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МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ОПЫТ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СТАРОПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ РЕГИОНОВ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ЕГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ
В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН
В.П. Шеломенцева, Д.С. Бекниязова, Е.А. Ифутина
Инновационный Евразийский университет (Павлодар, Казахстан)
Аннотация. Рассматривается зарубежный опыт инновационного развития старопромышленных регионов, который может предоставить возможность разработки новых подходов к модернизации экономики старопромышленных городов и регионов Республики Казахстан, с целью обоснования теоретико-методических основ социально-экономического развития старопромышленных городов в постиндустриальную эпоху. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что при разработке стратегии развития старопромышленных территорий, городов необходимо учитывать особенности сегодняшних проблем и причины их возникновения. В ходе исследования применены аналитический, логический, статистический, сравнительный методы, синтез, дедукция. Детально представлены основные направления преобразования старопромышленных территорий развитых стран мира и роль государства в данном процессе. В результате исследования проведен сравнительный анализ как теоретических представлений о городском развитии, так и конкретных примеров трансформации экономики старопромышленных городов в западных странах (США, Германия, Великобритания, Франция, Италия). В частности, рассмотрены этапы индустриального развития города, причины и ход кризиса. При этом на основе проведенного анализа международного опыта модернизации старопромышленных регионов сделан ряд выводов, важных с точки зрения стратегий регионов, городов и политики городского развития в целом в Республике Казахстан.
Информация о статье
Дата поступления 1 декабря 2016 г.
Дата принятия в печать 25 декабря 2016 г.
Ключевые слова
Старопромышленный регион, постиндустриальное развитие, инновационная экономика, реиндустриализация экономики региона, региональный технологический кластер, субурбанизация
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF OLD INDUSTRIAL REGIONS AND THE OPPORTUNITIES OF ITS USE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
V.P. Shelomentseva, D.S. Bekniyazova, E.A. Ifutina
Innovative University of Eurasia (Pavlodar, Kazakhstan)
Article info
Received December 1, 2016
Accepted
December 25, 2016
Keywords
Old industrial region, post-industrial development, innovation economy, reindustrialization of the regional economy, regional technological cluster, suburbanization
Abstract. The research of foreign experience of innovative development of old industrial regions can provide the opportunity to develop new approaches to modernize the economy of old industrial cities and regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In general, the purpose of this research is to study the theoretical and methodological foundations of socio-economic development of the old industrial cities in the post-industrial era. The research used the analytical, logical, statistical, comparative methods, synthesis, deduction. The research also presents in detail the main directions of the transformation of old industrial areas of the developed countries and the role of the state in this process. As a result of the research, it is made the analysis of theoretical concepts of urban development, and it is also presented specific examples of economic transformation of old industrial cities in developed countries (USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy). In particular, the stages of the industrial development of the city, the causes and the process of the crisis are considered. At the same time, on the base of the analysis of international experience in the modernization of old industrial regions the number of conclusions is made that are important from the point of view of regional, cities development strategies of the Republic of Kazakhstan and urban development policies in general.
© В.П. Шеломенцева, Д.С. Бекниязова, Е.А. Ифутина, 2017
Introduction. In the XXI century, the era of "post-industrial development" bearing the of the transition character towards a new type of economy, which is called the innovation or knowledge-based economy has come. Formation of a new type of economy (innovation-based economy or knowledge economy) depends on overcoming one of the most difficult problems and conflictual tasks - the transformation of old industrial cities and regions.
In regional development the presence of regional development imbalances lead to the increase of the role of the territorial aspects of the economy's development, which requires a comprehensive science-based approach to solving problems of regional development.
Old industrial region is characterized by a large number of monoprofile cities and settlements with a high concentration of production in a small number of enterprises, closeness of the local labor market.
In the scientific literature, the concept of an old industrial city is much less used than that of the old industrial region/area and it is due to the fact that the industry is mainly located in the suburbs. In this connection it is necessary to talk about the old industrial areas, as areas surrounding the city or several cities. Problems of development of such areas are also associated with an industrial past.
Due to the aforesaid, it is important to distinguish the old industrial city and region, because, firstly, the decline of the economic base of the city doesn't sign the decline of the region's economy as a whole; secondly, from the cities it worth waiting first of all the impulses to the positive changes in respective regions. For example, in the cities of the United Kingdom and the United States was moving industry and some of the population to other areas and as a result the cities rebuilt the vector of their development in accordance with the principles of the postindustrial economy. At the same time, the urban crisis in some European countries has showed itself in the decline of the existing industry in the city and the inability of economic and political systems to adapt to new conditions, due to the fact that the process of moving the industry was less intense.
The economy of the old industrial region is characterized by such qualitative sign as domination in its structure of the technological way created around the branches of the first stage of industrialization (coal, metallurgical, main chemis-
try, etc.) developing from the last third of the XX century till 1960-1970.
This technological way is focused on use of so-called mass, or standard resources and the universal equipment. Domination of this or that technological way determines not only structural and branch proportions of economy, employment of the population, the prevailing moving type, but also social and typological characteristics of managing subjects, certain types of economic behavior, models of management by them, stereotypes and valuable attitudes.
Literature review. Various researchers differently define essence of the old industrial region [1-3]. So, according definition to Starodu-brovskaya I. and others the old industrial city is "... the area where historically there was the concentration of industrial sectors that determine the economic, social and spatial structure of the city that doesn't correspond the new conditions and requirements" [4, p. 20].
According to D.V. Nesterov [5] one of characteristic feature of the old industrial region is also existence of a large number of the monoprofile cities and settlements with high concentration of production at the small number of the enterprises.
One specify problematical character of these regions and their low competitiveness, both in production and in attraction of additional development resources; others - on the contrary, consider that the old industrial regions have a high potential for development, called by European scientists as "workshop of the world".
Now in the theory and practice of regional management much attention is paid to the problems of management and development of old industrial regions. Old industrial regions began its development at different times, one earlier, others - later and crisis tendencies in them arose at different times and were based on various factors (extractive industries, industry of first repartition, production of technological equipment, agricultural machinery, instrumentation, light industry and others) [6].
This problem is worldwide and it affects, in varying degrees, practically the majority of countries in the world. Scholars and practitioners have long worried about the fate of the industrial giants of the last century, such as the Ruhr region in Germany, Detroit and Pittsburgh in the United States, Manchester and Liverpool in the UK, Lille in France, Torino in Italy, etc. So, the recovery pro-
cess of the Ruhr area in Germany is not the story of a brilliant success, but a hard, long way of "trial and error" and coordination of short- and long-term interests of all the parties concerned [7; 8].
Hypothesis and research methods. As the main hypothesis of this research it was suggested that the research of international experience of the modernization of old industrial regions and the role of the state in this process promotes to the development of new approaches to the modernization of the economy of old industrial cities and regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The following general scientific research methods were used in the proof of the hypothesis:
- analytical, logical, statistical methods for disclosure of the category "old industrial region" and the problems of these areas;
- comparative method, synthesis, deduction for theoretical ideas about urban development, and also specific examples of economic transformation of old industrial cities in Western countries and USA and possibilities of their application in the old industrial regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Results of the research. The authors have reviewed experiences of functioning and development of old industrial areas of developed countries, such as the Ruhr region in Germany, Detroit and Pittsburgh in the United States, Manchester and Liverpool in the UK, Lille in France, Torino in Italy and others.
The study of the processes of transformation of the Ruhr area of Germany from an old industrial region into a modern regional cluster of environmental technologies has made it possible to identify the main lessons of this process [9; 10]:
1) The process of converting old industrial regions into modern technological clusters is a complicated and lengthy process - in the Ruhr region it has been lasting for more than 40 years.
2) The restructuring and re-industrialization of the economy of the region are carried out simultaneously.
3) The originality of the regional technological cluster of the Ruhr region is that it includes three components: the development of manufacturing new products and new modern branches of industry; the prevalence of traditional industries on a new technological platform; the accelerated development of service industries, which are focused primarily on the solution of social problems.
4) In the process of creating a new regional cluster the following concepts are implemented:
the creation of flexible production; greening of economy; the use of future-oriented technologies; the formation of the educational region.
5) The creation of a regional cluster of environmental technologies was promoted by the policy of the authorities of North Rhine-Westphalia, defined in two ways: software and legislative support of the process, institutional transformations; direct financing and co-financing of the implementation of the installed programs.
6) In creating new industries, developing new products, entering new markets and increasing the competitiveness of the region and its product, the time factor ("to play ahead of the curve") is taken into account.
7) The establishment of a regional technological cluster on the basis of an old industrial region cannot solve all problems - economic, social and environmental. The introduction of new technologies, creation of new industries also cannot solve the employment problem. The ecological footprint left by traditional industries, cannot be overcome immediately, while there are new environmental problems (e.g, lack of fresh water, etc.).
8) Meeting the interests of all sections of the population in the short and long terms is one of the most difficult problems of the old industrial region transformation process.
The basis of the US industrial belt (Rust Belt) is ferrous metallurgy, steel and automotive industries. Thus, the economy of Pittsburgh, which is historically known as the center of the steel industry, today is based on the health, education, high-technologies, robotics, and financial services. The largest employers in the city on the number of staff are the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and directly the University of Pittsburgh. The economic basis of the city is currently far from its industrial past. In addition, a significant portion of the population of the city is working on high-tech manufacturing, however, the form of organization of businesses (SMEs) does not allow to take them into account in such rankings [10].
Due to the fact that the main employer operates in the health sector, the global financial crisis that began in 2008, did not much affect the city's economy. According to "Forbes" magazine, in 2009 Pittsburgh entered the top ten US cities with the best employment opportunities. Currently, Pittsburgh has the title "city of headquarters". In Pittsburgh there are central offices of six companies from "Fortune 500" list of 2009 (in 2010, the list included 8 companies). However, despite the
abundance of high rankings, the population of Pittsburgh still continues to decrease. Overall, Pittsburgh is developing and can be called successful in overcoming the crisis of an old industrial city. Detroit is a classical example of the American suburbanization. At the same time, Detroit, unlike any other American city, demonstrates the possibility of developing the suburbs along with a complete decline of the central city. Detroit is still perceived as one of the most depressed cities in America. For several decades there have been attempts of reviving the city, but most of the problems still remained unresolved. Almost a third of urban areas is not exploited.
One may point out some factors of failure in the revival of Detroit:
1) The strong outflow of the population from the city led to a sharp increase in the number of abandoned buildings, decrease in the level of human capital, reduction of the tax base of the city. The change of the city transport system, as well as the policy of the local automotive companies contributed to the fact that Detroit is the first city that is affected by the uncontrolled suburbanization.
2) The racial issue also played a significant role in the degradation of the city. So, in 1940 the proportion of Afro-Americans in the total population of Pittsburgh and Detroit was 10 %, but already by 1970, 39,5 % of African Americans lived in Detroit, but in Pittsburgh - only 17,4 %.
The absence of a regional coalition played an important role in the history of Detroit in the second half of the twentieth century. As a result of suburban sprawl and segregation of the population, the local government began to represent the interests of the working population only. This did not contribute to finding compromises with the
business elite of the city in relation to urban development. As a result, a common vision for the city's development was not worked out, as well as the opportunity was missed to realize the projects of the municipal-private partnership. The processes of urban regeneration in the UK took place against a background of the relative independence of local authorities from the central government in the 1950-1960s and increased centralization of government policy and control over local finances, since the 1970's [11, p. 22].
Currently, Manchester is considered the most successful of all the "shrinking" UK cities. In Manchester revival policy one can distinguish three major sets of measures:
1) The large-scale projects of reconstruction of depressed urban areas financed by the central government have been implemented;
2) In order to achieve the ambitious goal of entering the arena of world cities, the city officials have worked with the image of the territory;
3) The transport infrastructure of the city has undergone significant modernization.
As a part of the first block the basic document was the "The Urban Program" (1979-1993) according to which the projects of reconstruction of central cities at the expense of the national budget were funded. At the same time the expenditures within the framework of the program were administered by the local authorities.
The priority directions of financing were the economic projects - the restructuring of the existing problematic areas of the city to the needs of industry and commerce. So, the development of the area in East Manchester, as well as Heritage City Park Castefild as the main place of tourist attraction were funded (Figure).
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— Cental MancJiKin 0вчв1сртеп1 CiHteialioii
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The Projects of Urban Reconstruction in Manchester
At the end of the 1980s, Manchester was known as "Madchester", having become famous by a huge number of record companies and studios, located directly in the center of the city, which led to the following results: creating new jobs (in music, design, sound recording, fashion, retail, entertainment and food industries), increasing the number of students wishing to study in Manchester, attracting investments both directly to the territory of the neighborhood, and the city as a whole. With the new image "Madchester" came in sight of investors, not relating to the music scene [12]. The third block of measures to revive Manchester is the implementation of major projects of modernization of transport infrastructure, for example, the construction of high-speed public transport system "Metrolink" (light rail), linking the city center with the suburbs, as well as the expansion of the city's airport.
Liverpool is the city of the UK, which began to develop since the beginning of the XVIII century as a commercial center, has a large port. However, the period of greatest prosperity of the city fell on the XIX century. The basis for the prosperity of the city remained the port trade, which was being actively developed during the Industrial Revolution in Britain. However, the decrease of the country's role as an industrial power, the emergence of competition in trade and tighter maritime conditions led to the reduction in the economic base of the city. The reduced employment led to the outflow of population from the city. At the same time the unemployment was rising. The city stopped active participation in government development programs. From 1983 to 1987, the local authorities focused on the reconstruction of the municipal social housing in the priority areas of the city, as well as developed the strategies to support the employment. But in combination with the strict limitations of financial resources, these measures led to the depletion of the city budget and the further blight of the city. Despite the achieved progress, the economic base of the city is still weak. The most vivid proof to this is the allocation of funds from the European Union Structural Funds for the 2000-2006 period. According to various ratings of the development levels of the UK cities (productivity, wage level, etc.), Liverpool took one of the last places [13].
Two stages can be distinguished in the history of the UK urban regeneration policy. The first stage is characterized by the weakening of the local authorities, the high degree of involve-
ment of the central government institutions in the management of the development of the territory and the large scale introduction of market mechanisms in the implementation of the powers of local government. The second stage is characterized by the increasing role of local authorities and the active inclusion of business and the population in decision-making process and their execution, as well as the introduction of competitive funding mechanisms for the implementation of projects.
In general, urban regeneration programs had fragmentary character. The cities selected the priority areas - central or ex-industrial, where housing and infrastructure had been reconstructed, commercial grounds had been built, and the area had been landscaped. This policy was deliberately chosen to concentrate resources on the most critical areas of concern, and their full-scale restructuring. And these projects were financed to a greater extent by the central government.
The government system of France experienced dramatic changes during the second half of the XX century - the transition from centralization to decentralization of power, consisting in transferring the functions and resources of the national authorities to the regional ones. This principle of separation of powers exists to this day. The ways of recovery of old industrial cities from the crisis are not appropriate to consider independently on the example of Lille, but on the example of the region of Lille Urban Community. Lille is French Manchester. Historically, together with the cities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, Lille is the center of the French textile industry. Large textile factories were closed in 1960, but 30 % of the French textile industry is still located here [14]. As a result of the crisis people, especially the middle class, left the cities, which had previously been the centers of industry. The suburbanization process began in the mid-60s and only stopped at the end of the 90s. In the cities there is the impoverishment of the population, the growth in unemployment.
In the region as a whole, as opposed to the three old industrial cities within it (Lille, Tourcoing, Roubaix), there was a demographic increase due to the high birth rate and positive migration. Therefore, the demographic crisis in the region was not associated with the population loss, but with the change of the settlement structure. The contrast grew between the poor industrial areas and rich rural ones. In response to the growth of the region's population there was a decision in 1968 to build a new city - Villeneuve d'Ascq. It quickly
turned into the most attractive area for living in Lille Urban Community, the offices of prestigious companies were opened there. The development of the new city went on at the expense of the decay of the neighboring territories, primarily, Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing. Since 1980, Lille and its metropolis intensified the transition from the industrial dependence to the service sector (tourism, finance, logistics). Lille is actually playing the role of the region's center. The employment in the service sector is about 75 %, industry - 23 %. Today, the metropolis of Lille is a thriving educational and logistics center and the industrial history no longer plays such a significant role in the regional economy. The government system of Italy has a complex structure due to the fact that is designed to control the territories that differ in ethnic composition (in Italy more than 20 languages are spoken), the level of social and economic development and land area. Italy is a country where the main power is transferred to the regions, provinces and communes. The central authorities set the framework within which regional authorities make their own laws, up to the adoption by the region their own Constitution [15].
Let us consider the experience of functioning and developing Italy's old industrial areas on the example of the city of Turin Since Turin was a single-industry city that depended on "Fiat" automaker, and then the problems of the crisis in the automotive industry affected the city and its population in full. "Fiat" transferred its main production facilities outside the city. Because of the crisis in Turin about 80 % of production was halted, more than 6 million square meters of industrial areas emptied. The employees of "Fiat" automaker at the facilities in Turin declined from 140 thousand workers in the early 70s to 40 thousand in the early 90s. In the city in the early 70s the outflow of the population began, which stopped only in 2001 [16].
The share of industry decreased, but the specialization in manufacturing remained. In the service sector that received a substantial development there are new industries: scientific research, tourism, culture. The authorities of Turin and the Piedmont region in Italy were kind of innovators in the field of municipal and regional policy.
The cooperation of the authorities of two levels (the municipality and the regional authorities) and their partners, the correct defining the ways of development, the set of measures - all these factors led to positive results of Turin de-
velopment. The authorities of Turin managed to save the following historical industries in less volume in the economic structure: automobile industry, insurance and financial sector, textile, beverage, food industries, as well as to develop new ones: tourism and culture, high-technology sector. In addition, the urban space has been significantly improved.
Thus, this research allowed the authors to highlight the following results. Attempts of direct and noncritical transferring of international experience on the national soil can scarcely give positive effect. At the same time the carried-out analysis of the international practice of the exit of the cities from crisis allows to draw a number of the significant conclusions important from the point of view of country old industrial cities' strategies and city's policy of development in the Republic of Kazakhstan in general for which development it is necessary to establish features of today's problems and the reasons of their emergence. At the same time, researchers of the different countries allocate two blocks of the reasons:
- traditional approach - investigates mechanisms of economy decline of earlier prospering territories;
- modern approach - problems of old industrial territories arise generally in connection with decrease not in demand for production of branch, and competitiveness of production of this territory in comparison with production of other territories.
Inability of the industry to change the offer for new market conditions becomes the main problem of old industrial territories in Kazakhstan, and the accent of studying of this perspective has to be transferred from demand for the offer. Studying of the offer, in turn, represents as the main object of research the structure of the industry organization in this territory, barriers of labor mobility and enterprise activity.
Conclusion. Practical research of authors confirmed the importance of the research of international experience of the modernization of old industrial regions and the state's role in this process for the development of strategy of development of old industrial cities and regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
International experience demonstrates that the common criteria of the cities' development strategy according to that distinguishes cities' development is the possibility of modernization of the industrial base of the city in order to create
competitive products. At the same time, the research it is noted three determining factors in the development of industrial cities and regions:
- Vulnerability to changes in the external environment (that is monoprofile of economic base);
- The ability of the economy to adapt to changes;
- The ability of the political-administrative system to support structural adaptation.
The authors made the analysis and assessment of these factors, which allow to do the following conclusions: the first factor means the external environment, that is the demand for industrial products; second factor means established internal conditions - the existing structure of the economy, that is offer; and finally, the third factor characterizes the variable internal conditions, that is policy. In this case, it built rather simple model: political initiatives influent the existing structure in order to adapt it according to the environmental conditions [17].
Elements of the strategy of old industrial cities can also be attraction to its territory the headquarters of big corporations or administrative functions (for example, within the European Union).
For the implementation of new development strategies the city authorities in developed countries have used the following basic instruments [18]:
1) rebranding and marketing of the area, which is especially important for the old industrial cities, the image of which is associated with adverse living conditions, poor environment and the lack of a creative environment;
2) competition for carrying out of important cultural, sporting and business events that allows to draw attention to the area, promotes the consolidation of the local community and the development of the urban environment;
3) interterritorial cooperation in the framework of its historical region or even on an interstate basis, allowing to neutralize externalities (for example, environmental), to decide together common problems, including marketing, to attract additional resources;
4) support of small and medium business, the development of which in terms of employment and tax base shall replace the existed previously industrial giants.
While such directions of policy as support of innovative development, promotion to small and medium business, marketing the territory are be-
coming increasingly popular among the regional and municipal authorities, in the majority of regions of Russia and Kazakhstan, the focus continues to be on the development of large-scale industry.
One of the major methodological principles of finding a new specialization of the urban economy and the new image of the city is the approach which received the name "turning of disadvantages into advantages". Its content lies in the fact that the new reserves of urban development are sought in unconventional in use of what was previously seen as the disadvantage before, or in creative approaches to overcome the accumulated problems.
It is possible to give a few examples of such decisions. For example, difficult ecological situation becomes a stimulus for attraction in the city and generate innovation of environmental character, due to the fact that there is a significant market for them. As a result the ecological cluster develops which becomes one of foundations of new urban economy. Such examples are typical for a number of areas, the most known is the city of Ruhr region.
Another variant, also applied in the Ruhr, is the use of old industrial buildings as the tourist objects. In the Ruhr area there are created "The Way of Industrial Culture" that includes 52 monuments of the industrial past of the region. Some of them are included in the List of World Cultural Heritage of UNESCO.
New opportunities for the development of modern urban districts create the rehabilitation of the areas remained undeveloped after the withdrawal of industrial facilities. So, one of the elements of the new image of the city, in some cases became construction areas remain free after the withdrawal from the territory of the port facilities. Urban renewal projects in the Western countries are inseparable from the urban environment rehabilitation, new urban development initiatives.
The main directions in this area are:
- The revival of the city center;
- Restructuring of the living areas, especially in deprived districts;
- Construction of cultural and sports facilities;
- Building of former industrial areas;
- The development of educational centers.
Also, big attention is paid to the green zones
of the city, which have recently become more and more adapted to active lifestyle. Often, the central
element is the arrangement of the waterfront as the new "face of the city". But such "face" can act and modern buildings of unusual architecture (often there are new urban theaters or stadiums), the elements of urban sculpture, bridges and other objects that become symbolic elements of the marketing strategy of the area. The establishment of such elements of the urban landscape is the integral part of urban policy within the strategies of old industrial cities.
Research has shown that the key conditions for the success of urban regeneration projects is involvement of them in the urban community, the consolidation of the driving forces that could affect the future of the city (government, business and public initiatives) around the key areas of urban development. Concerning the question of the importance of this factor among researchers there is a broad consensus. Where projects are carried out exclusively "above", the results, at least, contradictory and, in most cases are frankly unsuccessful. In such projects include the first stage of the restructuring of old industrial cities in the United States, providing for the resettlement of people without their agreement, as well as the decision to build the new town in the Lille metropolitan area (France), which had very ambiguous effects.
Meanwhile the consolidation of the community around the new strategies is the very difficult task. The traditional economy, providing employment for a significant number of people, turning them into their supporters, which reject any other variants of urban development. Change the situation usually requires a further aggravation of the crisis, or lack of success in the realiza-
tion of compromise approaches to the restructuring of the city. Thus, not always successful is the first one taken by the revival of the city programs, sometimes it takes several iterations to ensure consensus around a really long-term decisions. However, the worsening of the situation is fraught with risks of increased social displeasure, fraught with long-term undermining of the unity of the urban community. If to this are added other disengagement factors such as race, degradation of the city, as shows the example of Detroit (USA), may become irreversible.
Especially important is the position of the business community, including representatives of the traditional industries of the city. Where business associates its economic prospects with the process of urban development, the restructuring has a much higher chance of success than in cases where diversification is carried out in other areas.
All these tasks are of extreme importance for Kazakhstan. In the tradition of our country - the pursuit of the carrying out changes "above", the lack of the culture of dialogue and coalition-formation , the interaction between the authorities and society in the best case in the form of explanation of the policy. It can serve as a significant obstacle to the successful restructuring of cities.
Thus, the research of international experience of modernization of old industrial areas, cities gives the opportunity to identify and formulate "new" approaches to modernizing of the economy of old industrial regions, have their own features. It seems appropriate to extend the policy in this area. In general, no matter what the conditions may be established at the national level, the choice of strategy is still for the city authorities.
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Сведения об авторах
Шеломенцева Валентина Павловна - д-р социол. наук, профессор экономики Адрес для корреспонденции: 140000, Казахстан, Павлодар, ул. Ломова, 45 E-mail: [email protected]
Бекниязова Дана Сайлауовна - магистр экономики Адрес для корреспонденции: 140000, Казахстан, Павлодар, ул. Ломова, 45 E-mail: [email protected] Ифутина Елена Анатольевна - магистр экономики Адрес для корреспонденции: 140000, Казахстан, Павлодар, ул. Ломова, 45 E-mail: [email protected]
About the authors
Shelomentseva Valentina Pavlovna - Doctor of Sociological science, Professor of Economics Postal address: 45, Lomova ul., Pavlodar, 140000, Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected]
Bekniyazova Dana Sailauovna - Master of Economics Postal address: 45, Lomova ul., Pavlodar, 140000, Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected] Ifutina Elena Anatolievna - Master of Economics Postal address: 45, Lomova ul., Pavlodar, 140000, Republic of Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected]
Для цитирования
Шеломенцева В. П., Бекниязова Д. С., Ифутина Е. А. Международный опыт инновационного развития старопромышленных регионов и возможности его применения в Республике Казахстан // Вестн. Ом. ун-та. Сер. «Экономика». 2017. № 1 (57). С. 215-223. (На англ. яз.).
For citations
Shelomentseva V.P., Bekniyazova D.S., Ifutina E.A. International experience of innovative development of old industrial regions and the opportunities of its use in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Herald of Omsk University. Series "Economics", 2017, no. 1 (57), pp. 215-223.
