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UDC 377.081:37.918.43(086)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32689/2617-2224-2019-5(20)-142-153
Korobka Ivan Nikolaevich,
Ph.D. student at the Department of Civil Service, Administration and Training under International Projects, Institute of Public Administration in the Sphere of Civil Protection, 02000, Kyiv, Str Vyshgorodska, 21, tel.: 044 430 8217, e-mail: shkrab.pto@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-5310-4917
Коробка 1ван Миколайович,
аспрант кафедри державног служби, управлтня та навчання за мжнародними проектами, 1нститут державного управлтня в сферi цившьного захисту, 02000, Кигв, вул. Вишгородська, 21, тел.: 044 430 8217, e-mail: shkrab.pto@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-5310-4917
Коробка Иван Николаевич,
аспирант кафедры государственной службы, управления и обучения по международным проектам, Институт государственного управления в сфере гражданской защиты, 02000, Киев, ул. Вышгородская, 21, тел.: 044 430 8217, e-mail: shkrab.pto@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-5310-4917
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE FLIGHT SAFETY MANAGEMENT OF THE AVIATION OF THE STATE EMERGENCY SERVICE OF UKRAINE
Abstract. The article deals with the actual problem of the development and introduction of innovative technologies in the context of the activity of public administration bodies in order to ensure an acceptable level of aviation safety of SES of Ukraine in emergency situations.
The fundamental paradigm of the activity of state aviation safety management bodies is still remaining the detection of violations of the requirements of regulatory documents and deviations in the operation of aircraft, followed by preventive measures. This retroactive system and the organizational and legal mechanisms of flight safety management are practically exhausted today. Therefore, the solution should be focused on finding innovative flight safety management mechanisms designed to prevent the development of undesirable flight events based on proactive and predictive approaches.
At present, direct flight safety management of a particular aircraft is focused on the crew and flight management bodies, and indirect management happens through the legislative and regulatory mechanisms and organizational measures implemented by the management bodies of public aviation entities and public administration.
The management of the safety of a particular aircraft of the SES aircraft should be based on probabilistic and statistical methods, but their implementation requires a sufficiently detailed information support. The essence of this technique lies in the determination of a certain set of parameters necessary for a safe flight that characterise the regular functioning of the system: "crew, aircraft, emergency coordinator, flight control body".
New methods for determining quantitative and qualitative risk indicators can be one of the innovative approaches to achieving an acceptable level of safety of state aviation, and the use of risk indicators will allow to compare the effects of harmful and dangerous factors of different nature and different types, determine the integral degree of danger. The concept of acceptable risk, based on a systematic approach, will allow to build a sufficiently flexible algorithm for detailed analysis of all stages of flight and to obtain sufficiently clear and adequate results that are suitable for rapid management decisions.
Keywords: flight safety, public administration, public aviation, innovative model.
1ННОВАЩЙШ П1ДХОДИ УПРАВЛ1ННЯ БЕЗПЕКОЮ ПОЛЬОТ1В АВ1АЩ1 ДЕРЖАВНО! СЛУЖБИ УКРА1НИ З НАДЗВИЧАйНИХ
СИТУАЦ1Й
Анотащя. Розглядаеться актуальна проблема розвитку i впровадження шновацшних технологш у контексп дiяльностi оргашв державного управлшня стосовно забезпечення прийнятного рiвня безпеки польопв авiащ! ДСНС Укра!ни в надзвичайних ситуащях.
Фундаментальною парадигмою дiяльностi державних оргашв управлшня безпекою польопв державно! авiацil до цього часу залишаеться виявлення порушень вимог нормативних докуменпв та ввдхилень в експлуатаци пов^ тряних суден, з наступним проведенням профшактичних заходiв. Ця ретроактивна система та закладеш в !! основу органiзацiйно-правовi мехашзми управлшня безпекою польопв на сьогодш практично вичерпали себе. Тому виршення проблеми мае бути зосередженим на пошуку шновацшних ме-ханiзмiв управлiння безпекою польопв, спрямованих на упередження розвитку не бажаних в польот подш на засадах про-активних i прогностичних пiдходiв.
На сьогоднi безпосередне управлшня безпекою польоту конкретного пов^ тряного судна орiентоване на екшаж i органи управлiння польотами, а опосе-редковане — вщбуваеться через законодавчi i нормативно-правовi механiзми та оргашзацшш заходи, що здiйснюються органами управлшня суб'екпв державно! авiацi! та органами державного управлiння.
Управлшня безпекою конкретного польоту повiтряного судна ДСНС мае базуватися на ймовiрнiсних i статистичних методах, але !х реалiзацiя потре-буе досить глибоко деталiзованого iнформацiйного забезпечення. Сутнiсть зазначено! методики полягае у визначеннi певного набору необхщних для безпечного польоту параметрiв, якi характеризують штатне функщонування системи: "екшаж, повiтряне судно, координатор на об'ект надзвичайно! ситуаций орган управлiння польотами".
Новi методики визначення кшьюсних та якiсних показниив ризикiв мо-жуть стати одним з шновацшних пiдходiв у досягненш прийнятного рiвня безпеки польотiв державно! авiащí, а застосування показникiв ризику дозволить порiвнювати дiю шюдливих та небезпечних чинникiв рiзно'í природи i рiзного виду, визначати iнтегральний ступiнь небезпеки. Концепцiя прийнятного ризику, на засадах системного тдходу, дозволить побудувати до-статньо гнучкий алгоритм детального аналiзу всiх еташв польоту та отрима-ти достатньо ясш i адекватнi результати, придатш для швидкого ухвалення управлiнських ршень.
Ключовi слова: безпека польотiв, державне управлшня, державна авiа-цiя, шновацшна модель.
ИННОВАЦИЙНЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬЮ ПОЛЕТОВ АВИАЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ СЛУЖБЫ УКРАИНЫ ПО ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫМ СИТУАЦИЯМ
Аннотация. Рассматривается актуальная проблема развития и внедрения инновационных технологий в контексте деятельности органов государственного управления по обеспечению приемлемого уровня безопасности полетов авиации ГСЧС Украины в чрезвычайных ситуациях.
Фундаментальной парадигмой деятельности государственных органов управления безопасностью полетов государственной авиации до сих пор остается выявления нарушений требований нормативных документов и отклонений в эксплуатации воздушных судов, с последующим проведением профилактических мероприятий. Эта ретроактивная система и заложенные в ее основу организационно-правовые механизмы управления безопасностью полетов на сегодня практически исчерпали себя. Поэтому решение проблемы должно быть сосредоточено на поиске инновационных механизмов управления безопасностью полетов, направленных на предотвращение развития нежелательных в полете событий на основе про-активных и прогностических подходов.
Сегодня непосредственное управление безопасностью полета конкретного воздушного судна ориентированно на экипаж и органы управления полетами, а опосредованное — через законодательные и нормативно-правовые механизмы и организационные мероприятия, осуществляемые органами управления субъектов государственной авиации и органами государственного управления.
Управление безопасностью конкретного полета воздушного судна ГСЧС должно базироваться на вероятностных и статистических методах, но их реализация требует достаточно глубоко детализированного информационного обеспечения.
Рассматриваемые в статье методики определения количественных и качественных показателей рисков могут стать одним из инновационных подходов в достижении приемлемого уровня безопасности полетов государственной авиации, а применение показателей риска позволит сравнивать действие вредных и опасных факторов различной природы и различного вида, определять интегральный уровень опасности. Концепция приемлемого риска, на основе системного подхода, позволит построить достаточно гибкий алгоритм детального анализа всех этапов полета и получить достаточно ясные и адекватные результаты, пригодные для быстрого принятия управленческих решений.
Ключевые слова: безопасность полетов, государственное управление, государственная авиация, инновационная модель.
Problem statement. At present scientific studies of the problems of the development and implementation of innovative technologies as mechanisms of the state management of safety of state aviation are rather limited and are covered by a small number of not systematically combined publications, and with regard to the use of aviation by the SES of Ukraine are completely unavailable. Existing publications mainly cover aviation flights of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of functioning of the permanent retroactive system of safety management of their combat aviation activities.
The fundamental paradigm of the activity of the state aviation safety management bodies is the detection of violations of the requirements of regulatory documents and deviations in the operation of aircraft, with the subsequent detection and implementation of preventive measures. It is obvious that the conservatism of the existing retroactive system and the organizational
and legal mechanisms of flight safety management formed in the 1960s of the previous century have practically exhausted themselves and do not allow to identify system-wide, aimed at preventing regularities of development and implementation of innovative approaches to managing flight safety on the basis of pro-active and prognostic techniques. Therefore, the problem of developing theoretical, methodological foundations and practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of state regulation of innovation activity in the field of flight safety has been essential for the state for a long time and is relevant at the present stage of its development. This area of scientific activity is of particular importance in the context of the search for innovative mechanisms of public emergency management using the aviation of the SES of Ukraine.
Analysis of basic research. Issues of finding new mechanisms for preventing aviation events, managing and ensuring
flight safety are addressed by such internationally recognized organizations as ICAO, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the World Flight Safety Fund and others. In Ukraine, significant contributions to flight safety were made by National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, National Aerospace University H. E. Zhukovsky Kharkiv Aviation Institute, Ivan Kozhedub Kharkiv University of Air Force, State Research Institute for Testing and Certification of Arms and Military Equipment, State Research Institute of Aviation. Scientific works of leading scientists O. M. Revi, V. S. Borisenko, V. M. Sa-musia, M. F. Davidenko, V. F. Rva-chova, Y. V. Sikirdy, T. F. Shmelev, D. O. Tkachenko and others [1-6] are devoted to the comprehensive consideration of the problem of flight safety management. The results of their research have become the basic concepts of flight safety management, built on the paradigm of preventing negative events prior to their occurrence; a method for assessing the level of danger and establishing the level of possible risks and making a conscious choice acceptable in the organization and conduct of flights has been proposed.
In the context of state flight safety management, considerable attention has been paid to the search and scientific substantiation of theoretical and practical aspects in the works of such domestic and foreign scientists as: V. Averyanova, V. P. Babak, V. P. Khar-chenko, V. O. Maksimov, N. V. Molyar-chuk, S. I. Khom'yachenko, V. K. Gi-zhevsky, G. G. Zabarny, A. V. Filip-pov, G. Atamanchuk, V. Bakumenko, P. Volyansky, B. Gayevsky [7-15].
Significant contribution to the development of mechanisms of public administration has been made by modern domestic researchers, such as O. I. Amosha, S. M. Katsura, T. V. Shche-tilova, Z. Varnalii, A. Terentiev and others [16-19]. A thorough study of various aspects of the state regulation of innovative activities was carried out in the works by B. Adamov, N. Bond-archuk, O. E. Kuzmin, O. V. Kniaz, L. V. Marchuk, V. S. Bilozubenko and others [20-23]. Methodological aspects of the regulatory influence of the state on the search for effective mechanisms of state regulation of comprehensive growth on the innovative basis were among the scientific interests of such foreign scientists as E. A. Afonin, O. B. Gajewska, V. Y. Platov, V. V. Ts-vetkov and others [24-27].
However, taking into consideration the significant scientific contributions made by scientists in the field and despite all the studies listed, the issues of developing theoretical, methodological foundations and practical recommendations related to the improvement of public mechanisms of flight safety management are still important at the present stage of the development of the state aviation and remain particularly relevant and foreground for the state.
The aim of the study. To substantiate scientifically theoretical, methodical and organizational principles of implementation of innovative decisions of the state aviation safety management of aviation of the SES based on the principles of proactive technologies.
Object of study: mechanisms and infrastructure of state aviation safety management.
Subject of study. Innovative technologies for the operation of the SES Aviation Flight Safety Management System based on the introduction of pro-active methods of risk management and methods for identifying threats, forecasting their development and the nature of the impact on flight performance.
Presenting main material. At the
turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, ICAO's activity has been a continuous active search for new approaches to addressing flight safety issues. The evolutionary process of this search is continuous and is followed even in the changes to the interpretation of the concept of flight safety:
1) flight safety is a complex characteristic of transport and aircraft operations that determines the ability to perform flights without endangering the life and health of persons (Convention on International Civil Aviation, p. 44);
2) flight safety is a condition in which the risk of harm to persons or the population and property is reduced to an acceptable level and maintained at that level or at a lower level by the continuous process of identifying sources of risk and controlling risk factors (SMM, Paragraph 2.2.4);
3) flight safety is a condition in which risks associated with the operation of aircraft or aviation activities that directly ensure their operation are reduced to an acceptable level and are controlled (Annex 19, p. 15).
The presented evolution reveals a gradual transition in civil aviation to flight safety management from retroactive approaches aimed at eliminating (reducing) human factors to proactive technologies that rely on analytical ca-
pabilities for forecasting, controlling and managing risks, directing available resources to the point where the highest level of risks may occur. The Air Code of Ukraine, as the main legal act for both Civil and State Aviation, confirms the ICAO definition and considers "... flight safety as a condition in which the risk of harming people or property is reduced to an acceptable level as a result of a continuous process of determining the level of danger and controlling it and is kept at this level or decreases further". At the same time, the Flight Accident Prevention Guide in the Aviation of Armed Forces of Ukraine clarifies this definition: "... flight safety is the complex of the aviation system features that ensure flight operations without flight events". The Regulation on the Aviation Safety Management System states: "... flight safety is a complex characteristic of air transport and aviation activity that determines the ability to perform flights without endangering the life and health of people". Elsewhere in the same document: "Flight safety is the absence of unacceptable risk associated with injury or loss of life, damage to the environment". From the above-mentioned definitions it is obvious that flight safety is considered as a complex of subsystems: "crew-aircraft", "providing and managing flights" and "environment". That is, at least in the single state documents of this country, the orientation towards pro-active approaches to flight safety management becomes obvious, but there is no real confirmation in the status of the State target programme.
At present, direct flight safety management of a particular aircraft is focused on the crew and flight management bodies, and indirect management
happens through the legislative and regulatory mechanisms and organizational measures implemented by the management bodies of public aviation entities and public administration. Obviously, there is a need to consider the concept of "flight safety" in the context of two components: the factors that depend on the actions of the crew and those that depend on the activities of the flight management. In the first case, the safety of the flight depends on the professionalism of the crew and its preparation for the flight in specific conditions, and the second component is associated with the requirements of regulatory documents as a management action.
As a rule, when talking about flight safety, all management activities are seen as analysing and working out general preventive measures in the context of the human factor and, practically, we never talk about the safety of a specific flight. At the same time, for emergency aircraft flight operations, it is of utmost importance to analytically determine the level of acceptable risk of performing a specific flight task in emergency situations. Recent aviation events that have occurred in the aviation of the SES are the result of decision making in the absence of complete and reliable for the aviation component information about the status and condition of the emergency operation. The management of the safety of a particular aircraft of the SES aircraft should be based on probabilistic and statistical methods, but their implementation requires a sufficiently detailed information support. The essence of this technique lies in the determination of a certain set of parameters necessary for a safe flight that
characterise the regular functioning of the system: "crew, aircraft, emergency coordinator, flight control body". The translation of verbal information support by means of retroactive approach into analytical can become the basis for the transition to the application of a pro-active model of the mechanism of state management of flight safety (see
Fig. 1).
An important component of the presented model of state management of flight safety is the supervision over the observance of the established norms of flights performance, definition and control of safety indicators, state policy and its implementation on the basis of advance forecasts. In the scientific literature available today and in some regulatory documents, four levels of risk zones have been adopted: risk-free, acceptable, critical and catastrophic (see Fig. 2.)
W(x) = P(X > x) = í - P(X < x) =
wpr = w(xpr) = P(X > xpr) = í-F(x) wcr = w(xcr) = P(X > xcr) ,
wct = w(xct) = P(X > xct)
where w — indicator of the zone of the
pr
acceptable risk; wcr — indicator of the zone of the critical risk; w — indicator
' ct
of the zone of the catastrophic risk.
x , x , x, — normatively determined
pr cr ct
limit values of quantitative indicators, where the following ratios should always be maintained:
• for civil aviation — W(X ) < K ;
pr pr
• for state aviation, including aviation of — W(X ) < K .
pr pr
According to the ICAO Recommendations, the flight safety indicator is defined as the measure (or value) used to
Fig. 1. Model of the mechanism of the state management of state aviation flights safety on the basis of integration of a retroactive approach into a pro-active one
Civil aviation flights State aviation flights
RJsk-free zone Acceptable risk zone Critical risk zone Catastrophic risik zone
Fig. 2. Four-level distribution of aviation risk zones
establish the level of safety achieved in the framework of various events [1].
Conclusions
1. A significant disadvantage of the state aviation safety management mechanism is the imperfect implementation of its functioning on the basis of analytical and prognostic approaches to decision-making and low level of scientific and technological support of security activities.
2. The current approach to state aviation safety management should be based on the paradigm of the advanced risk modelling and forecasting of pos-
sible occurrence of dangerous phenomena.
3. New methods for determining quantitative and qualitative risk indicators can be one of the innovative approaches to achieving an acceptable level of safety of state aviation, and the use of risk indicators will allow to compare the effects of harmful and dangerous factors of different nature and different types, determine the integral degree of danger.
4. The concept of acceptable risk, based on a systematic approach, will allow to build a sufficiently flexible algo-
rithm for detailed analysis of all stages of flight and to obtain sufficiently clear and adequate results that are suitable for rapid management decisions.
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