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INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONAL AND METABOLIC CONDITION OF THE LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS BORN AND LIVING IN ECOLOGICALLY UNFRIENDLY REGIONS OF SOUTH URAL
V.V. Ehrlich, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, [email protected], P.E. Luhanov, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, [email protected]
Objective: to test possible implementation of new training methods in training process of long-distance runners both in conditions of ecologically unfriendly Chelyabinsk megalopolis with multifactorial elements of risk for organisms of sportsmen and in conditions of therapeutic resort (Kislovodsk, Issyk Kul). Materials and methods: the research was conducted on noninvasive analyzer based on schemes of Japanese production, allowing to register 128 indicators of multifunctional and metabolic assessment of a state (the registration certificate No. FSZ 2008/02305). Findings: we found out such effective methods as concentrated development of local regional muscle endurance (LRME) and stepped adaptation in middle altitude. At two stages of pre-season period LRME was 50 % and 40 %, at pre-contest period - 30 %, at contest period - 20 %. Besides, before traveling to middle altitude region we performed functional testing with breath-holding both in rest and at limited running exercising. Conclusion: ecological factors in new residence conditions can cause deviation of physiological functions. Earlier we specified factors that have negative influence on psychophysiological potential and level of health. The phase analysis of adaptation process allows to define current state of athletes in preseason and contest periods (developing, forming, stabilizing phases, adaptation defect). The physiology of labor processes classified loadings by severity, and the sports physiology - by power influence on the athlete’s organism. Ergospirometric approach on the installations “SCHILLER”, “Oxykon Mobile” (Germany) allows to estimate physiological, hygienic elements of physical efficiency of the person.
Keywords: local regional muscular endurance, stepped adaptation, system of blood, electrolytes, water, fatty, lipid and protein exchanges, bio-elements, hormones, integrative activity of an organism, reference borders, norm, functional and metabolic state, health level.
Years of research (2010-2014) conducted by scientists form Centre of operational evaluation of man’s condition under the guidance of Professor A.P. Isaev resulted in articles and monographs on application of techniques developing LRME in conditions of plain and middle altitude [3, 4, 7]. We first tested the possibility of using new training technologies in the training process of long-distance runners (5000 and 10 000 meters) both in ecologically unfriendly conditions of Chelyabinsk megalopolis with multifactorial elements of risk for organisms of sportsmen and in conditions of therapeutic resort (Kislovodsk, Issyk Kul).
In 1957 the Mayak Production Association harmed 500 thousand people. In particular, there were 37 cases of leucosis per 17.20 thousand people. Radioactive decay products violated ecological balance in the South Ural region (river Techa, Asanovsky wetlands). Through EURT region atmosphere was exposed to pollution of total area 93 thousand sq. km. Total everlasting dose of 35 rem defines limits of decay with 90 Sr level that during first decade in region was de-
creasing by 2-5 % per year. Sr has a share of 90 % of all internal radiation. At that internal radiation doses increase in time [2].
Youths who show high achievements in sports come to study in SUSU. We should mention that in cities of Chelyabinsk region registered levels of atmospheric air pollution exceed MPC (xenobiotics, carbon oxides, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, ammonia) by 2-5 times. In towns of Verkhny Ufaley, Magnitogorsk and Ka-rabash MPC is exceeded by 10 times with three and more substances [2].
All this stipulates the necessity to organize ecological nutrition, to develop new food staples, to organize comprehensive ecological-valeological and demographic events.
Application of system-synergetic approach and self-organizing system with multiple fluctuations, which proved itself in physics, chemistry, biology (R. Fijneman, A.S. Bauer, V.N. Sadov-sky, N.A. Bernstein, P.K. Anahon, O.S Gott). Dose loads in sport contribute to the formation of psycho-physiological potential and level of health.
We examined athletes (n = 18) aged 19-23 (21.63 ± 1.60), who now are sub-masters of sports (n = 12) and masters of sports (n = 6) engaged in running for 6-8 years. Body length of the subjects was 181.33 ± 1.90 cm, weight - 67.96 ± ± 1.86 kg, body mass index - 20.46 ± 0.29 kg/m2, which is within the reference borders of normal nutritional status. The original heart rate varied, making 60.00 ± 1.20 per minute. Respiratory rate varied between 12.70 ± 0.42 cycles. The research was carried out at the final stage of the preparations for the summer season. Survey conditions met the physiological requirements of the experiment.
The obtained data on blood system state indicate that hemoglobin varied from 135.4 to 155.65 g/l. We marked out three groups of athletes with high (9 people), average (7 people) and low level of hemoglobin (2 people). Correspondingly to these indicators the values of erythrocytes changed, the averaging being 4.73 ± 0.58 * 1012. These figures varied within normal values. Indicators of red blood were more variable, especially hemoglobin values. It can be assumed that a number of sportsmen have higher oxygen transport and oxygenation functions providing human skeletal muscle functions.
Certain runners (n = 8) had relatively low parameters of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Working level of consumption O2 is connected with oxygen saturation of arterial blood, with the ability of hemoglobin to bind and release oxygen to the tissues.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of erythrocytes was 97.30 ± 8.34 fl and exceeded reference limits. It can be assumed that the athletes have increased erythrocyte aerobic performance. The average concentration of hemoglobin in a red blood cell was in the upper normal limits 310-350 g/l and was 343.00 ± 9.40 g/l. Color index of blood was 0.997 ± 0.16. Hematocrit values were 43.81 ± 2.88 % (35-49 %).
The combined assessment of the blood system runners indicates that significant changes in rates of white blood compared with reference values are not revealed.
The average amount of leukocytes was 7.14 ± 1.21 10E g/l. All indices except one were within limits of normal. The content of monocytes was 8.02 ± 0.25 %, which corresponds with the norm (3-11 %) for this index. Against this background, we observed increased number of monocytes in 16 % of the subjects (9.88 ± ± 0.99 %). Segmented neutrophils varied, making 53.16 ± 3.06 % which is within reference borders (47-72 %). High values in the eosinophils index
(4.04 ± 0.60 %) were registered, which indicates normal functional and neuroendocrine condition. Stab neutrophils values were 4.50 ± 1.08 %, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 5.98 ± 0.84 mm/h, which is within medium normal values. The platelet values varied, making 178.63 ± 17.05 * 10E3 (180-320 * 10E3). Prothrombin index was 78.93 ± 0.50 % (75-104 %) and was lower bound of the norm. Prothrombin index is associated with platelet-activating factor and belongs to the family of lipid bioregulators.
Activation of platelets leads to the release of serotonin, which is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates the reduction of smooth muscles. Platelet aggregation and narrowing of the arteries form conditions for blood clotting. The main biological process is chemotaxis stimulation, aggregation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and further superoxide radical production. The content of fibrinogen was 3.12 ± 0.20 g/l (2-4 g/l).
The most important factors of coagulation system are plasma kallikreins providing regulation of local and general blood circulation and vascular permeability. The result of this interaction is the blood clotting process taking more than 30 s from the beginning till the end. The platelets containing arachidonic acid and hematocrit play an important role for this time interval. We registered coagulation beginning in 71.00 ± 1.60 s (norm is 30-120 s) and ending in 124.18 ± 3.02 s (norm is 480-300 s).
Thus, completion rates for the clotting of the blood system were below reference borders. Therefore, blood viscosity was increased and led to stress functioning of myocardium. Calcium plays a key role in the processes of blood coagulation acting on intra- and extracellular levels while increasing its concentration inside the platelet and at linking blood coagulation factors with the vessel. Biomembranes have special ability to implement Ca-induced regulatory processes important in the integrative activity of the organism, including cell cycle, tissue proliferation, excitability of nerve and muscle cells, etc.
An important part of this process is hormone thyroxin which separates processes of oxidation and phosphorylation. That causes changes in consumption of O2 per kg. This parameter value is connected with activity of triiodothyronine the effect of which can be differentiated in descending order: the heart, gastric mucosa, liver, smooth muscles, kidneys, and diaphragm. Increasing activity of the triiodothyronine activity leads to increasing oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles.
Thus, aggregate interaction of ACTH, somatotropin (STH), kinin-kallikrein system is fol-
lowed by changes in plasma density and urine specific gravity. The change of pressure in capillary system leads to release of water into intercellular space, reduction of minute blood volume and increased deficit of circulating blood.
The quantitative content of the bio-elements in the organism of athletes varies depending on factors of physical activity, ecology, nutrition. We studied structural chemical elements present in the human body. For example, 57 % of iron is contained in hemoglobin, and up to 25 % of reserve in liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidney. Potassium is intracellular ion (98 %) that provides control of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction and maintains blood pressure homeostasis. Potassium requirement increases at mental and physical strain. Interaction of sodium and potassium plays an important role in cell isotonicity maintenance. Potassium is involved in regulation of acid-base balance in the body. Magnesium deficiency may cause distress manifestation due to breach of energy metabolism in the body (synthesis and use of ATP, activation of enzymes, regulation of the processes of myocardium excitation - contraction - relaxation, depression level decrease, cell restoration). Minerals are interrelated and are involved in the regulation of acid-base balance, competing with each other. Adjustment of potassium level is impossible at magnesium deficiency. The consistent increase in magnesium and then potassium has a positive result.
The content of iron was 15.47 ± 0.87 mmol/l (norm is 9.50-29.9 mmol/l) and influenced the oxygen transport function (transferrin) and the energy formation in the bodies of the runners. The values of phosphorus were 1.14 ± 0.08 mmol/l which is within reference borders. Such microelements as Ca (40 %), Mg, P (22 %) support nervous system functions, blood circulation, energy of motor activity (MA); they maintain acid-base balance and neuromuscular excitability. Concentration of Ca was 2.43 ± 0.24 mmol/l which exceeded the norm. Calcium regulation in the body is the result of the metabolism regulation of triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine, and creatine kinase muscle and heart. Mg concentration varied and made 0.84 ± 0.05 mmol/l which is within the reference borders. Mg is important for conductivity and contractility formation of muscles which are part of the vascular wall. Regulation occurs through activation of processes of creatine phospholyration of creatine phosphotase. Low rates of Mg (below 0.7 mmol/l) are characterized by presence of seizures, hyperactivity, asthenic conditions.
Na concentration was within normal limits and made 143.52 ± 0.71 mmol/l. Na concentration changes are connected with plasma electrical conductivity, which leads to venous pressure changes and may conduce to release of intercellular space electrolyte.
One of the sources of energy supply, maintenance of good physical health and life activity is water exchange. Water promotes detoxification, supplies body with bio-elements, affects the body through specific and nonspecific reactions. Blood consists of water by 94 %, the brain - by 85 %, skeletal muscle - by 73 %. In our research total water was 63.05 ± 2.71 %, cellular water was 39-42 %, extracellular water was 21-33 % (22.43 ± 0.14 %). Intestines perform the first water filtration, and liver provides detoxification and the second filtration. Purified blood passes through circulation and transfers nutrients to every cell and oxygen for skeletal muscle oxygenation.
According to modern literature, total water in men’s body varies from 50 to 70 %, intracellular water - 35-50 %, extracellular water -15-22 %, intercellular water - 10-18 %, plasma -3.5-4.5 %. The aggregate number of cations and anions determines the density of the plasma, which is associated with shifts of water exchange. Normal plasma density is 1048-1055 g/cm3, runners had 1052.00 ± 1.12 g/cm3. If plasma density is below 1046 g/cm3 the stability of blood pressure disrupts, the walking endurance decreases, and cramps may occur. In our research this parameter was within upper values of reference borders.
Within the lipid metabolism process we researched triglycerides, which were 1.16 ± 0.10 mmol/l (norm is 0.55-1.85 mmol/l). Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were 2.48 ± 0.17 mmol/l (norm is 2.35-2.43 mmol/l), very little density lipoproteins (VLDL) were 0.33 ± 0.02 mmol/l (norm is 0.20-0.52 mmol/l), high-density lipoproteins were 1.26 ± 0.20 mmol/l (norm is 0.781.74 mmol/l). Total cholesterol was 4.45 ± 0.16 mmol/l (norm is 3.11-6.48 mmol/l). Beta-lipoproteins varied, comprising 33.98 ± 1.18 mmol/l (norm is 17-55 mmol/l). Thus, the indices of lipid metabolism of runners ranged within physiological norm.
Glucose concentration was 4.65 ± 0.51 mmol/l (norm is 3.9-6.2 mmol/l), glycogen concentration was 14.73 ± 0.03 mg/% (norm is 11.7-20.6 mg/%). The main end product of protein metabolism is urea. Changes in the urea levels correlate with exchange of amino acids (arginine and gluta-
mine) and occur on the background of various degrees of exhaustion.
The increase in the number of urea is accompanied by increase in creatinine. System of creatinine phosphokinase in combination with sodium and potassium are involved in energy support of the process of active transport of ions through cell membranes.
Concentration of plasma protein was 72.06 ± 0.82 micromole/l (norm is 60.00-85.00 micromole/l), and creatinine was 93.94 ± 4.95 micromole/l (norm is 56-123 micromole/l). The content of urea was 7.48 ± 0.42 mmol/l-1 (norm is 2.70-8.20 mmol/l), CPK 558.67 ± 24.98 IU.
These data suggest that urea concentration was in upper normal limits. We can assume that this is due to large training loads (LTL) and enhanced protein synthesis. Elevated levels of CPK give an indication that activity of CPK in myocardium and skeletal muscles defines aerobic duration and rate of energy production. A large variability was observed in enzyme components of enzyme activity.
The enzyme activity indices were AST -40.55 ± 3.02 H u/l (8-40 units), ALT - 37.17 ± ± 2.29 H u/l (5-30 units) respectively. De Ritis ratio (AST/ALT ratio) was 1.09 ± 0.23 at the normal rate of 1.33 ± 0.42 units. Metabolism and energy of runners depend on these enzymes. They catalyze intermolecular transport of amino groups between amino acids and keto acids.
Interactions of these transfers result in formation of oxaloacetic, racemic and glutamic acid. Increased activity of aminotransferase, especially of AST, is observed at myocardium overload, ALT activity is increased at infectious hepatitis.
Produced amino acids (such as glutamic) regulate metabolism, influence concentration of electrolyte ions and are used for neutralization of acid equivalents and their removal with urine. In conditions accompanied by glutamic acid deficit compensatory mechanisms of the body are not able to prevent changes in concentration of hydrogen ions, which leads to «slacking» of the acid-base balance [5].
Hormones show high biological activity, providing a regulatory effect on metabolism. Indices of cortisol (C) exceeded normal values by 15 % and amounted 880.16 ± 43.49 ml per 5 l of blood. Indices of cortisol in mean values were 457.51 ± 22.16 nmol/l. Cortisol is involved in neuromuscular conduction. In regulation of cortisol exchange a significant role belongs to gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and kidneys. Indices of tyrosine were 0.07 ± 0.001 micromole (norm is
0.044-0.0072).
The elevated levels indicated to the activation of protein synthesis due to the prevalence of aerobic motor activity (MA). The testosterone indices were within lower reference borders and amounted 21.90 ± 1.75 ml per 5 l of blood (norm is 20-40 mg per 5 l). It may be connected with specifics of applied MA. Acetylcholine indices that affect muscle contractility were 262.22 ± 1.41 Pg/ml, tyrosine indices were 1.70 ± 0.21 nmol/l.
It can be assumed that applied load of the final preparation stage caused certain tension of neuroendocrine system.
Thus, results of runners’ examination before the summer contest season in the conditions of long-term concentrated LRME (3 months at a special-preparatory stage, including mesocycle of interference of physical qualities to motor skills) in conditions of plain and middle altitude revealed mostly normal physiological parameter values that allow to change for impact loads according to competitive activity objectives.
The correlation analysis was performed for the indices of MA volume, second and third areas of power and energy, glycogen and triglycerides respectively. It was revealed that connections in reverse directions were 0.62 and 0.69 (p < 0.01).
We can assume that increase in volume of a given power leads to depletion of energy resources long-term expendability. Aerobic synthesis of ATP comes first along with consumption of glucose, the reserves of which are limited in time.
Long-term load with aerobic orientation are characterized by use of long existing energy sources. Triglycerides provide energy for the body, their splitting leads to formation of free fatty acids (FFA), which enter the intestine. Pancreatic impact of lipase splits fatty acids with formation of monoglycerides.
The efficiency of technologies application was being tested for almost two years [6]. 15 masters of sports, 2 masters of sports of international class were trained in running disciplines and athletics, including the world champion in steeplechase for women (E. Bukina), who is prize winner of European championships and is the 4th in the world (coaches are V.B. Ezhov, N.I. Golu-benkov). The state of health of the examined athletes was within normal range.
The correlation between MA indicators and hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.62; p < 0.01) which provides the aerobic capacity of the organism was also registered.
Applied load develop LRME with peak values that are in the range of oxidation and me-
tabolic transition limited with values of aerobic and anaerobic threshold. Respiratory providing of MA is determined with red blood system, external and tissue respiration with the inclusion of mitochondria skeletal muscles. In this connection there was a necessity to find out temporal characteristics of stable states, transients and “acidification” influencing the change of parameters of power, capacity, and efficiency of metabolic processes.
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism interact in various tissues. At that, important matter is saving of glucose at the expense of other substrates. Ketone bodies and FFA save glucose in muscles. They inhibit oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, phosphofructokinase. The cumulative effect of saving glucose in muscle and myocardium, the effect of inhibiting the mobilization of FFA in adipose tissue is known as “glucose-fatty acid cycle”. Aerobic performance depends on the reserves of glycogen in muscles and liver, the protein content of sarcoplasm and myoglobin, which significantly increases the number of mitochondria and their area. Glucose indices in all the athletes were 4.65 ± 0.78 micromole/l (norm is 3.90-6.20 micromole/l). Glucose is the most important component of the blood and shows the state of carbohydrate metabolism.
Correlation between applied volume of loadings and glucose was 0.52 (p < 0.05). Backup energy substrate is glycogen in liver and muscles creating a reserve for long-term MA. Glucocorticoids protect of muscle glycogen from destruction through glucose production, and thyroxine accelerates glucose absorption in the intestine. Glucose is one of the main suppliers of O2 to the cell, i.e. its level is associated with production and release of CO2 in the body. The rate of CO2 production is associated with metabolism and consumption of O2 by the body. This process is influenced by pH of the medium and the value of lactic acid (predecessor of racemic acid). Amino acid, lactic acid and glycerin are involved in glucose production. Concentration of hydrogen protons involved in tissue respiration determines energy delivery through mitochondria with blood that moves transfers O2 to the cell and CO2 emissions from the cell. Combination of hormones provides consumption regulation due to oxidation of lipids.
Of all the athletes (n = 18) examined at the “SCHILLER” plant (Switzerland), with a 4-stage ergospirometric trial with capacity of 60, 120, 180, 260 watts and 60 rpm (each trial lasted for 3 min) 75 % of runners showed high resistance to
hypoxia. Anaerobic threshold (AnT) occurred in 8-10 min of the workload, and 25 % of runners demonstrated average resistance to hypoxia. AnT came in the range of 6-8 min of the workload on the 3rd-4th stages. Interaction of oxidative and preoxidative processes determines the range of respiratory exchange ratio, which varied from 0.8 to 1.50 units at speed functional trial.
Crossing of consumed O2 and released CO2 can lead to severe breath activity, and that is synergy effect of these two factors. Studies show that the combined assessment of the integrative activity of runners’ organisms at use of concentrated LRME development indicates physiological readiness for LTL competitive training period. Integrative activity of athletes’ organisms from enzymatic activity and their interrelation with bio-elements-activators.
We observed average closeness of the connection between AST isoenzymes and magnesium and potassium respectively (r = 0.45; 0.49; p < 0,05). At the same time closeness of the workload volume and concentration of plasma protein was average (r = 0.35).
However, determination of protein in blood plasma is essential in the diagnostic purposes. Protein catabolism occurs in endothelial capillaries and system of functional phagocytes-mono-cytes after absorbing proteins by pinocytosis.
Concentration of total protein in blood plasma is influenced by dehydration due to LTL, the impact of middle altitude factors. It should be noted that lipids are transported in the blood together with proteins. At that, triglycerides along with fatty acids are key sources of energy. In the system of energy supply carbohydrate metabolism is very important. However, the reserves of glycogen in muscles are spent in one or two hours of intense MA. Concentration and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is connected with hormones, hydrogen ions affecting the contractile activity of muscles. Re-synthesis of cellular structures of muscles requires a longer time to restore energy structures. Process of adaptive-compensatory effects and over-restoration of enzymatic and structural proteins restores synthesis.
Athlete of the future who receives information about the state of health and the body condition must use “Total Wellness” technologies which are developed for certain kind of sports and consider energy costs and structural changes of conjunctive tissues as well as environmental factors such as place of residence and migration [6].
Training and competitions held in different
natural-climatic zones increase requirements for the organism of the athlete, which makes the inclusion of adaptive-compensatory processes of homeostasis maintenance particularly important. Special requirements for the organism of the athlete include acclimatization conditions, causing additional stress and possible risk factors for the body condition.
In conditions of industrial megalopolis with the presence of xenobiotics in the air, high content of CO2, exceeded MPC (maximum permissible concentration) by a number of indicators on the background of high stress, especially in auxological period of development lead to different kinds of violations and damage in the body. These processes are exacerbated by dysregulation of biorhythms, temperature changes, humidity, radiational factors and tension of system regu-
lating integrative processes of the organism of athletes.
Ecological factors in new residence conditions can cause deviation of physiological functions. Earlier we specified factors that have negative influence on psychophysiological potential and level of health [2]. The phase analysis of adaptation process allows to define current state of athletes in pre-season and contest periods (developing, forming, stabilizing phases, adaptation defect).
The physiology of labor processes classified loadings by severity, and the sports physiology -by power influence on the athlete’s organism.
Ergospirometric approach on the installations “SCHILLER”, “Oxykon Mobile” (Germany) allows to estimate physiological, hygienic elements of physical efficiency of the person.
References
1. Epishev V.V., Isaev A.P. [System of the Intellectual Analysis of These Physiological Researches in an Elite Sport]. Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computational mathematics and software engineering, 2013, iss. 1, no.1, pp. 22-28. (in Russ.)
2. Isaev A.P., Fomin N.A. Ekologicheskie i demograficheskie problemy ural'skogo regiona i puti ikh resheniya [Environmental and Demographic Problems of the Ural Region and Way of Their Decision]. Chelyabinsk, URALGAFK Publ., 1997. 80 p.
3. Isaev A.P., Erklich V.V. Polifunktsional'naya mobil'nost' i variabel'nost' organizma sportsme-nov olimpiyskogo rezerva v sisteme mnogoletney podgotovki [Multifunctional Mobility and Variability of an Organism of Athletes of the Olympic Reserve in System of Long-term Preparation]. Chelyabinsk, South Ural St. Univ. Publ., 2010. 520 p.
4. Isaev A.P., Ezhov V.B., Kravchenko A.A. [Strategy of a Konstruktirovaniye of Sports Preparation for Socially Significant Competitions]. Psikhologo-pedagogicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoy kul'tury, sporta, turizma i olimpizma. Innovatsii i perspektivy razvitiya. Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii [Materials of Inter Scientific Conferences. Psychology and Pedagogical and Medicobiological Problems of Physical Culture, Sports, Tourism and Olympism. Innovations and Development Prospects], 2011, pp. 25-28. (in Russ.)
5. Isaev A.P., Aminov A.S., Erklich V.V., Khusainova U.B., Mamatov E.E. [Age and Sports and Qualification Kardiopulmonalny and Spectral Characteristics of Athletes of the Cyclic Sports Developing Endurance]. Nauka i sport [Science and sports], 2013, no.1, pp. 96-106. (in Russ.)
6. Isaev A.P., Erklich V.V. Sport i srednegor'e. Modelirovanie adaptivnykh sostoyaniy sportsme-nov [Sports and middle mountains. Modeling of adaptive conditions of athletes]. Chelyabinsk, South Ural St. Univ. Publ., 2013. 423 p.
7. Isaev A.P., Erklich V.V., Korolkov V.V. Sistemno-sinergeticheskie integratsii samoregulyatsii gomeostaza i fizicheskoy rabotosposobnosti v sporte [System and Synergetic Integration of Self-control of a Homeostasis and Physical Working Capacity in Sports]. Chelyabinsk, South Ural St. Univ. Publ., 2012. 266 p.
Received 20 March 2014
Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series “Education, Healthcare Service, Physical Education” _________________________________2014, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 35-41
УДК 796.422.16 (470.55/58)
ИНТЕГРАЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО И МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ БЕГУНОВ НА ДЛИННЫЕ ДИСТАНЦИИ, РОЖДЕННЫХ И ПРОЖИВАЮЩИХ В ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ НЕБЛАГОПОЛУЧНЫХ РЕГИОНАХ ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА
В.В. Эрлих, П.Е. Люханов
Цель - апробирование возможностей применения новых технологий подготовки в тренировочном процессе бегунов на длинные дистанции (5000 и 10 000 м) как в условиях экологически неблагополучного мегаполиса г. Челябинска с многофакторными звеньями риска для организма спортсменов, так и в условиях санаторнокурортной зоны (Кисловодск, Иссык-Куль). Настоящее исследование проводилось на неинвазивном анализаторе, базируемом на схемах японского производства, позволяющем регистрировать 128 показателей полифункциональной и метаболической оценки состояния (регистрационное удостоверение №ФСЗ 2008/02305). К числу эффективных методов нами отнесены, развиваемая концентрированно локальнорегиональная мышечная выносливость (ЛРМВ) и ступенчатая адаптация в среднегорье. На двух этапах подготовительного периода ЛРМВ составляла 50 и 40 % на предсоревновательном этапе 30 % на соревновательном этапе 20 %, кроме этого перед поездкой в среднегорье применялись функциональные пробы с задержкой дыхания как в состоянии покоя, так и при выполнении дозированных беговых упражнений. Экологические факторы в новых условиях пребывания могут вызвать расшатывание физиологических функций. Раньше нами указывались факторы, влияющие негативно на психофизиологический потенциал и уровень здоровья. Фазовый анализ процесса адаптации позволяет определить текущее состояние спортсменов в подготовительной и соревновательный периоды (развивающая, формирующая, стабилизирующая фазы, нарушение адаптации). Физиология трудовых процессов классифицировала нагрузки по степени тяжести, а физиология спорта по мощности воздействует на организм спортсмена. Эргоспирометрический подход на установках SCHILLER, Охукоп Mobile (ФРГ) позволяет оценивать физиологические, гигиенические звенья физической работоспособности человека.
Ключевые слова: локально-региональная мышечная выносливость, ступенчатая адаптация, система крови, электролитов, водного, жирового, липидного и белкового обменов, биоэлементов, гормонов, интегративная деятельность организма, референтные границы, норма, функциональное и метаболическое состояние, уровень здоровья.
Эрлих Вадим Викторович, кандидат биологических наук, доцент, директор Института спорта, туризма и сервиса, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), [email protected].
Люханов Павел Евгеньевич, аспирант кафедры технологий спорта и системного анализа, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, (Челябинск), [email protected].
Поступила в редакцию 20 марта 2014 г.
