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ТЕКСТ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПАРАДИГМЕ: ГЕРМЕНЕВТИКА ОУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ
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Thematic issue TEXT IN THE MODERN PHILOLOGICAL PARADIGM: HERMENEUTICS OF LITERARY COMMUNICATION
http://philjournal.ru 2022 No 4 222281-239
ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕКСТ В АСПЕКТЕ ПЕРЕВОДА
TRANSLATION OF FICTION
Original Paper
https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-228-239
Information Сapacity of Globalized Text Content: Museum Website as a Translation Object
Anna A. Gureeva
Volgograd State University;
100 UniversitetskyAve., Volgograd, Russian Federation, 400011;
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5993-8138; Scopus Author ID: 57189063974;
Web of Science Researcher ID: ABE-9129-2020 *e-mail: gureeva@volsu.ru
Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of translation and creation of globalized text content of an official cultural and leisure institution website on the example of museum websites. The relevance of this research is due to the need to enlarge the target audience of Russian museums which official websites do not still provide globalized versions in the English language, which the author argues to choose for the reason of its lingua franca status. High-quality text content focused on a global visitor can not only expand the target audience but also yield other benefits for cultural and leisure institutions. The author considers that pragmatics of a potential global recipient requires following certain principles while translating a text from Russian into English or while creating a globalized text based on the Russian original. This work is aimed at studying and analyzing whether the principles of textual information completeness and brevity, which the author views as the basic ones, are followed or not, and which rules are obeyed. The text material selected for analysis is presented by text content fragments displayed on the official websites of world-known Russian museums located in Moscow and St. Petersburg with annual attendance by a vast number of foreign visitors. It is revealed that text simplicity interrelated with text brevity is reached due to transformations at lexical and syntactical levels. The rule of textual information omission is mainly performed when the textual information is irrelevant for a foreign recipient.
Keywords: museum communication, text content, globalized text, internet communication, translation, museum web-site, text information completeness, text information brevity, information capacity.
For citation: Gureeva A.A. Information Capacity of Globalized Text Content: Museum Website as a Translation Object. Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics. 2022, no 4, pp. 228-239. https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-228-239 (In Eng.).
Оригинальная статья УДК 81-26 347.78.034
https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-228-239
Информативность глобального текстового контента: веб-сайт музея как объект перевода
Гуреева А.А.
Волгоградский государственный университет;
400011, Российская Федерация, Волгоград, пр. Университетский, 100;
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5993-8138; Scopus Author ID: 57189063974;
Web of Science Researcher ID: ABE-9129-2020 *e-mail: gureeva@volsu.ru
Резюме: Статья посвящена исследованию перевода и созданию глобализованного текстового контента официального сайта культурно-досугового учреждения на примере сайтов музеев. Актуальность данного исследования обусловлена необходимостью расширения целевой аудитории российских музеев, официальные сайты которых не предоставляют глобализованных версий на английском языке, который, по мнению автора, следует выбирать по причине его статуса lingua franca. Высококачественный текстовый контент, ориентированный на посетителей со всего мира, может не только расширить целевую аудиторию, но и принести другие преимущества культурно-досуговым учреждениям. Автор считает, что прагматика потенциального глобального получателя требует соблюдения определенных принципов перевода текста с русского языка на английский или создания глобализо-ванного текста на английском языке на основе русскоязычного оригинала. Исследование направлено на изучение и анализ того, соблюдаются ли принципы полноты и лаконичности текстовой информации, которые автор считает основными при переводе / создании глобализованного текстового контента на английском языке.
Проанализированы правила, соблюдаемые при создании англоязычного текстового контента веб-сайта музея. Текстовый материал, отобранный для анализа, представлен фрагментами текстовых контентов, размещенных на официальных сайтах всемирно известных российских музеев Москвы и Санкт-Петербурга, ежегодно посещаемых большим количеством иностранных гостей. Выявлено, что простота текста, заключающаяся в простоте его смыслового восприятия, взаимосвязана с его лаконичностью, и достигается посредством преобразований на лексическом и синтаксическом уровнях. Правило опущения текстовой информации преимущественно выполняется при нерелевантности текстовой информации для иностранного получателя.
Ключевые слова: музейная коммуникация, текстовый контент, глобализованный текст, интернет-коммуникация, перевод, веб-сайт музея, полнота текстовой информации, лаконичность текстовой информации, информативность.
Для цитирования: Гуреева А.А. Информативность глобального текстового контента: веб-сайт музея как объект перевода. Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2022. № 4. С. 228-239. https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-228-239.
Introduction
The Internet has firmly established itself as an information platform for many organizations and institutions due to the convenience mode of attracting attention and informing a wide range of potential audiences. This underlines the importance of an information resource of a cultural and leisure institution in the virtual space. We consider the websites of such institutions as virtual prototypes for existing institutions.
High-quality web content, text content as one of its constituents in particular, is a key to the success of a website; therefore, to create web content attracting a wide audience requires professional skills and knowledge in the field of marketing, business and Internet communication. It is worth paying attention that when creating
websites the focus should be on fascinating informative text content which corresponds to the subject and tasks of a website, the uniqueness of the information presented, the unity of style of all web elements of a website. Useful reliable information obtained while visiting a website makes the user trust the content which definitely heightens interest and gives assurance of sharing the web page with other users (friends, relatives or followers of the user's personal web page), which finally expands the target audience.
Aim of the article
This article focuses on studying the peculiarities of translation or creation of text content of an official cultural and leisure institution website, a museum website in particular, in view of considering pragmatics of its potential global recipient. The aim is to reveal the principles followed while creating or translating web text content from Russian into English as a lingua franca.
Material and research methods
The material is presented by the text fragments excluded from the text contents of two famous and world-known Russian museums - the Moscow Kremlin and the State Hermitage Museum, which official websites provide English versions. The text fragments present information about the museums history, events and exhibitions, and useful information for visitors to the museums about their location, booking and visiting rules. The following methods were applied in the research: comparison and collation; structural methods: a distributive analysis, a transformational analysis; a componential analysis; a formalization method.
Literature review
Museum websites are unique tools which make possible virtual communication with both virtual visitors and those persons who decide to make a real visit to an institution. Within website electronic communication the audience receives information through text content, and institutions are able to attract the right and new customers, winning the market for the promotion of goods and services. Museum communication is highlighted in works by Russian and foreign scientists and presented in cultural studies by O.S. Sapanzha [1], E. Hoop-er-Greenhil [2], in theory of communication by A.V Smirnov [3], Jane K. Nielsen [4], José M. Causadias [5] and in discourse studies by K. Drotner, K. Christian Schroder [6]. We focus on a museum web-site as communicative space for participants with different background, cultural knowledge in particular. Today we face the time when "globalization has compelled people from divergent cultural backgrounds to work together" [7: 2]. Within virtual communicative space of a museum web-site, efficient cross-cultural communication seeks to change the way how information is transferred to recipients from diverse cultural backgrounds. As V.S. Bibler says, "Culture allows us, author and reader, viewer, and audience, an ability as if to recreate the world of objects - on the surface of a picture or the pages of a literary work - and this world is, at the same time, perceived in its absolute objectivity, in its independence from me" [8: 378]. This idea is applicable to communication inside space of a museum website, where culture presented by a text about cultural objects allows a global visitor and a text creator / translator to recreate this world of objects based. The principle of communication between the text creator and its recipient, as T.E. Malec suggests, is in "the existence of encoded information and its transmission; in this perspective, the work of art is the medium of that message(s)" [9: 3]. The information encoded and its readability, in other words its proper and efficient transfer, is influenced by a wide spectrum of factors. First of all, readability is based on knowledge of the information code that is employed. We suppose T.E. Malec's idea to be directly relevant to both a text content creator, as the encoder, and its global recipient, as the decoder. The greater the author's and the audience's knowledge of the code, the more information can be transferred, in terms of both timeliness and efficiency. Intercultural communication when the decoder is presented by a global recipient entails a major risk connected with distortion, such as misunderstanding or even misrepresenting any of the conveyed information.
Virtual museum: tasks and functions
Museums and their web representations perform common functions, but each of them bears certain responsibility for fulfilling particular tasks. We want to explore this difference and understand the peculiar characteristics of museums web representations: what are the tasks in whole and how communication occurs and develops within a website virtual space. A.V Lebedev, in his study devoted to the experience of creating museum websites in Russia and abroad, examines the differences and similarities between real museums and virtual museums: "the first representations of foreign museums began to appear on the Internet around since 1990, and domestic ones - in 1995". At that time, such representatives were "home pages" with a minimum amount of information and graphic images. Brief information could fit in one tab, but after a year and a half or two, home pages were replaced with more saturated forms of virtual museum resources [10: 73-74]. The intermuseum
server "Museums of Russia"1 listed that about 200 official and unofficial Internet representations of domestic museums were registered in Russia in 1998; and at the beginning of January 2009, there were already about 785 Internet representations.
Museums websites, as well as, institutions themselves, can have a great impact on education and scientific research. Moreover they can meet a virtual visitor's expectations or become totally against them. If web content, text content in particular does not display information about the historical and cultural heritage pieces in a comprehensive view, we cannot reason of its high quality. We pay much attention to text content as far as it amounts to 80% of all the information presented on the Internet.
A competently created Internet representation gives an institution a lot of advantages. We can name the following opportunities acquired by a cultural and leisure institution (not only museums but also art galleries, planetaria, theatres, concert and opera halls, etc.) when communicating with a potential audience through its website:
1. costs reduction by posting scientific articles and other materials on the website (not in a printed form),
2. getting new contacts for financing,
3. staying in dialogue with the institution visitors,
4. new opportunities to exhibit objects and collections,
5. accelerating professional information exchange,
6. attracting missing resources from outside the institution system,
7. the representation of an institution influences its development, the website can become an experimental platform, a place to develop various institution models,
8. the website may be the only opportunity for a potential visitor who cannot visit this institution to get the necessary information about it and its collections in reality.
Thus, an Internet representation combines the functions of a real museum as a space preserving and demonstrating artefacts of history and culture, its managers involved in financing activity, development, and social contacts. Text content of a museum website, as we assume, has its certain tasks, which will be discussed thereafter.
Understanding virtual museum communication: roles, channel, space
When communication is studied in a museum inside an institution space where a person comes to see the museum objects, the theory of museum communication developed by D. Cameron [11] turns to be central in discussing the roles played by communication participants. The interaction between the museum and its visitor is viewed as information process between the museum staff, which plays the transmitter's role, as his idea is the base of a certain exposition, and the visitor, who acts as a recipient. The museum piece in this process plays a mediating role.
Turning to museum communication in virtual website space and dealing only with textual information, we offer to assign roles in the interaction process in the following way:
1) a website user equals to a museum visitor, playing the recipient's role,
2) a text creator plays the museum staff's (museum guide) role which goal is to transmit information,
3) a text about the museum piece covers two roles: the first one belongs to the piece itself (mediating role), and the second one equals to the text creator' role, because a reader does not see or hear him and perceive the text initially as the only, first and final source of information.
That means that text content of a museum website plays not just a mediating role, but one of the main roles, as well; and virtual museum communication within website space has, actually, only two participants who are the reader and the text. The idea, in fact, is that virtual museum communication starts, continues and finishes when the reader starts, continues and finishes reading. Text (text content) is an information channel in website space. The text creator (writer, editor or translator, when website content is oriented to multilingual audience) carries a great responsibility for the text, as it is read by a visitor of any age and gender, with unpredictable cultural and social background and reference for a foreign language (English as the most widespread lingua franca in the world [12: 79], for example].
A potential website user is a unified visitor, so text information should be presented in an accessible language in order to effectively cover all categories of audience. Then, what is of most importance is multilingual-ity. Many websites lack foreign language versions, while translation of web pages into several languages could
1 Museums of Russia. Available at: http://www.museum.ru/. Available at Accessed April 8, 2022. (In Russ.).
enlarge the potential audience. In this regard we should focus on the translation quality, as the recipient of a foreign-language text, whether translated or created on the basis of a Russian-language text, for example, with existing shortcomings, is also a consumer of information that does not give an adequate idea of the activities and exhibits presented by cultural and leisure institutions. We concentrate, within our research, on translation and globalization aspects. Moreover, the importance of foreign language content for a virtual presentation of a museum or an art gallery, at least in English as a lingua franca, is either emphasized very little or is completely unnoticed. All this can lead to an undesired result - an ineffective demonstration of a cultural and leisure institution not only to a domestic, but also to a global recipient - a potential visitor to a museum. All the above factors indicate the relevance of this study.
Results and discussion
Based on the above, we can conclude that the creation of high-quality text content for a cultural and leisure institution website provides clear competitive advantages. It is very important for Russian cultural and leisure institutions to have a website text version in English, as well, to attract global recipients. And, after all, it is up-to-date, reliable, adequately presented in English information that will not only significantly expand the boundaries of a potential visitor group, but also critically strengthen the advantages of a competently created online representation of a cultural and leisure institution.
Museum website text content: translation issues
Summarizing the principles that should guide the creation of the text content for a museum website, we revealed a number of recommendations to develop a global English-language version of website content of a cultural and leisure institution with focus on a global recipient. These recommendations are based on the analysis of theoretical works on translation theory and intercultural communication [13-18], as well as the analysis of English text contents of websites of over 100 cultural and leisure institutions of the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, presented in the study guide2. As we mentioned above, creation of globalized text content in the English language as a lingua franca requires considering not only pragmatic aspects of a potential recipient. The task is also to transfer an optimal level of text completeness. E.V. Beloglazova determines this principle as semantics sufficient for clear understanding of cognitive models which perform as basis for proper interpretation of the text [19: 29]. The goal to save adequate information scope to fulfill the communicators' intentions, despite personal equation and their linguistic-cultural background can be performed with the use of macro-rules of generalization, omission, construction. These rules allow deducing the global meaning of the episode from the meanings of its sentences [20: 42-43]. When the macro-rules are followed the irrelevant information is reduced while the communicative value of the original text is preserved. Let's turn to the text material and see what principles and rules are followed and in which way.
The first principle which we want to discuss is completeness of information: that means that text information presented in different tabs should fully satisfy the search needs of a website visitor and be sufficient for unambiguous identification of cognitive models on the basis of which the correct interpretation of the text is built.
Let's turn to the description of The Armoury Chamber presented on the official website of the Moscow Kremlin Museums:
Russian version: Оружейная палата - музей-сокровищница - является частью комплекса Большого Кремлевского дворца. Она размещается в здании, построенном в 1851 году архитектором Константином Тоном3.
English version: The Armoury Chamber, a treasure house, is a part of the Grand Kremlin Palace's complex. It is situated in the building constructed in 1851 by the famous architect Konstantin Ton4.
The text in English is focused on the global recipient and considers the necessity to clarify some facts that can be unknown to a person not acquainted with Russian history and culture. In the English version we see the adjective famous added to describe the name of Konstantin Ton, who was an official architect of Imperial
2 Study guide: Gureeva A.A. Translation of museum texts: prospects of cultural and leisure institutions (the English language) (Perevod muzeynykh tekstov: prospekty kulturno-dosugovykh uchrezhdeny (angliysky yazyk). Volgograd: Publishers of Volgograd State University; 2021: 106. ISBN 978-5-9669-2136-1. (In Russ.).
3 Armoury Chamber. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/oruzheynaya-palata-zaly/. Accessed April 5, 2022. (In Russ.).
4 Armoury Chamber. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/oruzheynaya-palata-zaly/. Accessed April 5, 2022. (In Eng.).
Russia, and whose prominent arts include the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour and the Grand Kremlin Palace together with the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.
Museum text is rich in historical facts and cultural data; that requires explaining and describing realia possibly unknown to a global recipient. It helps the reader to get a full view of the pieces, buildings and locations presented. In the text fragment devoted to the description of the Patriarch's Palace and the Twelve Apostles' Church of the Moscow Kremlin, we see an example when the English text based on the Russian original provides a global reader with supplementary facts which completes the total idea of the text:
Russian version: Сегодня на втором этаже Патриарших палат располагается музейная экспозиция. Она посвящена русской культуре XVII столетия, когда накануне петровских реформ менялись мировоззрение, традиции и весь уклад жизни русского общества. В музее представлены драгоценная посуда, ювелирные украшения, предметы царской охоты, старинная мебель, памятники лицевого и орнаментального шитья5.
English version: Nowadays, the Cross Chamber, the Front Anteroom, the refectory and the Twelve Apostles' Church house the exposition exploring the history and peculiarities of Russian culture through the 17th century. Precious housewares, jewellery, ceremonial hunting equipment, ancient furniture and items of church embroidery presented here were created by masters ofRussia, European and Eastern countries. The majority of items were made in national traditions by Russian masters of Moscow Kremlin Workshops and masters from Yaroslavl, Kostroma and other towns6.
A spectacular example when completeness of information is factored in is also the description of the Architectural Ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin:
Russian version: Московский Кремль - один из крупнейших архитектурно-градостроительных ансамблей мира. Он раскинулся в центре столицы России на высоком холме над Москвой-рекой7.
English version: The Moscow Kremlin is one of the biggest architectural and urban development ensembles in the world. It stands in the centre of the city, on the Borovitsky Hill situated on the Moskva River left bank. It resembles an irregular triangle8.
The text in English has supplementary information containing the name of the Borovitsky Hill where the Moscow Kremlin is located, while it is texted in Russian that this hill is just high - на высоком холме. The Moskva river side is indicated in the English version - on the Moskva River left bank, but the text in Russian does not present the pinpoint reference, as the location indication над Москвой-рекой which means "over the Moskva Rivef' is sufficient for a Russian recipient.
This description of the Moscow Kremlin Architectural Ensemble is also a successful case of following the second principle - brevity of presentation: in order to attract the reader's attention to important information and a better perception of the globalized text, it should be created in the form of a model simplified at the syntactic and lexical levels. Let's compare the lexis, expressed in the verbs, which is used in both versions and see the candidate translations chosen for the English one:
Russian version:
(1) Он раскинулся в центре столицы России на высоком холме над Москвой-рекой.
(2) На территории площадью 28 гектар раскинулись просторные площади и красивые скверы, величественные дворцы и обилие храмов.
English version:
(1) It stands in the centre of the city, on the Borovitsky Hill situated on the Moskva River left bank.
(2) The territory of 27,5 hectare houses wide squares and beautiful gardens, majestic palaces and plenty of churches.
5 Patriarch's Palace and the Twelve Apostles' Church. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/ patriarshie-palaty-s-tserkovyu-dvenadtsati-apostolov/. Accessed April 5, 2022. (In Russ.).
6 Patriarch's Palace and the Twelve Apostles' Church. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/patriarshie-palaty-s-tserkovyu-dvenadtsati-apostolov/. Accessed April 5, 2022. (In Eng.).
7 Architectural Ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/sob-ornaya-ploschad/. Accessed April 7, 2022. (In Russ.).
8 Architectural Ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/sobornaya-ploschad/. Accessed April 7, 2022. (In Eng.).
The Russian verb "раскинуться" used in both sentences means here to occupy a wide, large space, many places, to widespread for a long distance, for many places9 (translated from Russian into English by A.A.). In the first sentence the intransitive verb "stand" with a meaning to occupy a place or location (https://www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stand) is chosen to translate it into English, while in the second sentence the transitive verb "house" with a meaning "to serve as a shelter or container for10" is used. It is conditioned by the changes made in the clause: the subject nominal group "площади и скверы" in the original is transformed to the object "squares and gardens'"; while, the modifier of place "На территории" is transformed to the subject "The territory". These transformations need to use a transitive verb for a predicate which typically distinguishes between the subject and its direct objects.
The verbs "stand" and "house" are very common in English texts presented in the websites of cultural and leisure institutions and locations of English-speaking countries (Great Britain, the USA, Canada, and Australia) which was revealed during selecting texts for the study guide11 used in the education process. This choice is justified as it considers a global recipient's average level of knowledge of the English language.
The Russian text has military, architectural and building lexis presented in English by descriptive translation which makes text understanding easier:
military term: площадки боя - places for staying during the fight,
architectural term: мерный шаг башен - distances between the towers.
This one text fragment turns to be demonstrative as an example of a text pragmatically oriented to a global recipient. Two important principles - completeness of information and simplified lexical presentation are followed here.
The second recommendation - brevity, logically leads to the third one - the text simplicity. The issue of the linguistic levels of the modern lingua franca is still open for discussion, despite the increasing number of dialects as it spreads in the field of various linguistic cultures. As A. Cogo writes, English is obviously not the only lingua franca neither in the world today nor specifically in Europe, but it is a lingua franca that has grown in prominence particularly in the 21st century [12: 80]. People who use English as a lingua franca tend to enhancing clarity in communication, and a tendency to increase explicitness is evidenced by various lexi-co-grammatical recurrences. This can be achieved by some lexico-grammar changes, for instance in the sentence structure [12: 81-82]. The great aim of English as a lingua franca is to ensure successful communication.
Text simplicity concerns also syntactic level: the text creator should abide by rules of shortness and conciseness of expression. It is obvious that syntax is of great importance when creating a text for a global recipient. As we have already discussed, the text recipients can be of any English proficiency that is why the text should be written with simple syntax. If a Russian sentence is created with such parts of speech as participles which make it long, than its translation into English can and should be divided into two or more parts, if necessary, to let the sentences become shorter and easier for understanding. Let's consider a demonstrative example of changing the syntax:
Russian version: "Основу музейного собрания составили веками хранившиеся в царской казне и патриаршей ризнице драгоценные предметы, выполненные в кремлевских мастерских, а также полученные в дар от посольств иностранных государств"12.
English version: "The museum collections were based on the precious items that had been preserved for centuries in the tsars' treasury and the Patriarch's vestry. Some of the exhibits were made in the Kremlin workshops, others were accepted as ambassadorial gifts"13.
9 Defining Dictionary Ushakov D.N.. 1935-1940. Available at: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ushakov/1000902. Accessed April 7, 2022.
10 Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/house. Accessed April 7, 2022.
11 Study guide: Gureeva A.A. Translation of museum texts: prospects of cultural and leisure institutions (the English language) (Perevod muzeynykh tekstov: prospekty kulturno-dosugovykh uchrezhdeny (angliysky yazyk). Volgograd: Publishers of Volgograd State University; 2021: 106. ISBN 978-5-9669-2136-1. (In Russ.).
12 Armoury Chamber. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/oruzheynaya-palata-zaly/. Accessed April 7, 2022. (In Russ.).
13 Armoury Chamber. Available at: https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/visit-to-kremlin/what-to-see/oruzheynaya-palata-zaly/. Accessed April 7, 2022. (In Eng.).
The one long Russian sentence is divided into two by adding the subject "Some of the exhibits" to the second sentence. This subject is created from the meaning of the object "the precious items'" used in the first sentence; and the Russian participles "выполненные" and "полученные" are transformed into Passive Voice forms "were made" and "were accepted' used in the second sentence as a predicate.
The principles of completeness of information and brevity are interdependent. The desire to convey the content and volume of the source text to the maximum extent can cause redundancy of information, preservation of information that a potential global recipient does not need from a pragmatic view. The text content in the State Hermitage Museum website section «Покупка билетов онлайн» and its English version «Purchase of Online Tickets» have significant differences:
Russian version:
Входной билет по Специальному предложению*
Действует на определённые сеансы, количество билетов ограничено
Для отдельных категорий посетителей, имеющих право на льготу, при предъявлении соответствующих документов:
- дети от 14 до 18 лет (независимо от гражданства)
- пенсионеры (граждане РФ и государств ЕАЭС)
- студенты (независимо от гражданства)
- курсанты учебных заведений РФ (независимо от гражданства)
- члены Международного Совета музеев ICOM
- сотрудники музеев Российской Федерации14
English version:
Special Offer* entry ticket
Restricted to certain time-slots; the number of tickets is limited
Available to certain categories of visitor
- children aged 14 to 18 (irrespective of citizenship)
- students (irrespective of citizenship)
- military cadets attending educational institutions in the Russian Federation (irrespective of citizenship)
- members of ICOM
- pensioners (citizens of the Russian Federation and other states of the Eurasian Economic Union)15
The English version omits information that is irrelevant for a foreign visitor to the museum about the right to benefits for such a category as employees of museums of the Russian Federation (сотрудники музеев Российской Федерации (in Russian)).
In the Russian version, the letter abbreviation ICOM, given in English, is accompanied by the original phrase translated into Russian - The International Council of Museums (Международного Совета музеев (in Russ.)); the English version provides no explanation of the abbreviation due to the redundancy of information.
A good example of sufficient information for unambiguous identification of cognitive models is presented in the section " Special Offer - reduced price tickets for certain categories of visitor": the phrase "многодетные семьи" is translated as "'families with three or more children under 18". In this case, there is a clarification in the translation for the museum visitors that free admission on the third Thursday of each month is available for families with three or more minor children. Since the Hermitage Museum is frequently visited by foreign tourists, and the concept of multi-member families differs in different countries, and the age varies, the phrase "large families" has been translated with clarification.
We find a prime example of following to several principles in one text fragment presented on the Esenin Museum of Moscow official website:
Russian version:
"В 2010 году музей оформил в оперативное управление здание по адресу пер. Чернышевского, д. 4, стр. 2, тоже связанное с первым московским периодом творчества С.А. Есенина. Все близлежащие улицы на пересечении этого дома от Новой Божедомки, 2, где жил Есенин, сотрудничая с Суриковским
14 Purchase of Online Tickets. Available at: https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage?lng=ru. Accessed April 8, 2022. (In Russ.).
15 Purchase of Online Tickets. Available at: https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage?lng=en. Accessed April 8, 2022. (In Eng.).
литературно-музыкальным кружком, до Миусской площади Университета А.Л. Шанявского, где в эти годы учился поэт, - находились неподалеку от дома в пер. Чернышевского. Здесь часто проходили творческие вечера и диспуты, которые неоднократно посещал желающий обрести свою аудиторию молодой Есенин".16
English version
"In 2010 the museum acquired another building, at Chernishevsky per. 4, bldg. 2, where Sergei Yesenin had been a frequent guest. Since 1912, he had participated in the Surikovsky literary and musical circle, whose members often gathered in the building'}1
The English version presents a case of the simplified lexis expressed, firstly, in the verb "acquired", chosen to explain the meaning of the long Russian verb phrase "оформил в оперативное управление ", and, secondly, in the preposition at carrying the sense of the word combination "preposition + noun" "по адресу". Then, the brevity principle is expressed by the information omission: the location explanation where Sergey Esenin lived abounds in the Russian version in descriptions of Moscow streets, square, lane and houses "Все близлежащие улицы на пересечении этого дома от Новой Божедомки, 2, где жил Есенин "; "до Миусской площади Университета А.Л. Шанявского, где в эти годы учился поэт, - находились неподалеку от дома в пер. Чернышевского "; while the English version omits this explanation. The text simplicity is achieved here due to generalisation: quite a long Russian sentence "Здесь часто проходили творческие вечера и диспуты, которые неоднократно посещал желающий обрести свою аудиторию молодой Есенин" acquires its short however informative form in English: "whose members often gathered in the building".
Conclusion
The analysis of text content presented in the Russian and English languages in the official websites of world-known museums which are, definitely, oriented not only to a Russian visitor / recipient but also to a global one proved the assumption that such texts translated into English or created in English on the original Russian text should consider main principles of completeness of information and brevity. The rule of information omission is performed in cases when it is totally irrelevant for foreign visitors. Text simplicity is reached due to the changes and transformations at lexical and syntactical levels.
Summing up, we note that in the Russian and foreign scientific literature devoted to the creation of the content of a museum website as its official Internet representation, not enough attention is paid to foreign-language content focused on a global recipient. We consider that the revealed principles for creating / translating into English text content of websites of such cultural and leisure institutions as museums will allow yielding favourable results - an effective demonstration of Russian cultural and leisure institutions which have not got yet an English globalized version not only to a domestic, but also to a global foreign recipient.
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История статьи:
Получена: 12.10.2022 Принята: 09.11.2022 Опубликована онлайн: 25.12.2022
Article history:
Received: 12.10.2022 Accepted: 09.11.2022 Published online: 25.12.2022
Bionote:
Anna A. Gureeva, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Translation Theory and Practice and Linguistics, Volgograd, Russian Federation; e-mail: gureeva@volsu.ru.
Сведения об авторе:
Гуреева Анна Андреевна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры теории и практики перевода и лингвистики, Волгоградский государственный университет, Волгоград, Российская Федерация; e-mail: gureeva@volsu.ru.
Статья опубликована на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0).
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)
