INNOVATIVE SOLUTION OF MAPPING PROCESS OF ACCIDENT SITE Текст научной статьи по специальности «Строительство и архитектура»

НАУКИ О ЗЕМЛЕ

Kulikovska O. Y.

Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor State Higher Educational Institution "Kryvyi Rih National University "

Atamanenko Y. Y. Research fellow of

Donetsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine

Kopayhora O. K.

Assistant Professor at the Department of higher mathematics and information systems Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky

INNOVATIVE SOLUTION OF MAPPING PROCESS OF ACCIDENT SITE

Abstract. This article presents theoretical justification of the methodological foundations for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and GIS technologies during registration and mapping of road accidents. A technological scheme for registering road accidents was created; a structural and functional model of the portal "Information and Analytical Center for RTA Monitoring" was developed and implemented, which allows the full use of aerial photographs of an unmanned aerial vehicle to improve the efficiency of mapping technology of road traffic accidents.

Key words: road accident, technological scheme, geoinformation technology, web portal, registration, mapping.

Problem statement. The relevance of the chosen topic is explained by the social and economic significance of the tasks of increasing the accuracy, efficiency and complexity of registration the place, conditions, causes and consequences of road traffic accidents (RTA), the number of which has recently increased with the growth of motorization in the country. The quality of data on RTA affects not only the quality of administrative and legal decisions regarding RTA participants, but also the analysis quality of the causes of accidents, the determination of places of RTA concentration and the engineering solutions making in order to improve traffic management schemes.

A brief review of publications on the subject. It should be noted that the problems of creating a geoin-formation system and the tasks of photogrammetric processing of aerial photographs of this article were the subject of study of such scientists as V. Glotov [1], S. Derekh [2], Y. Karpynskyi [3], V. Katushkov [4], P. Krelshtein [5], A. Lanovyi [6], A. Liashchenko [7], A. Salamanov [8] and others.

Identifying of previously unresolved parts of the general problem. Despite the existence of a significant theoretical basis on the research question, in the domestic scientific practice there are still no fundamental studies on the automation of the process of registration and mapping of accidents based on geoinformation technology using unmanned aerial vehicles.

The goal. The purpose of this research is to improve the efficiency, operability and quality of registration and mapping of road traffic accidents in modern

conditions based on the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and GIS technologies.

Results and discussions. The use of UAVs for mapping purposes has great potential in comparison with alternative land geodetic and topographic methods, and therefore they are increasingly used in geodetic and cartographic production, especially work that involves regulatory compliance. Unmanned vehicles with a digital camera make it possible to obtain cartographic products, the quality of which depends on the processing methods.

One of the leading companies that produce UAVs for aerial photography is DJI, which is known for the quality of its products and the high level of innovative-ness of its platforms [9]. To study the developed geo-information technology of RTA registration and mapping the model Phantom 3 Professional was used.

The developed technological scheme of RTA registration and mapping is shown in Fig. 1.

The police inspector, who is a member of the police patrol department of RTA documenting, before starting the RTA registering using a UAV must to:

1) be trained on special UAV Management courses;

2) familiarize himself with the technology of registration and mapping of accidents with the help of UAV;

3) study in detail the recommendations on the choice of altitude for the registration of accidents and parameters related to the use of UAVs during various weather conditions.

Fig. 1. Technological scheme of RTA registration and mapping.

The police patrol car should be ensured with: a quadrocopter with a camera resolution of 4K; a tablet and a portable printer; paper; pen and USB cable.

At the RTA scene, the inspector performs an accident registration according to the proposed scenario for recording RTA using a UAV (Figure 2).

Police inspector examines the attached situation of the place of the road accident site

Inspector uploads materials on the

web portal "Information and Analytical Center for RTA Monitoring"

Selects the optimal

survey height in accordance with the recommendations

Implementing the model setting for the flight in accordance with the instructions

v

r

Launches model over

the location of the accident concentration on selected fixed height

I

RTA participants move cars that were involved in road accident from the roadway

I

Inspector processes aerial photographs on a web portal

Saves the processed aerial photographs in the database of the web-portal in pdfformat

Assesses the attached situation on the screen of the monitor and, in case of meeting the regulatory requirements, performs digital aerial surveys

RTA participants are provided with printed

documents. After studying them, if there are no objections from both sides, the documents are signed by the RTA participants and the

inspector who documented the road accident

Fig. 2. Scenario for RTA registration with the use of UAV

Ul

In order to register RTA and obtain a report, the The source address of the "Information and ana-

inspector must process the resulting RTA digital mate- lytical center for RTA monitoring" web portal (IAC for

rials on a computer device that has a downloaded web RTA monitoring) - DTP-BPLA.dp.ua (Fig. 3). portal or has an Internet access.

Fig. 3. Main page of the web portal "IAC for RTA monitoring

The process of processing an aerial photograph begins with the click on "Add an aerial photograph" subsection (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Window of the command "Add an aerial photograph "

As a result, a window is opened (Figure 5), in which you should click on "Select file" and chose the required RTA aerial photograph (Figure 6).

Fig. 5. "Add an aerial photograph " window

Fig. 6. Window of the process of choosing RTA aerial photograph

When uploading digital aerial photographs, the (length), wp = 540 pixel (width), preserving the aspect size of the photograph changes to lp = 960 pixel ratio (^ = — = 1,77) (fig. 7).

Fig. 7. An example of an aerial photograph prepared on a web portal for processing

Distance between given points 1 and 2 with coordinates (1(X1, Y1); 2(X2, Y2)), which has to be shown on the aerial photograph is calculated by the formula in pixel

5 = J(X2-XI)2 + (Y2-YI)2. (1)

Subsequently, the algorithm of the program allows you to automatically convert the pixel of the adapted digital aerial photograph into the meters of the terrain area. To achieve the task, you have to enter the height of the survey, and then the program calculates the length lM and width wM (in meters) of the area, which is captured in the digital image.

2 •H

wM =

* a ■tg 2

1,77

(3)

Where a - field-of-view angle of the camera, H -UAV flight altitude.

In order to find the scale m, that is, the number of pixel per meter, the program compares the length and width (in pixel) with the corresponding values in meters and finds the average value of two results.

( ip+^p)

( lu WM)

lu = 2

H

t32 ■

m =K M ^ (4)

In this case, 1 meter of the terrain area corresponds (2) to 12.77 pixels of the adapted digital aerial photograph (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Window of the flight altitude entry process

The following is an example of the program determines the scale m and the area of covered territory S in a digital aerial photograph.

Let's assume that the flight height of the UAV over the accident site is H = 20 m, a is the field-of-view angle of the camera (94 °), then

94°

lu = 2

20 •tg-= 42,88 m,

2

w„ =

94°

2 • 20 • tg^~

m =

1,77 42,88 + 24,23)

= 24,23 m,

4 • 202

S =

2

+ 2 (94°\

1,77

= 22,34 m,

1039 m2

Thus, after processing the digital aerial photograph obtained as a result of aerial survey from the flight altitude of the UAV H = 20 m, the following parameters of the surveyed area were obtained: the length

of the area lM =42.88 m; width wM = 24.23 m; 1 meter long terrain corresponds to 22.34 pixel of adapted digital aerial photograph; 1039 m2 covered the UAV at a given survey altitude.

On the downloaded aerial photograph, after the completion of above actions, starts the process of plotting the distances, which in accordance with the requirements [10] must necessarily be reflected on the created RTA scheme. To do this, you need to click once at the beginning of the distance: one point appears in the digital picture, press a second time (in another place, namely at the end of the distance) than the second point is fixed. So, for the two obtained points in the aerial photograph, the distance in meters is calculated and displayed.

After processing the aerial photograph you need to "Save" it. Thus, a scheme is created for the accident site with the calculated and plotted distances to the aerial photograph (Fig. 9).

a

Fig. 9. Window of the processed aerial photograph of the accident site

The result of the road accident recording on a web and the cartographic materials of the accident site. The portal is documentation of a registered RTA, which in- report on the road traffic accident corresponds to the eludes the personal materials of the RTA participants "Europrotocol" form (Fig. 10).

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Правите та ¡м'я: Зайцев Вадим АндМович

Адреса: Ствдружносп34/3

Пои то вии ¡ндекс: 50042

Телефон: 0634679000

Страхова кемпашя (див. сертнф!кат страхування)

Назва ком пани: ВУСО

номер пол icy: АН/6787554

Сертиф1кат або "зелена картка" д1йсн1 з; J ЖОВТНЯ 2015 р.

Сертиф1кат а&о "зелена картка' дшеьн до; J жовтня 2016 р.

Агенство (або бюро, або брокер): агенство

Fig. 10. Protocol of registered RTA

The model of the web portal "Information and Analytical Center for RTA Monitoring " was developed on the basis of the PHP Framework software platform, namely the version - Yii Framework 1.1.16 and has a tree structure.

The main used languages are HTML, CSS, Javascript and PHP [11]. HTML was applied to markup a document (page), namely to write in order all elements (text, pictures, blocks) that are on this page. CSS was used to implement the design of these elements: color, background, sizes, indents, frames, shadows, transparency, and the like. Similarly, in CSS, the positioning is written, that is, the place of the elements on the page has been determined, animation, namely, some mobility, which with the development of IT technologies acquires more and more opportunities. Javascript has added very interesting features (comments, password), and much more that is related to the appearance and functionality of the web portal. PHP was used to write applications (website engines, plugins and themes).

To work with a web portal, you need a web browser of one of the versions:

■ Google Chrome 24 and higher;

■ Internet Explorer 9 and higher;

■ Opera 12 and higher;

■ Mozilla FireFox 17 and higher.

The mechanism of depicting points on the RTA aerial photograph with a UAV and the calculation of distances between them is implemented in Javascript and JQuery. The choice of jQuery - JavaScript Framework, is due to the ease of understanding and convenience in use [12, 13].

JQuery is the most popular library of ready-made solutions that focuses on the interaction of JavaScript and HTML [14]. The jQuery library has made it easy to access any DOM element, access the attributes and contents of DOM elements, and manipulate them.

Also, the jQuery library provided a convenient API for working with AJAX. In order to implement some action or effect on the page, it is not necessary to write the whole code, it is enough to make a short request to the library and the necessary code will be inserted in the specified place, at the time of the solution implementation.

Fig. 11 shows the codes of the mechanism of web portal operation "Information and Analytical Center for RTA Monitoring" when processing the aerial photograph of accidents.

functional calculate (h) { if (!$.isNumeric(h)) { alert ('The height must be a number, an integer or a decimal with a point!'); return false; } scale=(((canvas. width/(tan*h))+(can-vas.height/((tan*h)/1.77)))/2.toFixed(2); marked=1/scale; $('#state').html('span style=\"font-size:16px;\"Scale:</b></span>'); }

1. File code, with which the scale is determined

point_b = [e.layerX, e.layerY]; line len = Math.sqrt(Math.pow((point b[0] - point a[0]), 2) +

(Math.pow((point_b[1]-point_a[1]), 2))); ctx. beginPath(); 2. The principle of constructing a segment

marked=1/line_len; marked=marked. toFixed(3);

(line_len = Math.sqrt(Math.pow((point_b[0] - point_a[0]), 2) + (Math.pow((point b[1] - point a[1]), 2)));). 3. The length of a segment is calculated by coordinates

4. The center of the segment it-

(cent_line['x'] = (point_a[0] + point_b[0]) /2; cent_line['y'] = (point a[1] + point b[1]) /2;). self is calculated to output from this point an inscription with a

calculated length

(rot_angle = Math.atan((point_b[1] -point_a[1]) /(point_b[0] -point_a[0])).toFixed(2);). 5. The slope angle of the segment and the text with the length of this segment is calculated

6. Amends are introduced in cal-

(line meter = line len.toFixed(2)*marked + 0.05;). culating the distance due to the

wheel axis

Fig. 11. Code files of the mechanism of web portal operation

The edited image (with distances segments plotted geospatial database, implemented on the basis of the on it) is saved in a separate directory and is attached to MySQL DBMS [15] and supports the relational data the corresponding road accident due to a record in the model.

Conclusions and suggestions. It can be argued that the developed geoinformation support of the web portal "Information and Analytical Center for RTA Monitoring" is intended for collecting, recording, mapping, generating and issuing relevant documentation on the state of the accident site.

Application of this innovative solution to the process of registration and mapping of RTA allows solving a number of issues related to the process of registration and mapping of RTA, namely: the problem of traffic jams will be solved; the process of RTA registration will be automated; the accuracy and reliability of the created schemes of the accident site will be increased; the number of disputable issues will decrease; the received materials could be used for other purposes (making motivated decisions on court cases, implementation of reasoned payments by insurance companies), and accordingly the corruption component will be decreased. Thus, the collecting and scientifically based processing of information makes it possible to assess the overall state of accident rate not only in certain administrative regions, but also in Ukraine as a whole.

Reference

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2. Derekh Z. D. Thesis. Development of methodical bases of geoinformation mapping and RTA analysis / Z. D. Derekh // Kiev National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture. - Kiev. - 2001.

3. Karpinskyi Y. O. From the cartographic production infrastructure to the geospatial data infrastructure [Text] / Y. O. Karpinskyi, A. A. Liashchenko // Collection of scientific works "Development of the thematic component of the geospatial data infrastructure in Ukraine". - 2011. - P. 39-61.

4. Katushkov V. O. The general case of surveying for compiling frontal digital models / A. Katushkov

// Bulletin of Geodesy and Cartography. - 2008. - №4.

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5. Krelshtein P. D. Technology of mapping and monitoring using light aerial vehicles: Thesis abstract of PhD. - Kiev, 2009. - 16 p.

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8. Salmanova O. Y. Thesis. Administrative and legal means of ensuring the road safety by the police / O. Y. Salmanova // National University of Internal Affairs. - Kharkiv. - 2002.

9. DJI Phantom 3: mmproved Phantom 2 with 4K camera [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http ://quadrocoptery. ru.

10. Resolution of the Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine No. 1395 of 07.11.2015. On approval of the Instruction on Administrative Offenses in the Sphere of Ensuring Road Safety, that was fixed not automatically.

11. Nixon R. "We create dynamic websites using PHP, MySQL, JavaScript and CSS." - St. Petersburg.

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13. David Flanagan. "JavaScript. A detailed guide". - Trans. from eng. - St. Pb: Symbol - plus. -2013. - 119 p.

14. Petzold Charles, Esposito Dino "Programming for Microsoft Windows 8. Build Windows 8 Apps with HTML5 and JavaScript (set of 2 books)". - St. Petersburg. - 2014. - 492 c.

15. Benken E. "PHP, MySQL, XML. Programming for the Internet". - BHW- Petersburg. - 2013. -352 p.

Глушанкова Н.И.

Доктор географических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник

МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова

ПАЛЕОПЕДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ ЛЁССОВОГО НЕОПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНА ВОСТОЧНОЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ РАВНИНЫ

Glushankova N.I.

Lomonosow Moscow State University, Russia

PALEOPEDOLOGICHESKY ASPECT OF THE LOESSIAL NEOPLEISTOCENE OF THE EAST

EUROPEAN PLAIN

Аннотация

В результате комплексных междисциплинарных исследований, с применением методов четвертичной геологии, палеогеографии и генетического почвоведения, проведено ритмоклиматическое обоснование стратиграфического расчленения новейших отложений и выполнены палеогеографические реконструкции почвенного покрова и природной среды на протяжении от раннего неоплейстоцена до голоцена на значительной территории Восточно-Европейской равнины.

Abstract

As a result of complex interdisciplinary researches with use of methods of