CC BY
11ЭНЕРГО- И РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕЖЕНИЕ
УДК 633.877:630*164.8:631.53.027.34
INNOVATIVE ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGY OF IRRADIATION OF SEEDS OF CONIFEROUS TREES
ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИ ОБЛУЧЕНИИ СЕМЯН ХВОЙНЫХ КУЛЬТУР
N.P. Kondrateva1, M.G. Krasnolutskaya2, N.V. Dukhtanova1, N.V.
Obolensky3
1Federal State Budget-funded Educational Institution of Higher Education Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy, Izhevsk, Russia 2Non-state educational institution of additional professional education "Educational and scientific innovative center "Omega", Izhevsk,
Russia
3Federal State Budget-funded Educational Institution of Higher Education Nizhny Novgorod state engineering and economic university,
Nizhny Novgorod
Abstract. The paper presents the results of an effort aimed at creating an innovative energy-saving electrotechnology for irradiation of Thuja Occidentalis seeds by means of eco-friendly UV LEDs. Conifers retain 30 times as much dust as the aspen, 12 times as much as the birch, while their phytoncide production is double that of deciduous plants. Being ever-green, low-maintenance, longer-living, and able to keep their decorative value year round, conifers are a better green-city solution. We have designed two LED UV units. The first unit consists of 54 LEDs and consumes about 2 W, while the second one is a 81-LED, 3-W unit. Over 90% of their emitted light is within the UVA range. Thuja Occidentalis seeds germinate at a 12.8% higher rate when exposed to 2 kJ/m2 UV light as compared to non-exposed controls, making for a faster germination and production of earlier and stronger seedlings. Therefore, pre-sowing UV exposure of seeds is both cost-efficient compared to conventional chemical stimulation, and eco-friendly thanks to zero soil contamination. In terms of technical- and cost-efficiency, using UV LED units have been proven to have 80...90% lower power consumption compared to earlier DRT-400 mercury lamps. UV LED units have been estimated to pay off in approximately four months.
Keywords: ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, pre-sowing irradiation of seeds, progressive energy-efficient light electrical engineering
Introduction Conifers are a highly recommendable green-city solution, as they are every-green, lower-maintenance, longer-living compared to their deciduous counterparts and keep their decorative value year-round. Besides, it should be borne in mind that conifers retain 30 times as much dust as the aspen, 12 times as much as the birch, while their phytoncide production is double that of deciduous plants, botanists have found. Being ever-green, low-maintenance, longer-living, and able to keep their decorative value year round, conifers are a better green-city solution [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
In 2006, the Russian Federation adopted its Forest Code to implement such programs as Biodiversity of the Russian Forest (1995) and Russia's Forests (1997); the Code states specifically that only high-quality seeds must be used for reforestation.
While there are multiple various methods for activating the germination of seeds, we propose pre-sowing exposure to, or irradiation with, LED-generated ultraviolet (UV). Employing natural mechanisms only, this innovative energy-saving light electrotechnology is eco-friendly, cost-efficient, and harmless to human health.
Literature review and our earlier studies have shown that exposing agricultural-plant seeds to ultraviolet does have a positive outcome manifesting itself in increased germination, reduced seed consumption, and stronger seedlings [7]. These factors cumulatively result in a more sustainable yield of decorative plants and conifers used as a green-city solution.
The UV effects are not well-known with respect to the seeds of Thuja Occidentalis. That's why designing an eco-friendly LED unit for pre-sowing UV irradiation of Thuja Occidentalis seeds is a relevant problem.
This research effort is aimed at designing an eco-friendly LED unit for pre-sowing UV irradiation of Thuja Occidentalis seeds to find and substantiate in a scientifically robust manner the most efficient UV dosage that could improve the germination of such seeds.
Materials and Methods. The Automated Electric-Drive Department of Izhevsk State Academy has spent over 10 years researching pre-sowing UV exposure of seeds [8]. They used environmentally hazardous mercury-vapor lamps as a UV source. In 2016, a small-size LED UV 50 x 40 x 40 mm unit was made, consisting of 54 low-power LEDs generation uniform radiation on the active surface. The total power of 54 UV LEDs was 2 W [9]. For comparison, earlier mercury-vapor UV lamps had a power of 24 to 400 W.
Based on the positive results obtained in 2017, we enhanced this unit by increasing the number of LEDs to 81. The new version had the following dimensions: 70 x 60 x 20 mm [10]. This was a 3-W unit. A TKA Radiometer instrument was used to measure the UV radiation power in
UVA, UVB, and UVC ranges. Table 1 presents the reasults of measurements.
_Table 1 Range-specific UV measurements_
UV radiation type Spectral range Radiation power
UVA 315..400 nm 3.5 W/m2
UVB 280..315 nm 0.087.5 W/m2
UVC 200..280 nm 0.013 W/m2
Data demonstrates that LED radiation is mostly within the UVA
range.
Laboratory Test Results. In February 2018, we experimented with exposing Thuja Occidentalis seeds to the radiation of our improved LED UV unit [11].
Seeds had been provided by the Forestry Faculty of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. Germination was rated per GOST 13056.6-97 Seed of Trees and Shrubs. Methods for Determination of Germination.
For analysis, a medium-size sample was taken from each batch, and 100 seeds were randomly selected in each sample. Seed germination was carried out at 20^ in Petri dishes on a bed of filter paper imbued with distilled water and treated with a potassium-permanganate solution. Qualitative indicators of germination rate were measured on the 7th day, while the germination and length of seedling roots produced from exposed seeds were measured on the 20th day as stipulated by the GOST.
Seeds were exposed to three different UV doses; there also was a control sample consisting of non-exposed seeds, see Table 2.
Table 2 UV exposure of Thuja Occidentalis seeds
Sample Dose, kJ/m Exposure time, min
Control 0 0
1 2 9.5
2 3 14.3
3 4 19
The dose (H, kJ/m2) was found as follows:
H =E-t, where Е is the radiation power, W/m2; t is the exposure time, s Table 3 presents the experiment results.
Table 3 Changes in the germination of exposed seeds
Dose, kJ/m2 Germinated successfully, % Did not Germination vs
Sample germinate, % the control sample, %
Control 0 78 22 100
1 2 90 10 112.8
2 3 84 16 107.6
3 4 80 20 105.1
As can be seen from Table 3, Thuja Occidentalis seeds germination rate was 12.8% higher when exposed to 2 kJ/m2 UV light as compared to non-exposed controls, making for a faster germination and production of earlier and stronger seedlings.
Studies have therefore shown that UV exposure of seeds does improve the germination rate, the germination, and the length of seedlings. This means better seed-sowing quality and stimulates further growth of the planted material. Using an LED UV unit for seed irradiation is an innovative, cost-efficient, eco-friendly, electrically safe, and efficient method that saves 70...80% power compared to the earlier solution, i.e. mercury-vapor lamps.
Conclusions
Studies have shown that exposing Thuja Occidentalis seeds to UV radiation is a promising way to stimulate seed germination. At the same time, this method is not only more cost-efficient compared to conventional chemical stimulation, but also eco-friendlier thanks to zero soil contamination.
In terms of technical- and cost-efficiency, using UV LED units have been proven to have 80...90% lower power consumption compared to earlier DRT-400 mercury lamps. UV LED units have been estimated to pay off in approximately four months.
References
1. Huge C., Bonnet I. Essais de germination de l orage sous rayoms ultra-violets. Bull. Inst. agron. et stat. rech. Gembloux, 8, 1. 1939.
2. Proceeding of the International Workshop on the Effects ultraviolet radiation on Plant 1-5 November, 1982 Delhi, India. Physiology Plantarum: 58: p. 349-450 Copenhagen, 1985.
3. Singh B.N., Kapoor C.P., Choudhari R.S. Growth studies in relation to ultra-violet radiation. Bot. Gaz. 97, 3. 1936.
4. Sisson W.B. 1981. Photosynthesis, Growth, and ultraviolet Jrradiaoe of Cucurbita pepo L/ Leaves Efhjsed to ultraviolet-B Radiation Plant Physiol 66, 120-124.
5. Teramura Alan H. 1980. Effects of ultraviolet-B irradiances on
soybean. I. Importance of photosynthetically active radiation in evaluations ultraviolet-B iradiance effect on soybean and wheat growth. Physiol. Plant. 38: p. 333-339, 1980.
6. Tevini M., Lwanzik, W. Teramura A.H. 1983 Effect of ultraviolet-B irradiation on plant during mild water stress - Physiol. Plant. 57: p. 175-180.
7. Ukraintsev A.V., Byvaltsev A.V. and Kondratyeva, N.P. (2008) Improving the Soil Seed Germination of Low-Germination Decorative-Plant Seeds by Means of UV Exposure ( Povysheniye gruntovoy vskhozhesti semyan dekorativnykh rasteny nizkogo klassa vskhozhesti UF oblucheniyem) (Monograph), Izhevsk, Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy - 161 p.
8. Kondratyeva N.P., Dukhtanova N.V., Krasnolutskaya M.G., Litvinova V.M. and Bolshin R.G (2017.) Small-Size LED UV Unit for Pre-Sowing Treatment of Conifer Seeds Kompaktnaya svetodiodnaya ultrafioletovaya obluchatelnaya ustanovka dlya predposevnoy obrabotki semyan khvoynykh rasteny (Bulletin of All-Russian Institute of Electrification in Agriculture). Issue 2 (27). (Moscow) P. 62-69.
9. Kondratyeva N.P., Korepanov D.A., Krasnolutskaya M.G. and Bolshin R.G. (2017) Pre-Sowing UV Exposure of Seeds of Decorative Conifers (Predposevnaya obrabotka semyan dekorativnykh rasteny khvoynykh porod ultrafioletovym izlucheniyem) (Innovations in Agriculture — Innovatsii v selskom khozyaystve)..(Moscow, All-Russian Institute of Electrification in Agriculture) Issue 2 (23). P. 45-54.
10. Kondratyeva N.P., Bolshin R.G., Krasnolutskaya M.G., Ilyasov I.R., Zembekov Yu.S. and Litvinova V.M. (2017) Developing Flowcharts and an Algorithms for LED UV Units (Razrabotka strukturnoy skhemy i algoritma raboty ultrafioletovoy svetodiodnoy obluchatelnoy ustanovki) (Journal of Agricultural Technology and Power Supply — Agrotekhnika i energoobespecheniye).. Issue 3 (16). P. 50-57.
11. Kondratyeva N.P., Bolshin R.G., Krasnolutskaya M.G., Zembekov Yu.S. and Dolganov K.Yu. (2018) UV LED Radiation Unit for Pre-Sowing Treatment of Thuja Occidentalis Seeds (UF svetodiodny obluchatel dlya predposevnoy obrabotki semyan tui zapadnoy) (In: Proceedings of the 9th International Scientific-Technical Conference for Young Scientists and Specialists).(All-Russian Institute of Mechanization) Moscow, p. 42.
N.P. Kondrateva1, M.G. Krasnolutskaya2, N.V. Dukhtanova1, N.V.
Obolensky3
Кондратьева Надежда Петровна, доктор техн. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой автоматизированного электропривода ФГБОУ ВО Ижевская ГСХА
Краснолуцкая Мария Геннадьевна, кандидат технических наук, преподаватель негосударственного образовательного учреждения дополнительного профессионального образования «Учебно-научный инновационный центр «Омега»
Духтанова Надежда Васильевна, кандидат с-х. наук, ст. наук, доцент, ФГБОУ ВО Ижевская ГСХА
Оболенский Николай Васильевич, доктор техн. наук, профессор, Нижегородский государственный инженерно-экономический университет
ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРИ ОБЛУЧЕНИИ СЕМЯН ХВОЙНЫХ КУЛЬТУР
N.P. Кондратьеваь М.Г. Краснолуцкая2, Н.В. Духтанова1, Н.В.
Оболенский3
1Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Ижевская государственная сельскохозяйственная академия, Ижевск, Россия 2Негосударственное образовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования "Учебно-научный инновационный центр" Омега ", Ижевск, Россия 3Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Нижегородский государственный инженерно-экономический университет, Нижний Новгород
Аннотация. В статье представлены результаты исследований, направленных на создание прогрессивной энергосберегающей электротехнологии для облучения семян хвойных культур (туя западная) с помощью экологически чистых УФ светодиодов. Хвойные деревья содержат в 30 раз больше пыли, чем осина, в 12 раз больше, чем береза, а их фитонцид вдвое больше, чем у лиственных растений. Они всегда зеленые и способны сохранять свою декоративную ценность круглый год. Мы разработали два светодиодных УФ излучателя. Первый излучатель включает 54 светодиода и его мощность около 2 Вт, второй состоит из 81 светодиодов и его мощность примерно 3 Вт. Более 90% их излучаемого света находится в
диапазоне ЦУ-А. Опыты показали, что при дозе УФ облучения равной 2 кДж / м2 всхожесть семян туи западной на 12,8% выше по сравнению с контролем, т. е. эта доза УФ излучения обеспечивает более быстрое прорастание семян и получение из них более ранних и сильных сеянцев. Таким образом, предпосевное облучение семян ультрафиолетовым излучением является экономически выгодным по сравнению с обычной химической стимуляцией и экологически чистым способом благодаря тому, что светодиоды не содержат ртуть. С точки зрения технической и экономической эффективности было доказано, что разработанные ультрафиолетовые светодиодные излучатели потребляет на 80 ... 90% меньше энергии по сравнению с более ранними источниками УФ излучения, например, ртутными лампами ДРТ-400. По нашим расчетам ультрафиолетовые светодиодные излучатели окупятся примерно через четыре месяца.
Ключевые слова: ультрафиолетовые светодиоды, предпосевное облучение семян, прогрессивная энергоэффективная световая электротехника.
