five videos with public speeches in English, posted on the websites of the European Parliament. These videos are complexly organized products of multimodal interaction between the addresser and the addressee, the specificity of multimodality here consists in the simultaneous use of different nature manifestations in the same audio-visual space from the standpoint of semiotics with the help of various sensory modalities. The article deals with verbal and non-verbal (visual and prosodic) means of manipulation in political discourse. Most often in these European public speeches, there are such verbal means of manipulation as repetitions, sabotage against logic (they are also false analogies), emotional cathexis, the enemy image; less commonly expressive strike, everyday story and reorientation of attention are used. Repetitions are most often directly or indirectly conveying an emotional assessment of language units. The reorientation of attention is used by attracting the attention of recipients by some bright or unusual facts. The active use of non-verbal means of psychological manipulation (intonation, gestures, facial expressions) indicates a manifestation of aggression rather than creating an impression of friendliness and cooperation. The general strategy of presenting information in these videos is characterized by attracting the recipient attention with capacious "bait" phrases that cause a direct emotional response.
Keywords: semiotics, multimodality, political discourse, interpretation of information, verbal and non-verbal means of manipulation.
For citation: Zyubina IA. Interpretation of Verbal and Non-Verbal Means of Multimodal Communication (Based on Speeches in the European Parliament). Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics. 2023, no 1, pp. 200-209. https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-1-200-209 (In Eng.).
Оригинальная статья
УДК 8142 +8137+ 811.111 https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-1-200-209
Интерпретация вербальных и невербальных средств мультимодальной коммуникации (на материале выступлений в Европарламенте)
И.А. Зюбина
Южный федеральный университет, 344006, Российская Федерация, Ростов-на-Дону, ул. Большая Садовая, 105/42; ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1265-8366; Web of Science Researcher ID: J-5205-2017; Scopus Author ID: 57194704279; e-mail: [email protected]
Резюме: Цель исследования - определить лингвокультурную специфику вербальных и невербальных средств и механизмов функционирования мультимодальной коммуникации в выступлениях в Европейском Парламенте, провести их интерпретацию в рамках политического дискурса. Материалом исследования послужили пять видеороликов с публичными выступлениями европейских политиков и общественных деятелей на английском языке, размещенных на сайтах Европарламента. Данные видео представляют собой сложно организованные продукты мультимодального взаимодействия адресата и адресанта, специфика мультимодальности здесь состоит в одновременном использовании в одном аудио-визуальном пространстве различных по своей природе проявлений с позиции семиотики с помощью разнообразных модальностей сенсорики. В статье рассматриваются вербальные и невербальные (визуальные и просодические) средства манипулирования в политическом дискурсе. Чаще всего в европейских публичных выступлениях встречаются такие вербальные средства манипулирования, как повторы, диверсии против логики (они же ложные аналогии), эмоциональное заряжение, образ врага; реже используются экспрессивный удар, будничный рассказ, переориентация внимания. Повторы чаще всего представляют собой прямо или косвенно передающие эмоциональную оценку языковые единицы. Используется переориентация внимания за счет привлечения внимания реципиентов каким-либо ярким или необычным фактом. Активное применение невербальных средств психологического манипулирования (интонации, жестикуляции, мимики) скорее указывает на проявление агрессии, нежели на создание впечатления дружелюбия и сотрудничества. Что касается общей стратегии представления информации в видеороликах публичных выступлений на сайте Европарламента, то для них характерна манипуляция путем привлечения внимания реципиента емкими фразами-«приманками», вызывающими непосредственный эмоциональный отклик.
Ключевые слова: семиотика, мультимодальность, политический дискурс, интерпретация информации, вербальные и невербальные средства манипулирования.
Для цитирования: Зюбина И.А. Интерпретация вербальных и невербальных средств мультимодальной коммуникации (на материале выступлений в Европарламенте). Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2023. №1. С. 200-209. https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2023-1-200-209.
Introduction
The study was carried out within the framework of semiotics - the science of signs and sign systems. The sign is considered as a communicative event that unites the representative, object and interpretant; signs are in dynamic relationship with each other, interpreting each other and creating a system of signs, i.e. culture [1: 53]. Modern philosophical concepts elevate interpretation to the rank of one of the key factors in the formation of concepts about the true state of things, the number of possible interpretations of the same information is recognized as infinite and completely dependent on the recipient. All this, as well as the development of information and communication technologies, forms a special information space where it is very difficult to distinguish an opinion from the truth - after all, people are used to trusting, first of all, their senses. Not everyone understands that instead of an objective review of ongoing events, they are sometimes presented with a ready-made, formed interpretation. The reasons for this may be different: the desire to trust the authorities and not leave a certain information comfort zone, or the inability to recognize covert manipulation. If the first one is the result of a person's conscious choice, Kastanedov's sacramental "conscious stupidity", then the second is exclusively the result of ignorance and can be overcome, for which it is necessary to perform the so-called recoding of the message, interpreting the information received.
Aim of the Paper
The aim of the study is to determine the linguistic and cultural specifics of the means and mechanisms of multimodal communication functioning and their interpretation within the framework of political discourse.
Literature Review
The study is carried out as part of the study of multimodality, which is a natural environment for the existence of a language. According to H. Stockl, communicative practice has always been multimodal; focus on a language as a monomodal (verbal) discourse should be understood as a result of the influence of linguistics, and not a real communicative situation [2: 10]. Linguistics for a long time being limited only to the verbal mode relied only on the logical development of science without analyzing a language in its original form with all the
circumstances. However, now researchers are realizing that a multimodal approach allows revealing the true nature and structure of communication [3; 4; 5; 6; 7], clarifying the real goals and objectives of communication in a particular language [8; 9; 10; 11; 12]. Multimodal linguistics is an actively developing area of linguistics, since the scope of its research is not limited to the verbal component of human communication, but also takes into account non-verbal means [13; 14; 15; 16] and research in related sciences, such as, for example, psychology [17]. The information transmitted in the process of communication can be conditionally divided into three information channels: segmental (verbal), prosodic and visual. The contribution of each information channel to communication is ambiguous. In practical psychology, the following figures are often indicated: the visual channel transmits 55% of information, prosody - 38%, and only 7% remains for the verbal channel [18: 187], therefore, considering any communication, including the European political discourse, it is advisable to pay attention to all three of these channels.
Material and Research Methods
The material of the study was videos of public speeches by politicians and public figures posted on the websites of the European Parliament. The study uses such methods as systematic observation when working with the object of study, thematic sampling when selecting material, comparative method (based on the methods of psychological manipulation identified by S.A. Zelinskiy [19]), analysis at different stages of work, generalization when formulating conclusions.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of multimodal communication in the videos of the politicians' and public figures' speeches posted on the websites of the European Parliament should be carried out taking into account the synthesis of different semiotic systems, in which case it is possible to get a comprehensive impression of the information received because along with the sounding speech, the listeners observe facial expressions, gestures, the postures of the speakers that create the communicative meaning and guide its decoding [20: 32].
Politicians' speeches are distinguished by a pronounced tendency to use verbal and non-verbal means of manipulation which is primarily studied in psychology and is defined generally as a targeted hidden influence on the recipient (victim) in order to force him/her to perform actions that are beneficial for the manipulator and often not beneficial for the victim him/her-self. This meaning was originally metaphorical but then it was fixed (primarily in psychology) as a direct one. VP. Sheinov defines manipulation as a special case of hidden control. Also, after conducting a comparative analysis of numerous existing definitions of this concept, the scientist identifies such basic semes as a) hidden, b) control, c) against the desire of the object and d) damaging the object [21: 124-125].
Manipulation can be realized both at the individual (interpersonal) [22] and at the public (mass) level [23]. It is implemented, firstly, due to the manipulator's knowledge of personal information about the victim, and secondly, due to the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of the human consciousness. This is expressed in the need to feel belonging to a group and, accordingly, in sharing its values, in a certain stereotyped thinking that allows to automate certain behaviors in critical situations, the tendency to obey an authoritative member of the group, the general neuroticism of a person's consciousness, easily amenable to incentives that form dissatisfaction and conflict. Their action is especially good when manipulating the mass consciousness, when individual differences are invisible, and the universal in the psyche comes to the fore. There are also deeply rooted social mechanisms that operate similarly, such as the principle of exchange, the principle of scarcity.
Manipulation is aimed at destroying a person's existing picture of the world and system of views. A person who is insecure, doubting, in a state of internal conflict easily accepts new views and values introduced by the manipulator. Protection against such manipulation involves three stages: prevention (not to disclose personal information if it can be avoided), awareness of the fact of manipulation and selection of the optimal strategy.
With an abundance of classifications of means and methods of psychological manipulation, we note that many methods are repeated in almost all the items. Classifications differ mainly in the degree of detail in the description of various methods: some list only general directions for manipulating information (distortion, concealment, partial coverage), some distinguish several dozens of private methods. It seems to us appropriate to take a more detailed classification, preferring it to a more general one, since this will allow us to understand the features and particulars of the methods and techniques of psychological manipulation better; in addition, we need a classification designed for a specific area - the media; that is why the classification of S.A. Zelinsky seems to be the most suitable for us, in it the following methods of psychological manipulation are distinguished: provocation of suspicion, false benefit of the enemy, imaginary misunderstanding, false agreement,
provocation to scandal, use of specific terminology, reference to opinion leaders, imposition of thoughts, lack of evidence, imaginary inattention of the subject while ignoring the protest of the object, focus on the advantages of the proposed concept and ignoring the disadvantages [2]. This classification is distinguished by completeness and highlights a variety of methods and techniques of psychological manipulation in the media connecting them with the principles of the consciousness work. However, upon closer examination of this classification, we can say that some points of the classification are, in fact, either the same technique or adjacent to each other techniques. Next, we plan to test the truth of this assumption: when analyzing the means of manipulation, we will pay attention to the so-called "links", if we find them. In addition, it is important to supplement this classification somewhat, since it does not include an important element inherent in visual products - non-verbal means of manipulation.
Thus, a generalized definition of psychological manipulation can be formulated through such features as: the hidden influence of the subject on the object; non-physical impact; impact on the object in order to achieve the goal of the subject without taking into account the goals and desires of the object.
Since manipulation is always a hidden action and can only be revealed when interpreting the manipulator's behavior, let us move on to the analysis of specific examples of manipulation in political discourse. The first video "European Parliament LUX Prize for Tony Erdmann"1 is dedicated to a cultural event - the presentation of the LUX Prize for the film "Tony Erdmann" by the President of the European Parliament, Mr. Schultz, to the winning director Maren Ade - and, it would seem, it should not contain any significant means of manipulation. However, the interpretation of the linguistic material showed that Maren Ade's speech contains methods of psychological manipulation. First, it is a diversion against logic. A mix of black comedy and hilarious drama, Mr. Schultz said, the film depicts the complex, tender, and sometimes absurd relationship between a young woman in exile and her father. It poignantly describes how family relationships change and affect us in an aging and competitive society. Maren Ade emphasizes that this film is not political, it does not offer easy answers, but among waves of fun, it encourages us to look for what needs to be protected and cherished. In the speech, three repetitions are used as a means of manipulation to impose her thoughts: the very title of the film "Tony Erdmann", the word political and the phrase globalized world. The first repetition is probably aimed at remembering the title of the film "Tony Erdmann" by the recipient and drawing the recipient attention to this film, in other words, this is already part of an advertising campaign to promote her creation. The second type of repetition - the lexeme political - is implemented three times in the speech: I'm a political person but I don t think that I do like political films, I hope that they raise some questions later in my film. ...the post-war generation in Germany that was very political. At the same time, the meaning of the subject's statements is that the film is very far from politics (and this is a diversion against logic). It should be noted that at the same time, the director emphasizes the emphatic do and the word political (which are highlighted in the example), thereby confirming that this is not the case. The third repetition - the phrase globalized world is implemented twice: My films definitely tell something about a globalized world we live in. I think it's always important to leave something open. And with Toni Erdman it was really. I focused very much also on the personal story of the two characters. It started with the wish to make a comedy or maybe to make a film about humor and while shooting, it became more and more melancholic, I had the feeling. Because, the thing is, the father plays a comedy for his daughter but he is doing it out of desperation. They have definitely two very different systems of values. The father is, for me, a very typical German character that belonged to the post-war generation in Germany that was very political and raised their children with a lot of human values hoping that something like the national socialism will never happen again. So it's a bit hard for him to see what she is doing now in a way, he lost her to that globalized world that he once believed in. It can be assumed that this is one of the most important, according to the author, problems of the film, but the director Maren Ade for some reason does not want to admit it directly. Thus, the constant repetition of the key phrases becomes one of the means of manipulation in this speech, acting in conjunction with such a psychological principle of manipulation used in modern
1 «European Parliament LUX Prize for Tony Erdmann». EP President Schulz awards the 10th LUX Prize to Toni Erdmann. Available at: https://www.google.com/search?q=LUX+Prize+speech+Tony+Erdmann&rlz=1C1CHZN_ruRU-986RU986&sxsrf=AJOqlzXUV0cUHV-0qkrSp1EdAi-f2G8HUQ%3A1675623970557&ei=Iv7fY9TJMOHwPAPqf-6n2Ak&ved=0ahUKEwjU4qrcif_8AhXTAxAfflSn_CZsQ4dUDCA8&uact=5&oq=LUX+Prize+speech+Tony+Erd-mann&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQAzoKCAAQRxDWBBCwAzoHCCEQoAEQCkoECEEYAEoECEYYAFD-BC1izRGDWTmgBcAF4AIABmwGIAa4HkgEDMi42mAEAoAECoAEByAEIwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#fp-state=ive&vld=cid:f0c5cb5e,vid:HZnSokd6dIc. Accessed February 4, 2023.
media as emotional cathexis. But the emotional cathexis here is expressed mainly in non-verbal ways - intonation, gestures of the director, deliberately uncertain pauses in the speech; conveyed emotions here: surprise, uncertainty, suddenness, joy.
In the second video "MEPs call for a freeze of EU accession talks for Turkey"2 such a technique of psychological manipulation as the principle of contrast is clearly visible, when an everyday story as an image of evil with a human face is combined with an effect of an information assault: EU-Turkey relations are at breaking point. Ankara's response to an attempted coup in July mass arrests, including of journalists and opposition politicians, the blanket dismissal of public servants has shocked many in Europe. MEPs now call for a temporary freeze of Turkey's EU membership talks. Instead of continuing the illusion of accession talks with a regime that becomes more and more authoritarian, I think that we are losing credibility to do so. The talks began in 2005, and have been the EU's main diplomatic lever for reform there. The EU's foreign affairs chief says Europe still needs Turkey on side given the migration crisis, terrorism and Cyprus reunification talks. If the accession process came to an end, I believe we would both find ourselves in a lose-lose scenario. But the Parliament's rapporteur on Turkey is still keeping the door open. I very much hope that this is a temporary thing, but the key lies in the hands of the government in Turkey in order for these talks to be unfrozen. The use of this technique characterizes the speaker's speech throughout all the story. Taking into account the content of the statement: mass arrests, including of journalists and opposition politicians, the blanket dismissal of public servants has shocked many in Europe and deliberately calm, even intonation with frequent pauses after each of the listed events, we can say that such presentation of information is aimed specifically paying attention to their content, emphasizing and evoking an appropriate emotional reaction. Also in the speech as a manipulative means there is a hint of false information: we hear the repetition of the word talk / talks for five times from the mouth of the announcer and other participants in the video in relation to different situations. Analysis of the semantic structure of the word talk reveals not only the semes of 'conversation' ("an exchange of ideas or thoughts"), but also 'rumors', 'unverified information' ("idle chatter, gossip, or rumour"3). Probably, the purpose of manipulation here is to instill uncertainty in the recipients. At the same time, the video also forms the image of the enemy - the Turkish government - with the help of the lexemes regime, authoritarian, mass arrests, etc., which evoke an unambiguously negative emotional reaction.
In the video "MEPs push for more cooperation on Defence"4 the use of such means of manipulation as the image of the enemy, false analogy (sabotage against logic), as well as reorientation of attention are noticeable. The image of the enemy acts in conjunction with a false analogy: at the beginning of the video, the announcer says the following phrase: Russia, the Middle East, terrorism, immigration: signs, some think, that suggest EU security should be strengthened. Regarding terrorism and immigration, an explanation is given later, but the reference to Russia and the Middle East remains purely declarative; it seems to us that it connects these toponyms with terrorist and immigration threats without a direct verbal indication by the announcer. In fact, the entire second half of the video is devoted to assumptions about how Donald Trump will behave in relations with the European Union. Here there is a refocusing of attention to a more attention-grabbing subject (Trump's surprise victory in the US presidential election) in order to avoid further explanations of why Russia should be a cause for concern in the European Union.
Five people from different countries participate in the video "Panorama of the combat against terrorism"5: two women (Monica Hohlmeier, Ana Gomes) and three men (Gilles de Kerchove, Frederic Van Leeuw, Wil M. Van Gemert). The video lasts 5.32 minutes, and MEPs and experts take turns expressing their opinion on each of these five key points: 1. How to act on their return? 2. How to buildEuropol's capacity? 3. How to control the onlne front? 4. Can flight information reinforce security? 5. The ongoing flight: other inroads for rooting out terrorism. These phrases appear against a dark blurred background depicting figures of Islamic militants
2 «MEPs call for a freeze of EU accession talks for Turkey» (European Parliament). MEPs call for a freeze of EU accession talks for Turkey. Available at: https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/meps-call-for-a-freeze-of-eu-accession-talks-for-turkey_N001-161123-002_ev. Accessed February 4, 2023.
3 Collins Dictionary. Available at: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/talk. Accessed February 4, 2023.
4 «MEPs push for more cooperation on Defence» (European Parliament). Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ce71RgNLWME. Accessed February 4, 2023.
5 «Panorama of the combat against terrorism» (European Parliament). Available at: https://multimedia.europarl.europa. eu/en/panorama-of-the-combat-against-terrorism_M006-0028_ev. Accessed February 4, 2023.
with weapons or videos of terrorist attacks, while voices from the crowd and menacing music are heard. It is interesting in this regard the usage of the image of a crowd. Thus, Gustave Le Bon hypothesized that when a certain number of people gather together, the conscious personality disappears, and the feelings and ideas of all the individual units that form the whole, called the crowd, take the same direction. So, a collective soul is formed. At the same time, Le Bon concludes, while the conscious manifestations of the personality in the crowd are leveled by differences and heterogeneity, the 'soul of the crowd' is characterized precisely by the unconscious features that make up the race, people, etc. [24: 61]. All of the listed non-verbal means of influence in this video are signs of aggression and escalate anxious moods in the addressee. Undoubtedly, the image of the enemy is present in the video, but it is not clearly localized in any national and / or social group of people -it is discussed using only interrogative and negative sentences: the problem is not in Syria, the problem is not in a certain group of terrorists: The idea that the problem has been exported from Syria is for me the wrong conclusion. At the same time, speakers actively use gestures and facial expressions to make their words convincing (pinched fingers, index finger up, waving their hands, nodding their heads, raising their eyebrows, etc.). Multiple repetitions of lexemes with 'fight' semantics closely interact with the previous method of creating an enemy image: fight, suffocate, challenge and also the word combat which is in the very title of the video: The goal of IS and of those terrorist networks is to kill as many people as possible. It's also an ideological fight. A political fight. But it's true, we cannot solve the problem of the feeding ground of terrorism. Not being able to automatically compare data from countries from which the persons are entering the EU and criminal data bases has had a huge impact, for example in the Paris attacks, as all the Belgian suicide bombers had been flagged. The challenge of terrorism is a huge one. The challenge isn't a small unit with a few terrorists, this is a huge network operating worldwide. These lexemes come into contrast with another group of repetitions - the lexemes safe and prevent: 'Making Europe safer' is our motto within Europol. Thus, the situation is stereotyped and reduced to the archaic 'war - peace', 'war for peace'.
The video "Propping up the pillars of a fundamentally free Europe"6 is an interview with the Dutch MEP Sophia int Veld. In the interview, such means of psychological manipulation as repetitions, emotional cathexis, expressive impact, supported by non-verbal means of manipulation, as well as the image of the enemy are actualized. In the interview the phrase leading in the world and the opposing inclusive and exclusive pronouns we - they and their forms are repeated. The first repetition, combined with rather provocative short phrases, like: We've got something to be proud of. Here we are really leading in the world. And I want us to remain leading in the world. This is something that we Europeans have done. And it is not easy. You know, democracy is not for cowards works for an emotional effect (i.e., such means as repetitions, emotional cathexis and expressive blow act in a bow). Non-verbal means also work for this effect - Sophia int Veld's rather active, sharp gestures and the same confident harsh intonation. Probably, the purpose of such behavior is to provoke reciprocal indignation with the subsequent direction of this feeling against the image of the enemy, which in the interview is unambiguously represented by the 'illiberal democracies' - Polish and Hungarian, the characterization of 'them' - enemies - is also made in short emotionally marked phrases with the repetition of the exclusive pronoun they as an 'enemy' marker: They muzzle the media. They discriminate against women. So there's a lot of criticism. In fact, the interviewee demonstrates aggression both verbally and non-verbally.
The interpretation of verbal and non-verbal means in the multimodal communication of the European Parliament showed that the overall goal of the videos of the analyzed public speeches as part of political discourse is the struggle for power and conveying one's position through the formation of public opinion. These videos are complexly organized products of multimodal interaction between the addresser and the addressee, the specificity of multimodality here consists in the simultaneous use in the same audio-visual space of different nature manifestations from the standpoint of semiotics with the help of various sensory modalities.
Conclusion
As a result of the analysis of verbal and non-verbal means in the multimodal communication of the European Parliament, we came to the following conclusions: a striking feature of political discourse is the actualization of manipulation in speech behavior, since the main task implemented during political communication is the struggle for political power by any means, its distribution and use. Most often in the European public speeches analyzed by us, there are such verbal means of manipulation as repetitions, sabotage against logic
6 «Propping up the pillars of a fundamentally free Europe» (European Parliament). Available at: https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=e1SxK6477rk. Accessed February 4, 2023.
(they are also false analogies), emotional cathexis, image of the enemy; expressive strike, everyday story, reorientation of attention are used less commonly. As for the use of emotionally colored means of manipulation (emotional cathexis, expressive impact, non-verbal means), there is a strategic originality in their use: they convey aggression, rejection, emotional excitement (that is, they are directed at the image of the enemy). The repetitions are most often directly or indirectly conveying an emotional assessment of language units. In the European public speech, these units have a specific semantic meaning and, as a rule, denote actions. There are often repetitions of inclusive and exclusive pronouns we - they and their forms in order to contrast and create an image of the enemy. The reorientation of attention is used by attracting the recipients' attention by some bright or unusual fact. The active use of non-verbal means of psychological manipulation (intonation, gestures) indicates a manifestation of aggression rather than creating an impression of friendliness and cooperation. The assumption about the 'links' was confirmed. Firstly, the groups of mentioned means of manipulation ('emotional cathexis - false intensity of passions - expressive blow', 'shift of accents - ostentatious problems - one-sided coverage of events - half true', 'manipulative commenting - false analogies') in real language practice can fully function separately, that is, a 'link' is not at all necessary. Secondly, often in the 'link' there is such a means of manipulation as repetitions: always pursuing some goal, they most often are not an independent means, but work for some other of the means of manipulation. The general strategy for presenting information in the European Parliament is expressed in the fact that addressers are characterized by such kind of manipulation as attracting the recipient attention with capacious 'bait' phrases that cause a direct emotional response.
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История статьи:
Получена: 16.01.2023 Принята: 10.02.2023 Опубликована онлайн: 25.03.2023
Article history:
Received: 16.01.2023 Accepted: 10.02.2023 Published online: 25.03.2023
Bionote:
Irina A. Zyubina, PhD (Philology), Associate Professor of the Department of Linguistics and Professional Communication, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected].
Сведения об авторе:
Зюбина Ирина Анатольевна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры лингвистики и профессиональной коммуникации, Южный федеральный университет, Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация; e-mail: [email protected].
Статья опубликована на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0).
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)
