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МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ
ОТНОШЕНИЯ
Корнеев А.Н., к. э.н.
доцент
кафедра «Государственные и корпоративные закупки» ФГБОУ ДПО «Институтразвития дополнительного
профессионального образования» Российская Федерация, г. Москва ИННОВАЦИИ В СЕЛЬСКОМ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕ Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются технологические инновации в области сельского хозяйства, технология точного земледелия, приводятся конкретные примеры внедрения, нашли свое отражение системы спутникового управления сельскохозяйственной техникой.
Ключевые слова: сельское хозяйство, инновации, современные технологии, международное экономическое сотрудничество.
Korneev A.N., candidate economic sciences Associate professor «Government and corporate procurement» FSBEI APE «Institute of additional professional
education evolution» Russian Federation, Moscow INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURE Abstract: the article considers the technological innovation in the field of agriculture, precision farming technology, provides concrete examples of implementation, reflected satellite control system of agricultural machinery.
Keywords: agriculture, innovation, advanced technology, international economic cooperation.
That the very conditions of international trade forced to reconsider the question of reintroducing a state control system for production, storage, and transportation of grain and grain products. One cannot aspire for leading positions in international trade without solid guarantees of quality of our products and common market rules for all participants. Only the state can ensure that, and only the state is able to stand up for its exporters' good names.
Agricultural machines roving the fields on autopilot, assessing the condition of soil and plants, introducing fertilizers and insecticides on each sector of the field - all of this is not science fiction any longer: it is real and actually used technologies of precision agriculture (Pict. 1).
Pict. 1. Agricultural machines roving the fields on autopilot.
The development of agriculture is strongly tied to progress in science and technology. The opportunity to get more yields while spending less resources and energy appeals to much agriculture. One of technologies aimed at resolving these issues is the system of precision agriculture.
In its short history, this technology got several names: precision agriculture, accurate agriculture, satellite farming. All of them stand for one thing: crop productivity management based on plant habitat conditions within the field. In other words, differences of planting conditions of a culture (wheat, maize, beets, etc.) in different part of the field are taken into account. This, in turn, allows saving resources, all the while increasing soil fertility and environmental purity of the product.
In order to reach not only stable but also high profits in agriculture, it is not enough just to purchase brand-new machinery that would conform to the latest requirements. One also needs to use the technical and technological potential in conjunction [1]. Experts define three basic components of precision agriculture:
1) The first is the assessment of soil condition on each distinct sector of the field (fertility map, yield map etc.).
2) The second includes technologies of parallel driving based on GLONASS / GPS navigation system.
3) The last component is real-time correction of fertilizer and plant protector dosage depending on the state of the plants and the presence of weeds on a particular field sector.
In many countries, the agricultures have already had opportunity to learn that the elements of precision agriculture are had been becoming a foundation of competitive agriculture around the world. The use of precision agriculture technologies is mostly experimental. The many test of various agricultural research
bodies and farmers that use products and equipment for precision agriculture show impressive results.
For example, Orlovka agricultural innovations center in Samara, Russian Federation has been introducing resource saving technologies, including those of precision farming. The results are not bad: the implementation of precision agriculture stage one alone (contouring the fields, parallel driving) led to 15% saving on fertilizers and an increase in crop quality thanks to avoiding crossings and gaps while introducing chemicals. All this shows practical efficiency and usefulness of all precision agriculture elements.
More and more experts agree on the fact that science and engineering are able to create unique systems of software and equipment for precision agriculture and implement elements of artificial intelligence (Pict. 2). In order to switch to the new, effective technologies, one needs to include the precision agriculture in long-term priority development programs, linking together the development of space program, agricultural machinery, electronics, and smart technologies.
Pict. 2. Systems of software and equipment for precision agriculture and implement elements of artificial intelligence
Organic agriculture is already present in many countries in the world; part of them, it is done in accordance with the legislation. In post-Soviet countries, organic agriculture is also developed. Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus and Republic of Kazakhstan are in the process of developing the appropriate regulations. The norms for organic agricultural products have only been developed in some regions in Russian Federation, namely: Ulyanovsk region, Voronezh region, and Krasnodar krai. Meanwhile, there are other regions that would favor organic agriculture, such as Altai krai, the Republic of Altai, the Republic of Buryatia, and Belgorod region. However, this sector of agriculture is not paid enough attention still.
The organic agriculture does not need to replace the traditional one. It holds its niche and develop small and medium farmsteads - exactly the sector that needs
a hand these days [2]. While large agricultural corporations are able to distribute their products to retail chains, individual farmers cannot deal with retailers due to small amounts of production. Meanwhile, it is small farms that grow their crops without chemicals, GMO, growth hormones, antibiotics, and food additives. Such caring attitude affects not only the final product but also the environment. Organic agriculture does not pollute soil, water, or air. On the contrary, such practice helps restore the natural fertility of the soils. Compared to traditional agriculture, the organic one requires twice less energy, all the while producing half as much greenhouse gases.
The most important point is, feed and food grain have no difference in respect of safety conditions stated in veterinary and sanitary requirements for import into the Customs Union Russian Federation, Republic of Belarus and Republic of Kazakhstan, such as the concentration of mycoloxins, pesticides, and toxic substances. The main differences between the two kinds of grain lie (pict. 3) in specifications that define the quality of bread and flour produced from the grain (such as the amount and quality of gluten, falling-number standard, natural weight, and vitreousness). Thus, for food wheat, gluten content may not be lower than 18% and its quality not lower than II group, depending on grade. Feed grain has no gluten requirements, so it can amount to anything. Other properties matter to flour millers, as vitreousness and natural weight affect the resulting amount of flour [3].
It is a known fact that flour production has sometimes allowed the use of feed wheat. Strong wheat is expensive; what's more, its production has reduced. In accordance with the technological rules applied to milling process, lots of different quality are mixed into milling blends at the elevators, which allows to use grain in a more rational way and increase the quality of flour. The use of milling blends is explained by the fact that, if grain lots of different quality were milled, the flour would also differ greatly. This, in turn, will not allow to produce high-quality bakery. That is why the mixing of milling blends from different lots by a technician is a necessary measure that provides for stable production and quality results.
Pict. 3. Two kinds of grain.
For example, if the flour is produced from weak gluten wheat, then, in order to reinforce it, one needs to use an oxidizing action additive, for example, ascorbic acid. If we want to improve the quality of flour with high falling number, we may add malt that contains enzymes to improve the flour quality [4].
Federal Law № 294 «Protection of rights of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs while implementing state control (supervision) and public control». Article 9 of the law states that planned supervisions of legal persons and individual entrepreneurs cannot occur more often than once every three years, let alone exceptional cases. Exceptional cases include cases like consumer complaint about the quality of bread.
Planned inspection means the individual entrepreneur knows about it in advance, as the list of enterprises for upcoming visits is published on the website of the local prosecutor's office.
There exist a lot of factors that affect the quality of bread produced. In any case, even if feed grain will be used in bread baking, millers and bakers must manufacture products conform to the requirements stipulated in state regulations.
Bibliography:
1. Akinrinola O., Okunola A. Evaluation of effects of agricultural insurance scheme on agricultural production in ondo state / Russian Journal of Agricultural and SocioEconomic Sciences, №4 (28) April, 2014.
2. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2012, №1 (1) January / Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, №1 (1) January, 2012.
3. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2013, №1 (13) January / Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, №1 (13) January, 2013.
4. Safer K. Water management and sustainable development / Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, №11 (35) November, 2014.
Петрова А.В. студент 2 курса учетно-финансовый факультет ФГБОУВО Ставропольский государственный
аграрный университет Россия, г. Ставрополь ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ В МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ
Аннотация: В статье раскрыта сущность и виды глобальных проблем в мировой экономике. Охарактеризованы основные признаки глобальных проблем.
Ключевые слова: глобальные проблемы, мировая экономика, природные ресурсы, экология.
GLOBAL PROBLEMS IN WORLD ECONOMY
Abstract: The article reveals the essence and the kinds of global problems in the world economy. It describes the main features of global problems.
Key words: global problems, global economy, natural resources, ecology.
Форсирование темпов развития мировой экономики повлекло за собой массу проблем глобального характера.
Глобальные проблемы мировой экономики - особо важные проблемы, связанные с экономическими, социальными и природными явлениями, возникшими в процессе развития человечества, от преодоления которых зависит сохранение цивилизации.
Глобальные проблемы обладают целым рядом признаков:
- носят обобщающий характер, то есть затрагивают интересы всего человеческого общества;
- для своего решения требуют совместных усилий всех стран мира;
- требуют неотложного и быстрого решения;
- между собой взаимосвязаны и взаимозависимы.
Появление и развитие глобальных проблем является результатом деятельности людей, а именно технического прогресса.
Выделяют следующие глобальные проблемы мировой экономики:
1) продовольственная проблема и её масштабы;
2) проблема бедности и отсталости и пути её преодоления. Демографическая проблема;
3) проблема природных ресурсов;
