CC BY
39
ISSN 1994-5094 ♦-
183 -♦
Tamara Mahmutovna Sadykova,
Doctor of Economics, professor, Head of Department of accounting, analysis of economic activity and audit, Saratov socio-economic Institute (branch) of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
Тамара Махмутовна Садыкова,
доктор экономических наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой бухгалтерского учета, анализа хозяйственной деятельности и аудита, Саратовский социально-экономический институт (филиал)
РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова
Nataliya Vladimirovna Predeus,
Doctor of Economics, associate professor, professor of Department of accounting, analysis of economic activity and audit, Saratov socio-economic Institute (branch) of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
Yuliya Vladimirovna Predeus,
Ph.D. in Economics,
associate Professor of Department of accounting, analysis of economic activity and audit? Saratov socio-economic Institute (branch) of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics,
УДК 657.3
Наталия Владимировна Предеус,
доктор экономических наук, доцент, профессор кафедры бухгалтерского учета, анализа хозяйственной деятельности и аудита, Саратовский социально-экономический институт (филиал)
РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова
predeusnv@yandex.ru
Юлия Владимировна Предеус,
кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры бухгалтерского учета, анализа хозяйственной деятельности и аудита, Саратовский социально-экономический институт (филиал)
РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова
ulia-predeus@mail.ru
INTERNAL CONTROL AS A WAY OF IDENTIFYING THE THREAT POINTS TO THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF A BUSINESS ENTITY
The article reveals the organic relationship between accounting and control, which is due to the continuity of the operational collection of primary information with access to the preparation of financial statements. Based on the principle of prudence, disclosed the procedure for substantiating the creation of estimated reserves and estimated liabilities in order to prevent the formation of hidden reserves. In the process of reflection of estimated liabilities and estimated reserves points of emergence of threats to economic security of the business entity are revealed. Stages of definition of location of emergence of threats of economic security of the business entity with their detailed characteristic are shown. A new coefficient for calculating the expected loss, which affects the determination of the level of decline or growth of profitability under a particular contract, is proposed. Improved calculation of absolute and current liquidity ratios by entering into the calculation of the indicator the amount of estimated liabilities, which will: determine the share of short-term debt estimated liabilities for repayment in cash or cash equivalents; determine the adequacy of funds to meet the estimated liabilities; determine the order of redistribution of financial flows; determine the expected cash flows due to changes in net assets. The use of the proposed indicators of economic security will significantly reduce the risks of loss of the stable state of the economic entity.
Keywords: economic security, internal control, indicators of economic security.
ВНУТРЕННИЙ КОНТРОЛЬ КАК СПОСОБ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ ТОЧЕК УГРОЗ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ СУБЪЕКТА БИЗНЕСА
В статье раскрыта органическая связь между учетом и контролем, которая обусловливается непрерывностью оперативного сбора первичной информации с выходом на составление бухгалтерской (финансовой) отчетности. Основываясь на принципе осмотрительности, авторы раскрывают порядок обоснования создания оценочных резервов и оценочных обязательств с целью недопущения формирования скрытых резервов. В процессе отражения оценочных обязательств и оценочных резервов выявлены точки возникновения угроз экономической безопасности субъекта бизнеса. Показаны этапы определения мест возникновения угроз экономической безопасности субъекта бизнеса с подробной их характеристикой. Предложен новый коэффициент расчета ожидаемой убыточности, влияющий на определение уровня падения или роста рентабельности по конкретному договору. Усовершенствован расчет коэффициентов абсолютной и текущей ликвидности путем ввода в расчет показателя суммы оценочных обязательств, что позволит определять долю краткосрочных долговых оценочных обязательств с целью их погашения денежными средствами или их эквивалентами, достаточность средств для погашения оценочных обязательств, порядок перераспределения финансовых потоков, ожидаемые денежные поступления в связи с изменением чистых активов. Использование предложенных коэффициентов экономической безопасности позволит существенно снизить риски потери стабильного состояния экономического субъекта.
Ключевые слова: экономическая безопасность, внутренний контроль, индикаторы экономической безопасности.
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BecmHUK Œ^y. 2018. № 4 (73) -♦
The need for continuous internal control is determined by the provisions of the Federal law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ 'About accounting'. Controlling ensures not only the safety of the economic entity's assets but identifies and mobilizes its reserves, also reveals the 'weaknesses' in the organization of the order of accounting information formation, which is an important factor in protecting against the impact of external and internal threats to the economic security of a business entity [1, p. 6].
Ensuring economic security of business entity is associated with the formation of entire and reliable accounting and control information in the reflection of its facts of economic life. It makes possible to achieve the financial stability and, as a consequence, ensures competitiveness.
An organic connection between accounting and control, their mutual penetration into each otherwhile ensuring economic security are conditioned to the fact that internal control is an integral part of the accounting process, since it is carried out continuously from the collection of primary information to the preparation of financial reports. Along with this internal control is carried out not only at the stage of registration of primary documents, but also at grouping and reflection of the facts of economic life on accounts, at generalization of the financial information in accounting registers and the financial reports. Beyond that, involves on the implementation of reconciliation of payments with debtors and creditors of the economic entity, coordination and correlation of planned and actual indicators, the correct reflection of losses and reserves in the accounting and financial reports [2].
It should be noted that the scientific studies of the theoretical problems of control are considered in isolation from economic security and are mainly aimed at the disclosure of essence of control, the consideration of which is also ambiguous. Especially it connected with complexity and diversity of relations and forms, which united by the concept of control.
In most scientific studies control is considered as:
- function, method or form of executive and administrative (managerial) activity of management, including service of economic security, and their heads;
- set of techniques and methods (or forms and methods) used by management;
- final stage of the management process;
- feedback form by which the management system receives the necessary information about the actual state of the managed object and the execution of management decisions;
- systemof monitoring and verifying the functioning of the managed object in order to identify deviations from the specified parameters.
Basically, the essence of control is to define it as a method or form of management. This interpretation is questionable, since management methods are commonly understood as methods of practical administrative, social or economic impact on the managed object by the subject of management. The form of management, in turn, is a way of expressing the external content of management activities by issuing various normative acts, regulations, instructions, orders. Therefore control cannot be reduced to a method or a form of management activity also because it is independent function of management, i.e. the special type of activity, which is characterized by a target orientation of economic security, uniformity of the contents and ways of its implementation.
Internal control is an integral part of the control as an element of the system of economic security, the state of which in the domestic and foreign literature is given considerable attention [3, p. 104].
On the basis of the conducted research and generalization of points of view on internal control as an element of the economic security management system can be presented in the following form (Fig. 1).
The internal control system that presented in the figure contains the following traditional elements: the object and the subject, the mechanism of the subject's influence on the object by means of controls.
The most common type of internal control of this group is the subsequent control. It is carried out after the recording of the facts of economic life. In the course of the subsequent control the revealed deviations are recorded, the causal connection is analyzed. This type of control does not aim at preventing illegal and economically impractical actions. Its task is to identify documents of poor quality according to the criteria of legality and expediency as well as to determine the degree of their impact on the reliability of the information summarized in various reports. Objects subsequent control is determined based on the verification tasks and efforts for their implementation.
Fig. 1. Points of view on internal control as an element of the economic security management system
ISSN 1994-5094 ♦-
185 -♦
In order to achieve proper implementation of internal control in business entity, it is necessary to apply the fundamental principles of accounting, including the prudence principle (concept) [4, p. 81]. Thus, one of the criteria of functioning of this principle is recognized distortion of accounting data. In particular, if economic entity assumes on creation of the estimate-dreserves (at doubtful debts, for account of currency fluctuations and prices of materials), then they should not be overstated or understated by the business entity. At the same time, the reservation process is characterized by uncertainty, which is leading to arise the threats to economic security. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the emergence points of the threats in the process of creating and reflecting estimated liabilities and estimated reserves. Studies have shown that the stages of determining the location of threats in the process of creating and reflecting estimated liabilities and estimated reservescan be represented by stages [5]:
- the first, where it is proposed to define economic situations that lead to inefficient diversion of current assets in the forming estimated liabilities and estimated reserves. In order of eliminating threats to economic security at this stage it's required to identify a situations whichis affecting on sufficiency of forming reserves and liabilities, that ensures the neutralization of the adverse effects through generated reserved cash flows in case of realization of the threats;
- the second are aimed at the calculation of the indicators characterizing the level of occurrence of threats in accounting in the reflection of estimated liabilities and the creation of estimated reserves in part of the recognition of doubtful debts and
- the third is related to the organization of internal control by comparing the actual results with the planned ones in order to identify the causes of deviations in the lack of backup coverage, which led to the emergence of the threats.
To detect the occurrence of threats on a specific fact of economic life, we propose to calculate the coefficients of the expected loss ratio, absolute and current liquidity ratio.
Thus, as for the expected loss ratio, this indicator is new and allows to evaluate the loss-making activity under the contract. Expected loss ratio allows to determine the level of decline or growth of profitability for management decisions on a particular contract [6, p. 102]:
R, =
el Rc
R, is the coefficient of the expected loss ratio; Lc is the amount of loss under a specific contract; Rc is the amount of revenue under a specific contract.
The following two ratios, which are widely used in the analysis of financial stability, we have improved by
introducing into the calculation of new indicators. Thus, the indicator "amount of estimated liabilities" was introduced into the denominator of absolute liquidity ratio and current liquidity ratio. This makes it possible to identify, in the first case, the share of short-term debt estimated liabilities that can be repaid from cash and cash equivalents, and, in the second case, the sufficiency of funds to cover the estimated liabilities.
Recording of improved coefficients is represented by the following formulas:
Ral -
CCE EL
Ral is the absolute liquidity ratio; CCE is the cash and cash equivalents; EL is the sum of the estimated liabilities.
Rd - EL'
Rd is the current liquidity ratio; A is the assets (balance sheet currency); EL is the sum of the estimated liabilities.
Because of the formation and use of estimated liabilities and estimated reserves, economic entity canre-distribute financial flows, which leads to a change in net assets, calculated taking into expected cash receipts. In addition of that, in order to determine the effectiveness of formed reserves and recognized liabilities, it is necessary to calculate the indicators characterizing the dynamics, structure and efficiency of their use.
Using indicators of economic security, as studies have shown, there is a significant reduction of risks, losses, and, at the same time, improve the quality and efficiency of economic activity of the business entity.
1. Sadykova T.M., Predeus Yu.V.,Tserpento D.P., Zolo-tareva E.V., Nikoryukin A.V. Formation of accounting and control information to ensure the economic security of business entity. Saratov: KUBiK, 2017.
2. Tserpento S.I., TserpentoD.P. Accounting theory: Part 1. Bases of formation of accounting information in the commercial organizations. Saratov: Saratov state socio-economic university, 2000.
3. Sadykova T.M., Predeus Yu.V. Economic threats in the financial, managerial and tax accountingin construction organizations // Vestnik of Saratov State Socio-Economic University. 2017. No. 2 (66). P. 104-108.
4. Predeus N.V. Methodological aspects of the use of accounting principles by subjects of investment and construction activity // Management of economic systems: scientific electronic journal. 2010. No. 4 (24). P. 81-86.
5. Tserpento S.I., Predeus N.V. Accounting in construction. Moscow. LLC KNORUS, 2016.
6. Predeus Yu.V. Accounting and analytical provision of economic security of construction business entities. Candidate Diss. [Accounting, statisticsCandidate Diss.]. Moscow, 2017.
