CC BY
17
INJURIOUSNESS OF LOCUST AND EFFICIENCY OF MODERN
PREPARATIONS
Beybit Nasiyev
Doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, Uralsk, Republic of Kazakhstan
ABSTRACT
About 270 types of locust insects live in various natural economic zones of Kazakhstan. The greatest danger to agricultural lands is constituted by 15-20 types. Among them especially dangerous types are Asian (pereletnay) locust (Locusta migratoria L.) and Italian locust (Calliptamus italicus L.) on the extent of distribution and level of injuriousness.
As a result of our researches, the data on locust harmfulness, biological efficiency of modern insecticides in conditions of semi-desertic zone of West Kazakhstan region was determined.
Keywords: Fodder grounds, locust, Asian locust, Italian locust, monitoring, injuriousness, insecticides, biological efficiency.
Observed global warming within the last decades became the reason for the territory desertification that in the turn increased threat of locust danger. Ecosystems of arid and droughty climate countries, including Kazakhstan were most vulnerable to the climate changes in general and to global warming in particular. At a turn of millennia devastating spates of locust invaded countries of Africa, Australia, South America, East and Southeast Asia [1,p.630; 2,p,12; 3,p.14].
The search of ways, methods of quantity restriction and injuriousness of locust that is an important and actual task, is impossible without analysis of modern ecological situation in the region, features of anthropogenous influences influence on locust populations, including held large-scale destructive events.
The work was performed within the program of grant financing of Committee of science of MES RK for the project «Locust (Orthoptera, Acridoidea): fauna and ecology in connection with climate change, improvement of quantity forecast, planning of fight measures».
The injuriousness of locust in fodder lands of Zhangalinsky region of semidesertic zone of West Kazakhsan area was studied for the objectives solution.
During the project implementation modern insecticides were studied as chemical fight against locust: detsis-extra, herold, tanrek.
Biological efficiency of insecticides was defined by comparison of larvae quantity before processing and calculation according to the accepted formula.
Not gregarious locust in conditions of semidesertic zone of West Kazakhstan is widespread practically everywhere, also the circle of plants eaten by it is wide.
In 2015, we noted transition of Italian locust larvae to crops in farms of Zhangalinsky area.
In Zhanakazansky rural district of Zhangalinsky area located in a semidesertic zone, the maximum quantity of Italian locust on natural pastures was from 7 species/sq.m, on summer barley - 4 species/sq.m and 5 species/sq.m on Sudanese grass crops.
The deposit of egg-pods and born larvae of Italian locust and harmful grasshoppers during the spring period were noted in conditions of West Kazakhstan at carrying out inspections of agricultural lands, generally on virgin sites, deposits and natural pastures. Having migrated on grain crops, larvae first of all ate away broadleaf weeds. In Zhangalinsky area the case of larvae transition of the 2-3rd ages of Italian locust and grasshoppers from natural pastures to the next field of summer barley was noted. Crops damage are insignificant in all cases, death of crops wasn't allowed as further distribution and injuriousness of larvae were limited by carrying out chemical processings.
For timely destruction of harmful locust in places of their mass
reproduction, strict accounting of all places of concentration of wintering egg-pods and detailed supervision over the hatching and mass emergence of the 1st-2nd age larvae is necessary. At the same time locust as an integral component of grassy biocenoses, play an essential role in the nutrients circulation. Locust not simply eats plants, but, eating only their small part, they crumble and crush the rest. Thus they create a weight suitable for further use and processing by other animals, and also fungus and bacteria. Moreover, it is shown that enrichment of the processed vegetable weight by B group vitamins occurs in locust intestines due to symbiotic microorganisms [4,p.55; 5,p.45].
In 2015 our researches on the determination of biological efficiency of insecticides were carried out in Zhangalinsky area. The total area of allotment is 1 hectares, the frequency is triplev. The researches were carried out on natural pastures. During chemical processings against Italian locust, the pest was presented generally by larvae of the 2nd age.
Accounting of the researches carried out in Zhangalinsky area showed that biological efficiency of the tested insecticides was from 94,8 to 97,8%. The highest efficiency was received from the application of such preparations as Gerold and Tanrek. The greatest death of locust larvae was noted at the application of Herald preparation - 97,8% and Tanrek preparation - 97,0%. The smallest efficiency was shown by Detsis-extra preparation; the death of larvae was 94,8%.
The carried out researches allowed establishing that maximum efficiency of insecticides was noted for the 9th day after their application where 92% of the pest larvae were dead. Rather high effect was reached at the application of Gerold and Tanrek preparations. Here the death of locust larvae for the 9th day after processing was 91,5-92,0%. However, the efficiency of mix decreased to 90% for the 15 th day after application. At the choice of insecticide it is necessary to consider the main indicators of toxicity and properties of preparations and also phytosanitary situation in locust centers.
Insecticides with high speed of toxic action provide fast decrease in locust quantity; thereby prevent their migrations in agrocnosises and possible losses of crops. It is especially important at the processings during mass reproduction of pests.
Gerold showed high efficiency in Zhangalinsky area among the studied preparations on action duration at the continuous processings against Italian locust larvae of the 2nd age; the smallest efficiency was at Detsis-extra preparation. Tanrek is intermediate by efficiency.
The results of our researches showed that Gerold and Tanrek insecticides are the most effective in fight with locust in conditions of semidesertic zone of West Kazakhstan region; the efficiency of Herald preparation remains high within 28 days,
Tanrek - 10-14 days; application of Herald preparation in the barrier way causes 95%, by continuous - 96% death of Italian locust larvae of the 2nd age.
Thus, monitoring of locust carried out in fodder lands of semidesertic zone of West Kazakhstan region revealed injuriousness of especially widespread types - Italian and Asian locust and defined the most effective preparations applied in fight with it.
References
1. C.J. Maetal. Monitoring East Asian migratory locust plagues using remote sensing data and field investigations // Int. J. of Remote Sensing, vol. 26 (3). 2005. P. 629-634.
2. Cressman, K Role of remote sensing in desert locust early warning, Journal of applied remote sensings. 2013. Volume: 7. P. 10-15.
3. Edward D. Deveson. Satellite normalized difference vegetation index data used in managing Australin plague locusts. Journal of applied remote sensings. 2013. Volume: 7. P. 12-16.
4. Dolzhenko VI., Naumovich O.N., Nikulin A.A. Vrednye saranchovye // Zashchita i karantin rastenij (prilozhenie). - 2003. - № 5. - P.53-80.
5. Stolyarov, M.V. Problemy stadnyh saranchovyh (Orthoptera) yuga Rossii na rubezhe vekov: tezisy dokladov XII sezda Russkogo ehntomologicheskogo obshchestva. - S.-Peterburg: RAN, 2002. - 335 p.
INFLUENCE OF USE MODES ON THE CURRENT STATE OF
PASTURES VEGETATION
Beybit Nasiyev
Doctor of agricultural sciences, professor, Uralsk, Republic of Kazakhstan
ABSTRACT
Barriers between many countries were liquidated since 2015 due to the Euroasian Union, allowing procedures were simplified, veterinary norms were unified, thereby all conditions for the export volumes accumulation were created. The existence of natural fodder lands, low-cost pasturable technology of meat cattle breeding creates potential for formation of Kazakhstan as a significant and competitive player in the world market. In this regard, the increase of efficiency of natural pastures is a priority task.
The researches established expediency of moderated (65-75% drain) use of pastures. The change of floristic structure and efficiency, deterioration of agrochemical and agrophysical indicators of pastures soil cover was noted at the intensive use of pastures.
Keywords: Pastures, monitoring, drain, floristic structure, soil cover, efficiency
In the XX century arid ecosystems of Eurasia underwent intensive anthropogenous influence. In view of this their efficiency decreased, valuable types of fodder plants disappeared from herbage, vulnerable ecosystems are exposed to degradation. Today there are 187 million hectares of pastures in the republic from which about 81 million hectares are used, thus, among the used pastures - 26 million hectares are degraded - these are generally pastures near the settlements [1,p.5; 2,p.36].
Numerous scientific searches and development of scientific institutions of agricultural and biological profile show that to maintain ability of pastures to continuous seed and vegetative renewal and reproduction of necessary level of fodder resources, it is necessary to exploit them within ecological imperative.
The first ecological precept of rational use of pastures is an observance of compliance principle of their natural capacity of grazing animals' quantity. Long-term scientific researches carried out in the second half of the 20th century by the scientists of different countries show that without prejudice to the subsequent efficiency of pastures it is possible to withdraw in various natural zones from 25 up to 75% of elevated vegetable weight [3, p.50; 4, p.42; 5, p.15].
The work is performed within the program of grant financing of Committee of science of MES RK on «Assessment of condition and development of adaptive technologies of rational use of semidesertic pasturable ecosystems» project.
The accounting of productivity and regime supervision of specific structure changes, cenopopulational structure of pasturable ecosystems by seasons, definition of feeding capacity of pastures were carried out for the objectives solution on semidesertic zone pastures of West Kazakhsan region (Zhangalinsky area).
Transects of 100x50 m in size were put for the alienation influence study of annual gain of elevated weight in the course
of pasture on zonal typical pastures. The pasture was carried out at the beginning, middle and end of spring, in summer and in autumn. Schemes herbages drain: 1. Full 100% drain of annual gain of pasturable plants; 2. Moderate drain - 65-75% of annual gain of pasturable plants. Full (100% of annual gain) and moderated (65-75% of annual gain) drain was carried out to all terms of drain: at the beginning, middle and end of spring, in summer and in autumn.
Floristic structure of test sites. Weak mode of pasture is observed (30-40% drain) on pastures site which was earlier under intensive influence of animals over the last 10 years. Typical cereals (Stipa, Festuca and others) are absent here; Agropyron desertorum is presented by only several copies. Floristic variety is made here by 9 types (background), including many representatives of herb. 11 types (background) of plants are most widespread on the site with moderate pasture. Long-term cereals - Stipa capillata, Agropyron desertorum, Leymus ramosus are typical here. Specific variety of plants - 9 types (background) which are presented by generally low-eaten and weed types is the lowest on the site with full 100% pasture (Artemisia austriaca, Alyssum turkestanicum, Chenopodium album, Ceratocarpus arenarius and others). Ephemeral plants develop in spring period on all three sites. Assessment of floristic similarity between sites shows that grazed (moderate and full) sites (coefficient of similarity 66,1%) are the most similar among themselves and the least similar is a site with weak mode of pasture with full pasture (53,06%) site.
Changes in production of communities under the influence of pasture. Maximum production of phytoweight on thepasture with full pressure was noted at the end of April during mass development of ephemeral plants and reached 1,28 c/ha. Major role as a part of production was played by Poa bulbosa. Further, the decrease in production was observed to 1,15 c/ha in summer
