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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
UkrainianJournal of Ecology, 2017, 7(3), 208-216, doi: 10.15421/2017_69
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Infra-generic morphological variations in some Nepeta L. taxa of Iran
Seyed Mehdi Talebi*1, Majid Ghorbani Nahooji2, Mahbobeh Yarmoohammadi1
1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University Arak, 38156-8-8349 Iran. Phone: 098-863-4173317. E-mail: seyedmehdi [email protected] 2 Department ofMedicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR,
Karaj, Iran.
NepetaL. is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceaefamily, which widely distributed all over the word. The members of this genus are use of traditional and modern medicine. Nepeta species growth naturally in various parts of Iran and recent years the number of its species is increasing. In the study, morphological characteristics of twenty four populations of seventeen Nepeta taxa were used for infra-generic classifications, because there were many discussions about infra-generic classification of this genus. For this, forty qualitative as well as quantitative morphological features of both vegetative and reproductive organs were examined. Data were analyses with MVSP and SPSS softwares. ANOVA test showed significant variations for all the studied quantitative traits, with the exception of flower number per cycle. Furthermore, most of qualitative characters such as basal and floral leaf shape and petal color differed between taxa. PCA-biplot and CA joint plot showed that some morphological characters had taxonomic value and were useful in identifications of species. In many cases, clustering of species in the UPGMA tree, PCA and PCO plots did not confirm species placements in groups/ sections according to modern classifications. Furthermore, populations of same species did not cluster closely. It seems that ecological conditions had strong effect on different features of this study and high infra-specific variations were found among the studied species. Key words: Nepeta; morphology; taxonomy; infra-generic; sections
Abbreviations: ANOVA: analyses of variance test, CA: correspondence analyses, PCA: Principal Component Analysis, PCO: Principal Coordinates Analysis, UPGMA: Unweighted Pair Group Method.
Introduction
Lamiaceae is one of the most important plant families, because its members have ethno-medicine and medicinal values (Venkateshappa & Sreenath, 2013). Furthermore, different species of this family are highly aromatic and produce volatile oils. Various studies showed that the essential oil of the mentioned family has multiply usages in industries such as: pesticide, flavoring, pharmaceutical, fragrance, perfumery, and cosmetic (Venkateshappa & Sreenath, 2013).
The family has an almost cosmopolitan distribution with about 220 genera and almost 4000 species worldwide. Some genera such as Nepeta L., Phlomis L., Eremostachys Bunge, Salvia L. and Lagochilus Bunge have a great diversity in the Mediterranean as well as central and south west of Asia (Naghibi et al., 2005).
The common Persian name of the genus Nepeta is Pune-sa (Formisano et al., 2011). Jamzad et al., (2003) stated that the genus Nepeta has nearly 300 species, which widely distributed in different parts of Eurasia. The genus is one of the biggest genera of sub-family Nepetoideae in southwestern Asia. The former studies (Pojarkova, 1954; Jamzad, 2012; Mozaffarian, 2013) proved that Iran is considered as one of the main origins of the mentioned genus with several species. Most of these species (nearly 77%) are endemics.
The members of the genus Nepeta are used in folk as well as modern medicine. For example, recent studies (Bisht et al., 2010; Khanavi et al., 2012) reported that many species of the genus can be used as antispasmodic, diuretic, febrifuge, diaphoretic and for tooth trouble, kidney and also liver disease. Moreover, species of Nepeta have different properties as analgesic, anticancer, antiseptic, antilazheimeran, antitussive, carminative, digestive, antispasmodic, laxative as well as sedative (Nazemiyeh et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2014).
The members of this genus are: annual or perennial herbs, generally aromatic, sporadically gynodioecious or gynomonoecious. Verticillasters in spikes or opposite cymes in panicles or racemes; floral leaves are bract-like; bracts narrow, shorter / longer than flowers. Calyx has 13-15 veins, tubular, slightly curved or straight, throat oblique or regular; teeth 5, equal or unequal, subulate or narrowly lanceolate to oblong-triangular, apex acuminate to spiny-acuminate. Corolla has 2 lippes; tube basally
narrow, ± abruptly dilated into an ample throat; upper lip ± flat or concave, which has 2 lobes or emarginate; lower lip large and has 3 lobes, with the middle lobe larger, concave or ± flat, margin undulate or dentate; lateral lobes small, ovate to semicircular. The stamens are 4, nearly parallel, glabrous, ascending under upper lip of the corolla, posterior 2 longer than anterior, included or exserted, fertile; stamens of pistillate flowers rudimentary, included; anther cells 2, ellipsoid, divaricate, apex not confluent. Style exserted, apex subequally 2-cleft (Turner, 1972).
Previous studies have confirmed that the infra-generic taxonomy of the genus has been problematic, so that various investigators had different, incongruent classifications. The last infra-generic classification of Nepeta is belonging to Jamzad et al., (2003). This classification is based on the molecular techniques and presented a new classification that could be connected with the architecture of the flower of the taxa. Phylogeny analysis proved that the genus is monophyletic and have five main monophyletic groups; most of them contain taxa were owned to more than one section in former classifications. Although, Jamzad et al., (2003) conducted a comprehensive study of the genus and proposed a new classification system for it. As far as we cloud search, we cannot find any morphological study for comparison the recent classification system of the genus (Jamzad et al., 2003) with traditional ones (Rechinger, 1982). Therefore, in the present investigation, morphological characteristics of twenty four populations of seventeen Nepeta taxa were used for infra-generic classification of this genus and comparison of it with recent and also previous classifications. In addition, infra-specific variations in morphological traits were studied in some species and its role was examined in infra-generic variations.
Material and method
Ten qualitative and thirty quantitative morphological characteristics of twenty four populations of Nepeta were studied. These populations were related to sixteen species and one variety of the genus (table 1). These taxa connected to four taxonomical groups of the genus (according to Jamzad, 2012). These species were elected from natural populations of this genus during spring 2016 and identified based on the descriptions provided in Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1982) and Flora of Iran (Jamzad, 2012). On the basis of distribution, one, two or three populations were selected for each species. In total, eighty individuals of twenty four populations selected randomly (3-4 individuals per population). The mean and also standard deviation was determined for quantitative characteristics (table 2).
In addition, these traits were subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in order to reduce dimensionality of multivariate data, while preserving most of the variance. Cluster analysis was performed for the average of each morphological trait of each population based on the Euclidean distances using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method) algorithm. Visualization of PCA, PCO (Principal Coordinates Analysis) and CA (correspondence analyses) data was performed using MVSP software ver.2. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS software ver.16.
Table 1. Localities address and coding of studied Nepeta species (taxon classification are according to Jamzad 2012)
coding Group Taxa Habitat address
1 VI N. sessilifolia Bunge Markazi province, Arak, Sefidkhani mountain,2180 m.
2 VI N. sessilifolia Bunge Isfahan province, Golpaygan, Alvand,2100 m.
3 IV N. racemosa Lam. Qazvin province, Alamout, 3000 m
4 II N. pogonospermaJamzad and Qazvin province, Alamout, 3000 m
Assadi
5 IV N. fissa Mey. Mazandaran province, Haraz road, Polor
6 IV N. saccharata Bunge Tehran province, Fasham, Zaygan,2700 m.
7 IV N. haussknechtii Born m. Ardabil, Asalem to Khalkhal, 2000 m.
8 IV N. heliotropifolia Lam. Markazi province, Ghargh Abad, Sangak,2237 m.
9 IV N. heliotropifolia Lam. Markazi province, Arak, Sefidkhani mountain,2180 m
10 IV N. heliotropifolia Lam. Qazvin province, Alamout, 3000 m
11 IV N. meyeriBenth. Mazandaran province, Haraz road, Polor, Lasem 2650m.
12 IV N. meyeri Benth. west Azerbaijan, Tabriz, to Zanjan, Bostan Abad 1841 m.
13 IV N. wettsteinii Heir. Braun West Azerbaijan, Urmia, Sero,1680 m.
14 IV N. kotschyivar. persicaJamzad Khorasan Province, Nyshabur,1700 m.
15 V N. ispahanica Boiss. West Azerbaijan, 60 km Salmas to Urmia, 1580 m.
16 II N. bracteata Benth. Khorasan Province, Nyshabur,1700 m.
17 IV N. saccharata Bunge Zanjan province, 20km Dandi to Zanjan 1513m.
18 V N. mirzayanii Rech f. & Esfand. Kerman province, Rabor, Naniz Olyia, 2418 m.
19 IV N. fissa Mey. Mazandaran province, Albourz mountain, Protected area, 2250 m.
20 IV N. cataria L. Mazandaran province, Siahbisheh,2300 m.
21 IV N. wettsteinii Heir. Braun Mazandaran province, Chalous road, between pole Zangooleh and
Chalous, 2229 m.
22 IV N. crassifolia Boiss. & Buhse. Semnan province, Semnan to Damghan road, Ahovan,1300 m.
23 V N. lasiocephala Benth. Kerman province, Raein, Hezar mountain 4443 m.
24 II N. menthoides Boiss. & Buhse. east Azerbaijan, Sahand mountain, 2500 m.
Table 2. Mean and standard deviations of some important morphological characteristics (all values are in mm).
stem Seed Seed
Stem leaf stem Basal Basal Flora Floral Calyx length width
lengt stem leaf lengt leaf Basal leaf leaf leaf Floral leaf leaf leaf Calyx tooth
species h shape h width shape length width shape length width width length
N. sessilifolia (Sefidkhani) Mean N Std. D. 382 4 4.92 ovate 43.00 4 1.02 28.75 4 6.29 ovate 18.00 4 8.08 12.50 4 6.13 ovate 28.50 4 4.50 13.75 4 1.50 1.00 4 0.00 1.00 4 0.00 2.21 4 0.00 1.22 4 0.00
N. sessilifolia (Alvand) Mean N Std. D. 236 3 3.51 ovate 29.00 3 3.60 17.00 3 4.35 ovate 26.66 3 2.88 15.00 3 1.00 ovate 18.33 3 2.88 9.00 3 3.60 1.66 3 0.57 0.50 3 0.00 2.65 3 0.00 1.52 3 0.00
Mean 270 13.00 6.00 7.66 4.33 10.00 5.66 1.00 0.50 2 1
N. racemosa N 3 ovate 3 3 ovate 3 3 ovate 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std. D. 1.00 2.00 3.46 0.57 .57 4.35 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.09
N. fissa (Albourz) Mean N 437 4 ovate 8.25 4 3.75 4 lanceolate 14.00 4 9.30 4 lanceolate 6.00 4 2.25 4 1.50 4 1.00 4 2.10 4 1.20 4
Std. D. 10.3 6.39 2.50 1.00 7.00 2.70 0.95 0.57 0.00 0.08 0.10
N. fissa (Polor) Mean N 663 3 ovate 14.33 3 9.00 3 ovate 16.00 3 10.00 3 ovate 4.6 3 1.66 3 1.00 3 1.00 3 2.00 3 1.00 3
Std. D. 9.29 1.25 7.93 1.38 8.66 5.03 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.04
N. sacchharata (Fasham) Mean N 200 3 ovate 13.33 3 9.66 3 ovate 22.00 3 6.33 3 lanceolate 13.33 3 3.66 3 1.66 3 .50 3 1.50 3 0.80 3
Std. D. 3.00 2.88 4.50 2.43 1.52 1.01 3.78 0.57 0.00 0.12 0.11
N. sacchharata (Dandi) Mean N Std. D. 375 2 2.12 lanceolate 17.50 2 2.12 12.00 2 1.41 lanceolate 13.00 2 1.41 8.50 2 2.12 linear 10.50 2 4.94 4.00 2 0.00 1.00 2 0.00 0.50 2 0.00 1.80 2 0.00 1.00 2 0.05
N. hieliotropifolia (Sangak) Mean N Std. D. 452 5 3.11 lanceolate 21.80 5 6.01 5.60 5 1.34 Linear-lanceolate 30.60 5 3.78 6.80 5 1.30 linear 14.40 5 1.51 3.20 5 .44 1.60 5 .54 1.00 5 0.00 3 5 0.00 2 5 0.07
N. hieliotropifolia (Sefidkhani) Mean N Std. D. 330 5 360 lanceolate 26.60 5 4.82 7.80 5 1.92 Linear-lanceolate 20.20 5 6.22 7.20 5 1.78 lanceolate 22.00 5 2.12 6.00 5 1.00 1.00 5 0.00 0.60 5 0.22 2.99 5 0.10 1.98 5 0.11
N. hieliotropifolia (Alvand) Mean N Std. D. 510 3 3.12. elliptic 25.00 3 2.51. 15.00 3 2.36. ovate 9.00 3 1.97. 7.00 3 1.02. elliptic 24.00 3 2.89. 9.00 3 2.49. 4.00 3 0.63 1.00 3 0.19 3 3 0.11 2.10 3 0.09
N. meyeri Mean 370 13.00 9.00 ovate 13.60 7.80 elliptic 8.40 3.20 1.80 0.70 1.50 0.90
(Lasem) N 5 ovate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Std. D. 4.52 3.80 2.00 4.82 3.34 2.30 1.09 0.44 0.27 0.02 0.13
N. meyeri Mean 566 24.33 13.66 14.33 10.00 18.00 11.00 1.66 0.40 1.83 1.12
(Bostan Abad) N 3 ovate 3 3 ovate 3 3 ovate 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std. D. 3.51 1.00 3.21 3.05 2.00 3.46 4.58 0.57 0.00 0.04 0.08
N. mirzayanii Mean 313 12.25 9.75 7.50 5.00 8.00 3.50 1.00 1.00 1.40 0.61
N 4 ovate 4 4 ovate 4 4 elliptic 4 4 4 4 4 4
Std. D. 5.58 2.87 2.62 1.73 1.63 1.41 1.73 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.13
N. kotschyivar. Mean 292 20.25 16.25 13.75 12.50 9.25 7.00 1.00 0.50 1.45 1.25
persica N 4 ovate 4 4 ovate 4 4 ovate 4 4 4 4 4 4
Std. D. 4.78 .50 0.50 2.06 3.31 2.50 3.16 0.00 0.00 0.10 o.o4
N. ispahanica Mean 66 10.80 6.20 7.60 4.60 8.20 2.20 1.00 0.50 1.55 0.80
N 5 ovate 5 5 ovate 5 5 oblong 5 5 5 5 5 5
Std. D. 2.01 2.04 1.78 1.94 1.67 1.64 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.07
N. bracteata Mean 112 9.50 3.50 7.50 3.00 6.00 3.50 1.00 1.00 1.35 0.65
N 2 lanceolate 2 2 lanceolate 2 2 elliptic 2 2 2 2 2 2
Std. D. 2.47 6.36 0.70 6.36 2.82 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02
N. wettsteinii (Siahbisheh) Mean N 446 5 ovate 19.20 5 11.40 5 ovate 11.80 5 6.40 5 ovate-lanceolate 10.80 5 5.80 5 1.40 5 0.60 5 1.80 5 1.21 5
Std. D. 1.30 3.27 2.60 2.94 2.40 4.02 2.77 0.89 0.22 0.12 0.11
N. wettsteinii Mean 547 34.75 14.5 19 10.75 16 7.75 1.25 1 1.78 1.18
(Sero) N 3 lanceolate 3 3 lanceolate 3 3 lanceolate 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std. D. 1.94 4.30 2.20 1.32 1.90 0.79 1.87 0.50 0.44 0.10 0.00
N. haussknechtii Mean 210 10.80 7.80 5.40 3.60 13.80 10.20 1.80 0.50 1.45 2.50
N 5 ovate 5 5 ovate 5 5 ovate 5 5 5 5 5 5
Std. D. 2.23 2.58 2.04 1.51 1.67 1.64 0.44 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mean 420 44 20 26 15 23 10 2 1 1.75 1.00
N. cataria N 3 ovate 3 3 elliptic 3 3 lanceolate 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std. D. 1.96 3.38 4.32 1.06 2.67 1.96 1.10 0.9 0.00 0.00 0.00
N. crassifolia Mean 452 16.75 10.00 12.25 7.50 8.25 3.50 1.50 1.00 1.75 1.25
elliptic
N 4 4 4 elliptic 4 4 elliptic 4 4 4 4 4 4
Std. D. 1.78 1.69 5.41 9.17 7.04 5.25 3.00 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00
N. lasiocephala Mean 950 7.00 5.00 6.00 4.00 7.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 1.40 0.60
N 3 ovate 3 3 ovate 3 3 ovate 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std. D. 1.49 4.06 4.58 7.12 1.58 3.69 1.02 0.69 0.00 0.03 0.00
N. menthoides Mean 433 25.66 5.66 10.33 2.00 20.00 5.00 2.00 1.00 2.25 1.25
N 3 lanceolate 3 3 lanceolate 3 3 lanceolate 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std. D. 5.68 6.02 1.15 9.60 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.05
N. pogonosperma Mean 366 30.00 10.00 21.33 6.66 21.00 6.66 1.33 1.00 2.75 1.1
N 3 elliptic 3 3 linear 3 3 ovate 3 3 3 3 3 3
Std. D. 1.52 4.35 4.35 2.30 0.57 5.29 1.52 0.57 0.00 0.10 0.00
Results
In the study, forty qualitative and quantitative morphological features of vegetative as well as reproductive organs were examined for infra-generic classification of this genus.
Not only quantitative morphological traits differed between the studied taxa, but also ANOVA test showed significant variations (p <0.05) for all of the studied characteristics, with the exception of flower number per inflorescence cycle (table 3). It proved that floral number of each inflorescence cycle is at least stable between various populations of the studied species. Largest (28.5mm) and widest (13.75mm) floral leaves were recorded in N. sessilifolia (Sefidkhani population), in contrary, smallest values of these characters were reported of N. fissa (Polor population). In addition, N. sessilifolia (Sefidkhani population) had longest style (20.5mm) and shortest calyx (2.5mm). However, longest (15.6mm) and shortest corolla (4.5mm) were found in N. menthoidesand N. sessilifolia (Sefidkhani population), respectively.
Moreover, most of the studied qualitative traits varied between the studied species. For example, on the base of position, three types of leaves were seen in each flowering stem; basal, stem and floral. The basal leaf shapes of most populations were ovate, while other shapes as lanceolate (N. wettsteinii, N. bracteata, N. menthoides, N. heliotropifolia Sefidkhani and Sangak populations, N. saccharata) and elliptic (N. pogonosperma, N. crassifolia, N. heliotropifolia Alvand) were found. These conditions hold true of stem leaf and the most frequent shapes were ovate, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, respectively. The petal color was another variable trait, while it was stable between different populations of each species. Significant positive/negative correlations were found between different morphological traits. For example, significant positive correlations (p< 0.05) were found between corolla length with anther and style length.
Calyx tooth width had significant positive correlation (p< 0.05, r = 0.35) with stem length. Stem length has significant positive correlation (p< 0.05, r = 0.34) with stem leaf length. Moreover, significant negative correlations were seen between style length with basal leaf petiole length (p< 0.05, r = - 0.22) as well as stem leaf petiole length (p< 0.01, r = - 0.30). While, style length has positive significant correlations (p< 0.01) with floral leaf width and length, basal leaf width, stem leaf width and length. Significant negative correlation (p< 0.05, r = - 0.26) were recorded between anther length with stem leaf petiole length. In contrary, significant positive correlations (p< 0.05) were occurred between floral leaf width and length, basal leaf width, stem leaf width and length with style length. Petal length /width ratio has negative significant correlations (p< 0.05) with floral leaf width and length. Significant positive correlations were found between seed length with calyx width (p< 0.0 1, r= 0.48) and length (p< 0.0 1, r= 0.42). Calyx tooth length had significant positive correlations with seed length (p< 0.0 5, r= 0.42) and width (p< 0.0 1, r= 0.52). A significant positive correlation (p< 0.0 1, r= 0.85) was observed between seed length and width. Floral leaf length had significant positive correlations with seed length (p< 0.0 1, r= 0.66) as well as width (p< 0.0 1, r= 0.58). CA- biplot (fig. 1) and also CA joint plot (fig. 2) showed that some of studied taxa had prominent character(s), which was useful in identification of them. For example, the length of stem was a good trait for identification of N. wettsteinii (Siahbisheh population) and N. meyeri(Bostan Abad population) from the rest taxa. The pedicle was useful for N. pogonosperma and the ratio of leaf / stem length for both N. fissa populations and N. crassifolia. Moreover, both populations of N. sessilifolia and N. catariawere distinguished from others by means of basal and stem leaves width.
Table 3. Results on the ANOVA analysis to assess for differences in quantitative qualitative morphological traits of studied Nepeta species. d.f.: degrees of freedom; F: F-statistic; P: probability.
Characteristics Sum of Squares df Mean Square F P
Flower no. Per cycle Between Groups 90.309 22 4.105 .820 .689
Within Groups 285.188 57 5.003
Total 375.497 79
Pedicle length Between Groups 199.438 22 9.065 11.295 .000
Within Groups 45.750 57 .803
Total 245.188 79
Floral leaf petiole Between Groups 72.393 21 3.447 3.802 .000
length Within Groups Total 51.683 124.076 57 78 .907
Basal leaf petiole Between Groups 1395.883 22 63.449 3.993 .000
length Within Groups Total 905.667 2301.550 57 79 15.889
Stem leaf petiole Between Groups 1052.450 22 47.839 2.272 .007
length Within Groups Total 1200.300 2252.750 57 79 21.058
Style length Between Groups 1047.300 22 47.605 14.384 .000
Within Groups 188.650 57 3.310
Total 1235.950 79
Anther length Between Groups 1192.504 22 54.205 15.574 .000
Within Groups 198.383 57 3.480
Total 1390.887 79
Calyx tooth width Between Groups 4.480 22 .204 16.580 .000
Within Groups .700 57 .012
Total 5.180 79
Calyx tooth length Between Groups 19.521 22 .887 9.252 .000
Within Groups 5.467 57 .096
Total 24.987 79
Corolla width Between Groups 31.804 22 1.446 7.786 .000
Within Groups 10.583 57 .186
Total 42.388 79
Corolla length Between Groups 763.704 22 34.714 9.667 .000
Within Groups 204.683 57 3.591
Total 968.387 79
Calyx width Between Groups 15.654 22 .712 3.042 .000
Within Groups 13.333 57 .234
Total 28.987 79
Calyx length Between Groups 155.833 22 7.083 4.990 .000
Within Groups 80.917 57 1.420
Total 236.750 79
Floral leaf width Between Groups 798.554 22 36.298 8.645 .000
Within Groups 239.333 57 4.199
Total 1037.887 79
Floral leaf length Between Groups 3093.000 22 140.591 9.704 .000
Within Groups 825.800 57 14.488
Total 3918.800 79
Basal leaf width Between Groups 941.383 22 42.790 3.406 .000
Within Groups 716.167 57 12.564
Total 1657.550 79
Basal leaf length Between Groups 4402.988 22 200.136 3.683 .000
Within Groups 3097.400 57 54.340
Total 7500.388 79
Stem leaf width Between Groups 2418.421 22 109.928 8.939 .000
Within Groups 700.967 57 12.298
Total 3119.388 79
Stem leaf length Between Groups 6197.454 22 281.702 6.097 .000
Within Groups 2633.733 57 46.206
Total 8831.188 79
Stem length Between Groups 1549883.438 22 70449.247 14.313 .000
Within Groups 280551.250 57 4921.952
Total 1830434.688 79
4 15 2316
A |AM
PCA case scores
93.03-
67
A7"
-74.42 -55.82 -37.21 -1861
18.61 18
19
1-u ^22
17 13
3 14 V8/ 17 13 -18.61-|"
2^ 1b 21 12
5 ▲
37.21 ^^55.82 T442"u 93.03
AO
AD AL
-74.42-Axis 1
Vector scaling: 77.92
Fig. 1. PCA-biplot of the studied taxa and their morphological traits. Abbreviations; C: ratio of stem length / stem leaf length, E: ratio of stem length / floral leaf length, AO: stem length, AD: floral leaf length, AL: basal leaf shape, K: floral leaf margin shape. Numbers indicate species code 1 -24 as in Table 1.
c
CA joint plot
4 ▲
O P
O v
15
A
N
V
I-V
7 D
A V
Z
H
f-1.9
22 11A
C
V
19
A
5
A
-0.9
V8 AO I 'Va4A 12V °.9
AC AG
V V<A A
D^ AG
dAL AK;20
9
A 2j°
4-1.9-
2.8
E
-4.7
-3.8
-2.8
1.9
2.8
I
-2.8—
-3.8—
-4.7
Axis 1
Fig. 2. CA joint plot of morphological characteristics and studied Nepeta taxa. Numbers indicate species code 1-24 as in Table 1. Abbreviations: C: ratio of stem length / stem leaf length, E: ratio of stem length / floral leaf length, F; Flower no. per cycle, G; Pedicle length, N; Floral leaf petiole length, O; Basal leaf petiole length, P; Stem leaf petiole length, Q; Style length, R; Anther length, T; Calyx tooth width, U; Calyx tooth length, W; Corolla width, X; Corolla length, Z; Calyx width, AC; Floral leaf width, AD; Floral leaf length, AG; Basal leaf width, AH; Basal leaf length, AK; Stem leaf width, AL; Stem leaf length, AO: Stem length
The studied species were separated from each other and clustered separately in the UPGMA tree (fig. 3), in addition PCO and PCA plots (figs. 4, 5) produced similar results. Therefore, taxa arrangements in the tree were discussed here: it had two big and small branches. In the smaller one, N. ispahanica, N. bracteata, N. lasiocephala and N. pogonosperma were found, which the
first three species clustered closely. In the bigger branch, N. fissa (Polor population) placed far from others in the separated sub-branch, while in the other sub-branch the rest taxa clustered into two main groups. In smaller group, N. sessilifolia(Alvand population), N. saccharata (Fasham population) and N. haussknechtii grouped closely, but N. racemosa, N. heliotropifolia (Sefidkhani population), N. kotschyi var. persica and N. mirzayanii arranged together. The large group had two sections. In a section, N. meyeri(Bostan Abad population), N. heliotropifolia (Qazvin population) and N. wettsteinii (Siahbisheh population) were together. However, in other two sub-sections were observed. In one sub- section, species were in pairs: N. sessilifolia (Sefidkhani population) versus N. cataria and N. saccharata (Dandi population) versus N. meyeri(Lasem population). However, in the last sub-section, N. fissa(Albourz population) was aside. The rest species arranged in two pairs: N. heliotropifolia(Sangak population) with N. menthoidesand N. wettsteinii(Sero population) with N. crassifolia.
UPGMA
i i i i i i i 360 300 240 180 120 60 0
Euclidean
Fig. 3. UPGMA tree of Nepetaspecies on the bases of morphological features. Numbers indicate species code as in Table 1.
PCO case scores (Euclidean)
Axis 1
Fig. 4. PCO plot of the studied Nepeta taxa and their populations with use of morphological characteristics. Numbers indicate species code 1 -24 as in Table 1.
PCA case scores
71.07-1-
56.86—
42.64—
28.43—
-28.43—
-42.64—
-56.86—
-71.07-1-Axis 1
Fig. 5. PCA plot of the studied Nepeta species. Numbers indicate species code 1 -24 as in Table 1.
Discussion
Nepeta is a particularly complex genus in Lamiaceae family, as yet different infra-generic classifications have been proposed for it, such as Bentham (1848), Briquet (1896), Pojarkova (1954), Budantsev (1993) and in recent years Jamzad et al. (2003). Bentham (1848) classified its species (109) into eight sections and five subsections. However, Briquet (1896) identified 150 species of Nepeta and clustered them into two sections and 15 subsections. The classification patterns of Budantsev and Pojarkova were very similar with minor changes. Budantsev (1993) revised the genus and recognized 19 sections and13 subsections and listed 210 species in this genus.
As seen from above, the main problem was related to classification of species into groups/ sections. In this study, the morphological traits were used for infra-generic classification by using numerical taxonomy. Simpson (1961) has been defined systematics as the scientific study of organism's type and diversity and relationships between them. The existed relationship may be expressed in the phrase of likeness (as in numerical taxonomy) or assumed phylogenetic connection (as in phylogenetic taxonomy or cladistics). Irrespective of how relationship is observed, the basis for its evolution is generally a list of traits and trait state. Traditionally, the mentioned traits have been mainly morphology (Sattler & Rutishauser, 1997), because morphological features play a major role in both phonetic and phylogenetic classifications (Cronquist, 1988; woodland, 1996). High variations were observed among both qualitative and quantitative morphological traits between the studied species and also their populations. These findings were in agreement with former investigations. Padure (2006) studies showed many variations in different morphological characteristics between Nepeta species such as: the color of flowers; corolla length related to calyx size; the middle lobe shape of the lower corolla lip; the shape of calyx, teeth and tube length ratio in calyx; type anastomosis of the veins in calyx; the presence or absence of bract in the central flower of cyme; the bracts and bracteoles shape; the type of inflorescence; bracts and calyx length ratio.
The species clustering in the UPGMA tree and also PCO and PCA plots did not confirm the Jamzad et al., (2003) proposed infra-generic classification in many cases. For example, of three studied species of group V, only N. ispahanica and N. lasiocephala clustered together, while other species, N. mirzayanii, placed far from others. These species in Flora Iranica belonged to three different sections, Micronepeta, Cupituliferae and Micranthae, respectively (Rechinger, 1982). Our obtained results confirmed placement of N. ispahanica and N. lasiocephala in a group, but did not prove clustering of N. mirzayaniiin this group. This condition held true for members of group II. In the study, three species of the group were investigated. Two of them, N. bracteataand N. menthoides, placed separately. In Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1982) these species were members of two different sections Cataria(N. menthoides) and Micronepeta(N. bracteata).
Most of the studied species were the members of group IV. Our findings confirmed high morphological differences between these species, because they placed separately far from each other. In fact, these species in flora Iranica belonged to four sections. For instance, N. racemosa, N. haussknechtii, N. kotschyi var. persica and N. crassifolia were members of section Stenostegiae. It is more important to know that with the exception of N. crassifolia, the rest species clustered nearly. However, section Micranthae consisted of N. saccharata, N. meyeri, and N. wettsteinii(Rechinger, 1982). In this study, two populations of these species were examined, but in all cases the populations of same species did not cluster closely. This holds true for N. fissa, N. sessilifolia as well as N. heliotropifolia.
N. fissa is the other member of section IV. Two studied populations of it were thrown away. Its Albourz population clustered with some members of this group (N. heliotropifolia, N. wettsteinii and N. crassifolia, but the other one (Polor population) placed away. N. fissa belonged to section Schizocalyx in flora Iranica. Therefore, if only Polor population of this species is examined,
the taxonomical pattern of Rechinger (1982) will be correct. These proved that high infra-specific morphological variations are presented among the studied species. Hedge and Lamond (1982) believed that frequent hybridization and introgression, associated with substantial age or habitat-linked difference, make Nepetaa particularly complex genus. These conditions were reported in different species of Lamiaceae family, such as Phlomis olivieri(Talebi, 2014), Acinosgraveolens(M.B.) Link. (Talebi, 2015) Stachys inflate (Talebi et al., 2014a) and also species of other families, for example Linaceae (Afshar et al., 2015). Different reasons were proposed for infra-specific morphological variations, such as creation of ecotype or ecophene. In both states, morphological traits of populations differed under various ecological conditions (Talebi et al., 2014b). Conclusion
The results of present investigations did not confirm the designed taxonomical pattern of Jamzad et al., (2003) in many cases. There are many possible reasons for these conditions; however, it seems that the main reason is the existence of high infra-specific variations. Jamzad et al., (2003) used only one population of each species and did not pay attention to infra-specific variations, which highly are seen between different populations of each species. Different studies proved that ecological conditions have strong effects on both morphological characteristics and also genetical structures of various populations of each species. These conditions were seen in different species of Lamiaceae and many other families. Therefore, for each taxonomical treatment, some populations of each taxon must be used. References
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