CC BY
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LECAL SCIENCES
INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE SPACE SPHERE 1 2 Baitukayeva D.U. , Aidarbayev S.Zh. (Republic of Kazakhstan)
Email: [email protected]
1Baitukayeva Dana Umirbekovna - PhD student, DIRECTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW;
2Aidarbayev Sagingaly Zholamanovich - Professor, Doctor of Law, head of the international law chair, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT, AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: the article investigates the issue of integration and integration unions in the space sphere. International integration in the sphere of outer space exploration and inclusion of more and more states in the space community have become stable world tendencies. The processes of international integration in the outer space sphere are objects of legal regulation. The time being is characterized with new projects and plans of outer space exploration. The activities carried out in outer space should be devoted to enhancing the well-being of all countries and humankind, with an emphasis on promoting international integration. The new century and the new millennium must become an epoch of integration of states in the outer space sphere. Keywords: integration, international space organizations, state sovereignty.
МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ В КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ
СФЕРЕ 12 Байтукаева Д.У. , Айдарбаев С.Ж. (Республика Казахстан)
Email: [email protected]
1 Байтукаева Дана Умирбековна - докторант, специальность: международное право;
2Айдарбаев Сагынгалий Жоламанович - доктор юридических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой, кафедра международного права, факультет международных отношений Казахский национальный университет имени Аль-Фараби, г. Алматы, Республика Казахстан
Аннотация: статья посвящена исследованию вопроса интеграции и интеграционных объединений в космической сфере. Международная интеграция в области освоения космоса и приобщение все большего числа государств к космическому сообществу стали устойчивыми мировыми тенденциями. Процессы международной интеграции в космической сфере являются объектом правового регулирования. Сегодняшний день характеризуется новыми проектами и планами освоения космического пространства. Деятельности, осуществляемые в космическом пространстве, должны быть посвящены повышению благосостояния всех стран и человечества, содействовать международной интеграции. Новое столетие и новое тысячелетие должны стать эпохой интеграции государств в космической сфере.
Ключевые слова: интеграция, международные космические организации, государственный суверенитет.
Space is a neutral territory that does not belong to any state in the world, but is marked with the presence of all leading empires.
Quite a number of bright pages were written in the history of astronautics. But especially significant are those ones that achieve the dream of the humankind to get to the space - launch of
the first satellite to the space, the first man-in-space flight, spacewalk, Moon landing and space missions to the planets of the Solar System. Development of State Shuttles extended yet more the possibilities for study of the Universe. Orbital space stations have provided the possibility to realize scientific experiments and have encouraged integration of states with the purpose to efficiently solve the set problems.
Cognition of the essence of international integration in the space sphere is important both from the point of view of insufficient study of this phenomenon in the juridical science and from the point of view of its significance for science development.
A lot of works of scientists and specialists in the area of international law, as, by the way, and some other scientific disciplines (international relations, world economy, etc.) are dedicated to the research of integration and integration processes representing a special type of mutual relations of sovereign states. Unfortunately, problems related to the international integration (integration of states) in the outer space sphere have not found due reflection in works of researchers and specialists.
The term 'integration' is derived from 'integratio' (Lat.) - restoration, replenishment, from 'integer' - whole, a factor of the process of development related to consolidation of dissimilar parts and elements [1, p. 210].
When used in respect of interstate relations, integration means voluntary and mutually profitable association of separate parts (subjects) into a certain independent wholeness (entirety).
The modern approach to the research and analysis of the term 'integration' is characterized by determining the latter as "the process through which separate states transfer a part of their sovereign rights to the benefit of the created and the same for all of them institutional structure to provide consideration and realization of their common interests" [2, p. 255].
International integration is a process of world-historic importance [3, p. 25]. As the key unit (part) of this process, one should recognize communities of people organized in separate states. States are main subjects of the process of international integration. The adequate term for designation of an aggregation of states that are participants of the process of integration is the term 'integration association', since it reproduces with sufficient accuracy the main elements of definition of the concept of integration [4, p. 328].
In the legal literature, most authors relate the occurrence of the integration process with the creation of the organ of international integration having supranational authorities [5]. Alongside with it, one should take into account that this criterion is typical, first of all, for economic integration. For integration in any other spheres, this criterion may not be a top-priority one. For example, politico-military integration of states in the framework of the NATO or the CSTO implies, in addition to military-technical cooperation, introduction of uniform norms, armaments, and in cases of large-scale military operations - united command.
Taking into consideration this circumstance, one can suppose that, in such spheres as research and use of the outer space, the criterion of integration acts as the integration objective. Since outer space activity is high-cost one and contain big risks, only separate states (for example, Russia, the USA, the PRC) are able to carry on it independently. But even for these states, it is very hard to realize big projects. So, the reality itself objectively pushes states not simply to cooperation, namely, to integration in the outer space sphere (for example, the project of International State Station - ISS, etc.).
Integration associations in the area of the outer space exploration, which are usually outlined in the literature and in practice, can be divided into two groups: international intergovernmental space organizations (INTELSAT, INTERSPUTNIK, ESA, INMARSAT, ETSO, EOEMS, etc.) and international non-governmental space organizations (CSR, IAF, etc.).
It appears that the processes of international integration in the outer space sphere are objects of legal regulation of not only international contracts underlying the above integration associations. There is a big array of any other international documents regulating the process of international integration in the sphere of space. Thus, numerous international documents related to cooperation of states confirming integration objectives exist, for example, Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space (1963), Declaration of International Cooperation in Research and Use of Outer Space for the Sake and in Interests of
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All States, with Special Taking into Consideration of Needs of Developing Countries (1996), etc. All they are aimed at drawing states together. Thus, Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space proclaims that the outer space is open for research and use by all states on the basis of equality and in conformity with the international law in interests of development of international states cooperation. In Declaration of International Cooperation in Research and Use of Outer Space for the Sake and in Interests of All States, with Special Taking into Consideration of Needs of Developing Countries, in paragraphs 2 and 4, is it said that international cooperation should be realized in such forms that relevant countries think the most efficient: governmental and non-governmental, commercial and noncommercial, global, multilateral, regional or bilateral, and also completely conform to legal rights and interests of relevant participants, such as, for example, intellectual property rights.
An international contract for use and research of the outer space having the integration objective is the grounds for recognition of a certain aggregation of states as an integration association, since participation in an international contract confirming the integration objectives makes this group of states participants of an integration association. The moment of coming of such international contract in force can be considered as the moment of incipiency of integration of such states in the outer space sphere. An international organization having integration objectives is the main form of integral association of states. For example, in the European Space Agency, which is a unique organization created for realization and promotion of cooperation of European states exclusively for peaceful purposes in the area of ouster space research, space technologies and their use for scientific purposes, the perspective of integration of states-members of ESA and EC comes to the fore.
Creation of specialized space organizations is confirmation of the strife of states to integration in the sphere the outer space research and use.
The processes of international integration in the outer space sphere are regulated not only by international contracts constituting different interstate associations in the framework of which states realize integration objectives, but also by any other international documents.
International integration in the sphere of outer space exploration and inclusion of more and more states in the space community have become stable world tendencies.
An important trend of the policy of the modern Kazakhstan is cooperation with other states in the outer space sphere. The politics and political regimes exert important influence upon the integration process. One cannot exclude from factors influencing upon integration such factors as science and technique. The world market of outer space technique and services is one of the most fast-paced segments of the hi-tech market. Scientists of Kazakhstan display scientific interest and pay shot to development of outer space technique and technologies. It is necessary to note that many research works of scientists of Kazakhstan got international recognition in the most modern schools, including in the area of the outer space. Kazakhstan, being supported by its outer space potential and developing it, provides a new level of solution of problems of international integration in the outer space sphere, strengthens its positions in the world community. Kazakhstan pursues a state policy on training and retraining of professional personnel for branches of economy related to the outer space sphere, including managers capable to efficiently manage international outer space projects and programs. Kazakhstan today possesses intellectual potential that contains all components that are common heritage of the mankind, science that can be productively used in the interests of solution of global problems (outer space, ecology, etc.). That is why preservation and development of the intellectual potential of Kazakhstan is an important part of its integration into the world community of civilized states.
So, international integration in the broad sense of the word is understood as a form of cooperation of a certain group of states in the framework of which such states jointly realize the objectives in different areas of cooperation on mutual coming together [6, p. 17]. At that, one should add that it is referred to integration objectives. Association of states is realized on different scales: from small integration groupings to whole communities and even world integration. Growth of integration processes, regional or world ones, bespeaks that it is a natural process. Integration, regional or world one, means coming together of people, nations, countries - it is something whole with preservation of their national identities.
The time being is characterized with new projects and plans of outer space exploration. Space tourism, piloted astronautics are developed actively.
The new century and the new millennium must become an epoch of integration of states in the outer space sphere. Efforts of all world countries are needed for further outer space exploration, which will serve to all humankind.
References / Список литературы
1. Philosophic Encyclopedic Dictionary/Editors in Chief L.F. Ilichyov, P.N. Fedosseyev, S.M. Kovalyov, V.G. Panov. M: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1983. P. 210.
2. Corbey D. Dialectical Functionalism: Stagnation as a Booster of European Integration // International Organization, 1995. № 2. Vol. 49. P. 255.
3. Ussenko Ye.T. Integration as a Process of World-Historic Importance and International Law // Moscow International Law Magazine, 1992. № 1. P. 25-49.
4. Course of International Law. Vol. 7. International Legal Forms of Integration Processes in the Modern World. M: Nauka, 1993. P. 328.
5. Aidarbayev S.Zh. Integration Processes in the Post-Soviet Space in the Conditions of World Globalization: International Legal Aspects. Monograph. Almaty, 2010. 416 P.
6. Stoyakin S.T. Dialectics of the Phenomenon of International Integration // International Law, 2014. № 4. P. 17-41.
THE USE OF DETERMINISTIC MODELS IN THE EVALUATION OF THE FACTORS OF GROWTH OF CRIMES IN THE FINANCIAL AND
ECONOMIC SPHERES Temukueva Zh.H. (Russian Federation) Email: [email protected]
Temukueva Zhaneta Huseynovna - student, LAW SCHOOL,
NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, PYATIGORSK
Abstract: this article is devoted to the problems of determining the factors that influence the fulfillment of financial and economic crimes. The paper discusses the basic techniques of the deterministic factor analysis, outcome variables for determining the percentage ratio factor to the change in the crime rate. The uniqueness of the work lies in the fact that it is not directly addressed themselves factors of crime in the majority of similar works, and gives the basic techniques of factor analysis to assess the impact of each factor on the result. This, in turn, helps to determine the priorities in the fight against crime in the sphere of economics and finance.
Keywords: crime, deterministic factor system, the method of chain substitutions, elliminirovanie, the logarithmic and the integral method.
