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36Innovation component of the business environment as a factor enhancing economic growth
Kurpayanidi K. (Republic of Uzbekistan)
Инновационная составляющая деловой среды как фактор активизации экономического роста
Курпаяниди К. И. (Республика Узбекистан)
Курпаяниди Константин Иванович /Kurpayanidi Konstantin - кандидат экономических наук (PhD), профессор Российской Академии естествознания,
доцент кафедры «Экономика»,
Ферганский политехнический институт, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: в статье рассматривается инновационная деятельность малого и частного предпринимательства. Анализируются экономические категории, такие как «инновационная деятельность», «классификация инноваций», «инновационные продукты» подходы к стимулированию экономического роста путем формирования инновационной среды, инновационная инфраструктура в частном секторе.
Abstract: the article considers the innovative activities of small and private entrepreneurship. The paper analyzes the economic categories as «innovative activities», «classification of innovation», «innovative products» approaches to stimulate economic growth through the formation of an innovative environment, the innovation infrastructure in the private sector are defined.
Ключевые слова: инновация, классификация инноваций, инфраструктура, инновационные продукты, национальная инновационная система.
Keywords: innovation, classification of innovations, infrastructure, innovative products, national innovation system. UDK 338.2
At the heart of the innovative development of the economy is the process of finding, training, creation, implementation and commercialization of innovations, i. e. ensuring the transformation of ideas directly to innovation. Modern competitive production is not possible without the full realization of scientific and technical potential, thus it becomes important not only the quantity but also the quality of the scientific and technical resources, improvement of the management of innovation, inventions support system. Innovative processes are inherent in each stage of historical development of society. With the accumulation of knowledge and experience to improve as a socio-political and scientific-industrial forms of interaction between business entities, regions and states. The result is that the role of innovation, their causes, dynamics, distribution mechanism, the impact on the economic growth and development have been actively investigated by scientists in the sphere of economists [1].
At the moment, Uzbekistan’s economy is characterized by stratification, where each technological system is in a certain phase of their life cycle - the stagnation and decline, maturity, rapid growth or nucleation phase. This situation is due to several factors, including:
• • there are risks;
• • poor management of the innovation process;
• • low percentage of production and innovation, as well as new technologies;
• • lack of venture business development in the country;
• • uncertainty in the legislative and regulatory sphere;
• • low innovation activity of enterprises, lack of funding for research and development state and fuzzy diversification of financing innovation process [2].
The multiplicity of theoretical approaches to the category of «innovation», the ambiguity of their classifications, lack of a unified methodology in research, as well as uncertainty in the concept of innovation policies impede formation of a long-term strategy of techno-economic development of the country on the basis of introduction of innovative technologies. Whereby especially important becomes studying aimed at analyzing the degree of influence of innovation, actors of the business environment, on economic growth [3, 4]. At the moment, there are many options of classifications of innovation on various grounds, with some of their symptoms overlapping each other, and certain types of innovation, selected for various indications, duplicate each other. Therefore, depending on the object and the subject innovation studies are considered as: process, result, system, change. In our view, innovation - is fundamentally new product or technology, which is the end result of purposeful innovation, bearing risky character. The innovation process - a process of successive transformation of ideas into a commodity through the stages of fundamental and applied research, experimental development, marketing, production, sales. Innovative activity of business entities is a mechanism for the development, creation and implementation of new products, services and technologies that will be the basis of the production activities of the company in the future, and their implementation will provide income and ensure the competitiveness of companies.
Analysis of the category «innovation» led to the conclusion that key criterion for classification as a criterion for the potential and the degree of novelty, which reflects the level of technical and economic progress of society and determines business cycles and waves. In general, the innovation process consists of several stages, including
some sub-steps, in which the idea is transformed into novelty and innovation in itself. Today in the economic literature there are a number of opinions that innovation is a product, a commodity, good or public good. We agree with the authors who say that the public good may be the only social innovation and with some assumptions of epochal innovations. Innovation is a private good, provided the development of the product directly to goods sold on the market.
A characteristic feature of modern economic growth is the emergence and implementation of new breakthrough technologies using the latest achievements of science (so-called macro-technologies), the formation of national innovation systems integrated on the meso and macro levels, and covers a range of institutions that accompany innovation and distribution of new technologies. Availability of macrotechnologies is a kind of indicator of scientific and technological development of the country, the inflow of foreign capital, acceleration and strengthening of relationships with the world's innovative markets, increase the competitiveness of the country.
At the heart of macrotechnologies lie technological processes, predominantly without taking into account social technologies, the development of human capital. It is a technology designed to change the technological base of the country. Up till now, the leading countries in the macro-technologies are the USA, Germany, Japan.
However, along with the macro-technologies meta-technology should also be distinguished, specificity and the key feature of which is that the very fact of their application automatically makes any party impossible to use them all compete with the developers of these technologies.
Meta-technologies are focused on the impact directly on the person, and only through him and with his help - to impact and transform the technological basis of the economy. It should be noted that the technical and economic development of the global economy suggests that the basis of the change of technological modes are radical product and process innovations, without the use of the latest technologies in the management of human capital, resulting in fifth technological structure built on the use of the technology of the industry high-tech.
Therefore, developing the sixth technological order, which is in its infancy in Uzbekistan, should be based on the use of technology not only high-tech, but with the inclusion of meta-technology. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a national system of priorities, not only in the field of critical technologies, but also in the field of advanced methods of human capital management and its application to determine the mechanism of interaction with the world market of high technology products through the development of fundamental and applied sciences, as well as the mechanism of commercialization and technology transfer, which will develop an efficient and competitive industry, technological independence and economic security of the country. Monitoring the dynamics of the market for innovation led to the conclusion that the domestic market innovation is a set of organizational and economic relations arising in the process of exchange of product innovation participants in the innovation process in mutually beneficial proportions. As a consequence, innovative products coming to the market innovation and past commercial exchange, act as a commodity [5].
In our opinion, in modern Uzbekistan innovation market is at an early stage of development and has a number of features associated with the state of the economy. In general, market innovation can be divided into several major
players: industrial companies, venture capital technology funds, state funds to support R & D and innovation, foreign companies, small innovative firms.
Large national companies of Uzbekistan independently invest in technology, and create a fund specializing in new technologies. These companies include the National Holding Company «Uzbekneftegaz» Uzpharmsanoat, Association «Uzpahtasanoat», National Airline «Uzbekistan Airways», Joint Stock Company «Uzavtosanoat», State Joint Stock Railway Company «Uzbekistan Railways», «Uzbekenergo», «Uzbekengilsanoat» each of which conducts research for its industries directly related to the core business, supported by relevant scientific research institutions.
The next segment of the market comprises a few venture technology funds.
The third subject of market innovation is represented by public funds and a number of targeted programs to support business innovation, funding various stages of development of innovative business. Also, innovative market participants are international corporations engaged in buying technology and business, enticing prospective scientists and specialists, as well as opening their own specialized research centers [6].
Another potentially promising participant in the innovation sector in Uzbekistan could become major foreign technology venture capital funds. These are well-known leaders of the world business venture as Moorgate Capital Management, Intel Corporation, Oracle Venture Fund, Baring Vostok Capital Partners, Kleiner Perkins, Caulfield Byers, Accel Partners, New Enterprise Associates and Draper Fisher Jurvetson [7].
At the present time in the world an increasingly important role in the financing of science (including fundamental) research and acquire endowment funds or endowment funds, the aims of which are financial stability and development of the grantee, social infrastructure, development and diffusion of innovations. The greatest success of endowments received in the United States of America, where they function at the universities, and in 2014 about 80 funds crossed the threshold of 1 billion US dollars, and the largest fund, owned by Harvard University in 2009 was about 30 billion. US dollars [8].
To achieve the goal of public policy in the field of development of the national innovation system it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the foreign experience of regulation of innovations, and strengthen government support and provide the mutual with the business sector of the economy the implementation of major innovative projects of national importance in the priority sectors of the competitive domestic and global markets,
high-tech products; accelerate consolidation of scientific, educational, industrial activity for the cost-effective implementation of programs to improve the economy's competitiveness in the global market. In our opinion, it is necessary to adhere to the concept of synthesizing neoinstitutional and evolutionary approach, along with the implementation of structural, investment, monetary and fiscal policies in order to achieve socio-economic development, enhance its competitiveness, provide economic security and economic growth.
References
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