CC BY
32ECONOMIC SCIENCES
INTERNATIONAL DIALOGUE IN THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENT DIPLOMACY PROCESS
Bokhan A.
Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics Ph.D. (Economics), Associate Professor of the Department of international economy
Kyiv, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
The article deals with topical issues of forming marketing environment diplomacy process in aspects of dialogue and partnership in globalization of economic interaction space and inclusive green growth.
Keywords: environmental diplomacy, economic activity, competition format, ecologization international relations, partnership, inclusive green growth, progress
Introduction. The globalization of the economic relations of countries Changes the conditions for the life, prosperity and security of mankind. However, the role of the ecological imperative is growing in different dialogs of economic spaces (national, regional, international). New forms of management, entrepreneurship, cooperation and competition contribute to the achievements and scientific and technical progress, but also to political, economic and ecological character. The search for compromises, the resolution of conflicts or their anticipation actualizes the significance of diplomatic activity. The vectors of 21st century diplomacy are aimed at a wide range of public interests, integration into global markets, consolidation and partnership, safety, functioning of the green economy the formation of sustainable development.
Analysis of recent research and publications.
Scientific approaches in the study of environmental trends in diplomatic activities are diverse and cover different spheres and levels of development of society: politics, philosophy, economics, trade, commerce, energy, information, innovation, culture (A. Mazaraki [1], G. Kondratenko [2], N. Rogozhina [3], L. 0.Blaxekjsr [4], Cooper, A. F. [5], K. Dorsey [6], C. Rootes, E. Nulman [7]).
The aim of the objective is to define the role of development international dialogue in marketing environment diplomacy process as a premise to renew economic interaction format to achieve partnership and inclusive green growth.
Materials and Methods. According to the research objective the methods of complex analysis are applied in the article. Specific methods allow to determine guidelines in the marketing environment diplomacy, ways to the need of ecological safety, ecological liberalism, ecological expansionism, ecological confrontation. The informative base on this issue is a complex analysis of the renowned national and foreign scientists' investigation.
Results and Discussion. Modern environmental diplomacy evolves through the establishment of specific requirements for efficiency and constructiveness in international relations in updated coordinates - global sustainable development governance. Controversies could certainly emerge either regarding the definition of
«sustainable development» (SD) or the concept of «governance». Governance usually «refers to the managing, steering and guiding of public affairs by governing procedures and institutions in a democratic manner, especially in relation to public policy decision-making». Furthermore, «governance for SD» can be defined as «processes of socio-political governance oriented towards the attainment of sustainable development. It encompasses public debate, political decision-making, policy formation and implementation, and complex interactions among public authorities, private business and civil society - in so far as these relate to steering societal development along more sustainable lines». Global SD governance is, therefore, understood as organized action of institutions, organizations, communities and individuals taken in order to achieve SD objectives concerning issues that have international facets and global interests [8]. In this context, national governments and sub-national levels, intergovernmental and transnational bodies, businesses and industries, non-governmental and civil-society organizations, communities and individuals can have a stake in the promotion of SD through environmental diplomacy, process of change and policy of green grown transformation.
Over the last 40 years, a crucial role in global SD governance has been played by the United Nations (UN), especially through a series of international summits, conferences and diplomacy: these forums have undoubtedly shaped what today is referred as global SD governance. In the UN system, a high number of international institutions, organizations and bodies have been created over the last 40 years to foster global SD governance, and this is also why «the UN system for the promotion of SD penetrates into all areas of international governance». International environmental governance includes: international diplomacy, normative principles, environmental conventions and protocols, trade regimes, international financial institutes and systems, technology transfer and capacity enhancement, public / private partnership [9].
Policy «SD» is a challenge in new diplomacy: understanding, prosperity, peace and safety. Environmental diplomacy is a specific sector and international activities focused on preventive, constructive and progressive for-
mat of cooperation in improving the environment. Economic globalization increases dependence in trade, capital flows and migration necessitates the establishment of inclusive sustainable growth through environmental diplomacy ideological, strategic, integration and organizational levels.
But at present the interdependence of economic and ecological problems is directing competition into the spheres of economic activity rationalization and the optimization of resource-, techno-, and energy consumption. Thus, any environment with the limited resources contains the manifestation of active rivalry between economic entities. The competition between the economic entities and their functional environment changes the competition format according to the cybernetic and syn-
ergetic concepts of development [10]. Types of competition: forming, regulating, coordinating, developmental, active, passive, favoring, aggressive, criminal, shady.
As a result, there is the formation of international competition with the elements of internationalization and innovation of business-culture, cosmopolitanism of social values and guidelines, identification of risks of economic activity mental stereotypes, realization of environmental diplomacy - as responses to the new challenges, opportunities and threats of global, resource, ecological and other nature. Conditions of emergence for ecologi-zation international relations: aggregation, isolation, partnership, opposition, integration, escalation, cooperation, confrontation, facilities, threats. This format stimulates progress or regress in the development of so-
cieties (figure 1).
Conditions of emergence types of competition Isolation Opposi- Escala- Confrontation Threats
Aggregation**Partnership * Integration • Coopéra- • Facilities ..
Formation conditions of sustainable development
Ideology of international partnership Policy - - Growth - - Safety - - Progress - - Civilization
Culture Economy Society Ecology Innovation .. •------------------------------------------------------------------------------*
Spheres governance of sustainable development
Figure 1. Impulses to expand the space of environmental diplomacy (Author's elaboration)
For example, Inclusive green growth (IGG) offers the environment and society. Most green growth efforts a route out of multiple related crises - in the economy, to date have placed the economy and environment
front. Yet for green growth to really fulfil its promise, it also needs to focus on people - to tackle the poverty, inequality and exclusion that constrain both growth and environmental sustainability, and to gain broad societal support. Without this broader support, stand-alone
green growth projects and investments will not lead to real transformation. Bringing about real transformation towards IGG will require leadership and environmental diplomacy - to generate societal demand and to supply supportive governance reforms (figure 2) [11].
^ Policy Recommendations for the Inclusive Green Growth Transformation ^
1. Governance that is inclusive, nationally owned and transformative: multi-stakeholder dialogue and diagnosis - driving demand for IGG; government coordination and leadership - making the policy space for change; integrated governance frameworks - institutions becoming better linked and working together; international policy - development finance as a catalyst to wider change, combined with sustainable consumption and production in richer countries.
2. Strengthened livelihoods, rights, capital assets and empowerment for poor women and men: a participatory transition process owned by excluded and poor women and men themselves; poor and excluded groups' knowledge deployed and supported in IGG; local government's role in supporting poor women and men at the heart of effective IGG strategy; poor women and men's capital assets recognized, protected and strengthened - so that they can attract external capital at scale; informal labor and production markets recognized for green growth - and, where necessary, formalized in inclusive ways; natural resource rights and control secured for excluded and poor women and men; green growth technologies screened and promoted for how they benefit poor and excluded women and men.
3. Inclusive finance: reforms to financial markets start to drive investment in inclusive green growth; new commitments made to inclusive green growth by emerging market finance institutions; poor women and men come to be recognized among the wide range of investors required for the IGG transition; local government provides important channels for inclusive finance; microfinance, local funds and social protection schemes provide instruments for finance to reach those who need it most; financial mechanisms start to prioritize the informal economy and small, medium and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs)
4. Metrics for inclusive green growth: agreed metrics for inclusive green growth through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - improving decision makers' confidence to make changes; aligning multiple sustainable development (SD) with green growth (GG) metrics - ensuring consistency and clarity for IGG.
Figure 2. Dialogue, policy, diplomacy and green growth * *The Global Green Economy Index, GGEI2016
The parameters of inclusive green growth: • enabling policy and process: economic development planning (inclusive process, good governance); • economic development metrics (poverty reduction and inequality, social inclusion, social safety); • fiscal policy (tax, subsidy, public procurement, state and private sector banks lending); •sector policies (agriculture: particularly smallholders; energy: renewable, decentralized, community based; industry: greenjobs; housing: affordable); • social policies (social protection, education and training, green jobs, decent wage, transition planning); • natural assets (community management, PES1, REDD+2, Land rights).
As the flows across borders expand, the instruments and mechanisms used to manage them expand as well (figure 3). Since the late 20th century, an ever-increasing number of international and transnational efforts have been made to govern the activities, relationships, and behavior that transcend national frontiers. These efforts stem in part from the nature of today's global challenges such as climate, finance, and cross-border crime, ecological expansionism, ecological separatism, ecological voluntarism, ecological selections, ecological smuggling, ecological criminality - which require solutions that go beyond the traditional state model of regulation.
1 PES - payments for ecosystem services.
2 REDD+ reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
a. Average |de jure) capital account b. Multilateral treaties deposited with
openness across countries, ] 970-20 U the United Nations Secretary-General, 1904-2016
— Human rights — Environment — Other
Figure 3. Regulations and legal agreements have proliferated across borders
*
* World Development Report 2017
Unlike traditional international relations, these transnational efforts involve a broad array of actors - nation-states, multilateral organizations, private actors, and advocacy groups - and cover a wide range of issues -business transactions, labor, crime, information management, intellectual property, procurement, utility regulation, human rights, food and safety standards, and environmental sustainability [12].
Much of this proliferation of regulation has been in pursuit of further deregulation, as exemplified by the increasing de jure openness of capital accounts. Other regulations and treaties are intended to enhance coordination on issues of global importance. For example, more than 1,000 multilateral and 1,300 bilateral environmental agreements are now in place [13]. The formation and diffusion of this overlapping web of transnational rules mirror «World Development Report 2017» framework on a transnational level.
The nature and content of each regime are a product of contestation among multiple actors with varying incentives, preferences, and relative power. Transnational rules are institutionalized in some form of instrument,
from authoritative / binding legal instruments to non-binding declarations of norms and voluntary standards and regulatory regimes. These instruments perform the functions of commitment, coordination, or cooperation through various mechanisms, from coercion to socialization. They may directly target state governments, as do the European Union's fiscal and monetary rules or labor and tax standards aimed at avoiding a race to the bottom. What follows is a closer look at how transnational rules interact with the policy arena - specifically, (1) the rules that seek to achieve international cooperation on global goods by changing incentives; (2) the rules that help induce a credible commitment to domestic reform through trade and regional integration incentives; (3) the rules that serve as focal points for domestic actors to shift preferences and improve coordination to overcome collective action challenges [14].
The diplomacy practice of the concordance of countries economic and ecological interests in the sphere of green growth and ecological safety witnesses the attention accentuation on the following questions interstate competition on the world market and rankings country in the environmental performance (table 1).
Table 1.
Environmental Performance Index, 2016*_
Rank Country Score Ten-year Rank Country Score Ten-year
change change
1 Finland 90.68 -0.20% 21 Greece 85.81 5.07%
2 Iceland 90.51 1.49% 22 Latvia 85.71 2.22%
3 Sweden 90.43 1.81% 23 Lithuania 85.49 4.74%
4 Denmark 89.21 1.38% 24 Slovakia 85.42 4.66%
5 Slovenia 88.98 6.43% 25 Canada 85.06 2.93%
6 Spain 88.91 3.34% 26 USA 84.72 3.84%
7 Portugal 88.63 4.32%
8 Estonia 88.59 1.69% 44 Ukraine 79.69 5.11%
9 Malta 88.48 2.23% 49 Israel 78.14 0.22%
10 France 88.20 3.34% 60 Taiwan 74.88 8.87%
11 New Zealand 88.00 2.55% 67 Mexico 73.59 4.20%
12 United Kingdom 87.38 1.95% 80 South Korea 70,61 -0.31%
13 Australia 87.22 0.00% 87 Qatar 69.94 -1.04%
14 Singapore 87.04 -4.48% 92 UAE 69.35 -3.07%
15 Croatia 86.98 8.01% 95 Saudi Arabia 68.63 -2.96%
16 Switzerland 86.93 3.01% 99 Turkey 67.68 10.83%
17 Norway 86.64 0.60% 104 Egypt 66.45 3.91%
18 Austria 86.64 4.65% 107 Indonesia 65.55 1.17%
19 Ireland 86.60 -0.29% 109 China 65.10 1.32%
20 Luxemburg 86.58 0.46% 180 Somalia 27.66 0.87%
* Country Rankings Environmental Performance Index, 2016 Report. - URL: www.epi.yale.edu
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) ranks countries' performance on high-priority environmental issues in two areas: protection of human health and protection of ecosystems. Within these two policy objectives the EPI scores national performance in nine issue areas comprised of more than 20 indicators. EPI indicators measure country proximity to meeting internationally established targets or, in the absence of agreed targets, how nations compare to one another. The 20016 EPI's innovations have shaken up the rankings since the Index's previous iteration. Finland has taken the top spot, followed by Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, and Slovenia [15].
Conclusion. The development and specific functioning of environmental diplomacy are correlated with: the opportunities and challenges of globalization; modernization international relations; the needs of social and economic transformations for sustainable development; incentives for environmental cooperation and inclusive green growth; environmental monitoring of the market and competition; improvement of diplomatic institutions and their mobility etc.
References
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