CC BY
542015
Influence of traditional dance training programs on dynamic balance of people with intellectual disability: a short review
Vasileios K. Tsimaras
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract:
Traditional dance is gaining popularity as an intervention choice for improving poor balance ability of people with intellectual disability (ID). Balance improvement for individuals with ID through dance provides opportunities for participation in sport activities and promotes independent living. This short review provides in brief research evidence of dynamic balance improvement as measured by means of a balance deck in duration of 30, 45, and 60 sec intervals, highlighting the need to incorporate traditional dance programs in Physical Education (PE) lessons applied on participants with ID. Overall, traditional dances provide emotional and cognitive interaction that has a direct positive effect on quality of life and successful motor performance of individuals with ID.
Keywords:
intellectual disability, traditional dance, physical activity, balance.
Василеиос К. Тсимарас. Влияние традиционных танцевальных учебных программ на динамическое равновесие людей с умственными отклонениями: краткий обзор.
Традиционный танец набирает популярность в качестве подхода для улучшения нарушений к способности равновесия у людей с умственными отклонениями. Улучшение баланса для людей с умственными отклонениями через танец предоставляет возможности для участия их в спортивных мероприятиях и способствует самостоятельной жизни. Этот краткий обзор представляет информацию о научных исследованиях в направлении динамического улучшения баланса при измерении способности удержания равновесия на танцевальном полу с 30, 45 и 60-секундными интервалами. Это указывает на необходимость учета традиционных танцевальных программ в области физического воспитания на уроках, применяемых на участников с умственными отклонениями. В целом, традиционные танцы обеспечивают эмоциональное и познавательное взаимодействие, которое имеет непосредственное положительное влияние на качество жизни и успешность работы в двигательных действиях лиц с умственными отклонениями.
интеллектуальная инвалидность,
традиционный танец, физическая активность, баланс.
Васшеюс К. Тамарас. Вплив традицш-них танцювальних навчальних про-грам на динамiчну рiвновагу людей з розумовими вщхиленнями: короткий огляд. Традицшний танець набувае популярности в якост пщходу для полт-шення порушень до здатност рiвноваги у людей з розумовими вщхиленнями. По-лтшення балансу для людей з розумовими вщхиленнями через танець надае можливост для участ Тх у спортивних заходах i сприяе самостшному житп. Цей короткий огляд являе шформа^ю про на-уковi дослщження в напрямку динамiчно-го полтшення балансу при вимiрюваннi здатност утримання рiвноваги на танцю-вальнш пiдлозi з 30, 45 i 60-секундними штервалами. Це вказуе на необхщнють врахування традицшних танцювальних програм в галузi фiзичного виховання на уроках, застосовуваних для учасниюв з розумовими вщхиленнями. В цтому, традицмы танц забезпечують емоцмну i тзнавальну взаемодiю, яка мае безпосе-редне позитивний вплив на якють життя i успiшнiсть роботи в рухових дiях осiб з розумовими вщхиленнями.
¡нтелектуальна ¡нвал1дн1сть, тради-ц/йний танець, ф1зична актившсть, баланс.
Introduction
Learning and execution of new skills is considered a basic success feature for all sport activities that is influenced by balance ability (McGuine, Greene, Best, & Leverson, 2000; Meinel, & Schnabel, 1998) which in turn constitutes a reliable predicting factor concerning the development of basic motor skills such as walking, running and throwing (Butterfield, & Loovis, 1994). However, in the case of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) balance represents one of the most incomplete motor skill areas (Tsimaras, & Fotiadou, 2004) that is considerably lower when compared to individuals with typical IQ (Cratty, 1980). In general, individuals with ID demonstrate poor balance ability (Sage, 1977) due to insufficient perception ability treatment of environmental stimuli which in turn results to frequent falls and risk of athletic injuries.
Therefore, balance improvement for individuals with ID is considered as most important issue that provides the opportunity to walk and move within living environment promoting independence. In fact, participation of individuals with ID in appropriate intervention programs provides central nervous system adaptations through exercise that in turn leads individuals with ID to exhibit balance performance that is equal to the performance of
© Vasileios K. Tsimaras, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0513
their peers with typical IQ (Kanode & Payne, 1989).
Traditional dances uses simple teaching methods that allows the participation of individuals with disabilities. Furthermore, as a music-kinetic activity can be easily applied in almost every setting since no additional equipment is needed. Dance is already known to positively influence static and dynamic balance ability to such a great extent that is considered as the ideal physical activity for children (Loeffler, 2007) and adults (Federici, Bellagamaba, & Rocchi, 2005) with disabilities suffering from lack of balance due to kinaesthetic difficulties and hearing loss (Reber, & Sherill, 1981).
As for individuals with ID, it is generally evident that dance improves their balance and enhances creativity, sensitivity and expression (Sherrill, & Delaney, 1986) although rhythm difficulties of individuals with ID are often present. This often leads to contradictory research findings that report (Boswell, 1993; Neofotistou, 2006) or may not report (Thomas, 1984; Roswall, Sherrill, & Roswall, 1988) balance improvement of individuals with ID following dance practice, whereas a lack of research is noted concerning the effectiveness of traditional dance programs on improving balance skills of individuals with ID.
Purpose
We have conducted several studies (Tsimaras & Fotiadou, 2004; Tsimaras, Angelopoulou, Tsorbatzoudis,
I nEflArOHKA I Ta MeflMK°"6io^oriHHi
- - np°6^eMM ^i3MHH°ro
BMXoBaHHA i cnopTy _
ncMxoflorm
Abatzidis, & Mandroukas, 2000) throughout the years leading to balance improvement of individuals with ID due to their participation in appropriate intervention programs and in this regard a short presentation of our research effort (Tsimaras, Giamouridou, Kokaridas, Sidiropoulou, & Patsiaouras, 2012) is presented here.
Material
The participants of this study were seventeen individuals assigned to two -control (ID-C) and intervention (ID-I)- groups including individuals with mild ID living independently in the community, aged 16-20 years, all students of the Center of Professional Learning.
Dynamic balance measures by means of a balance deck in duration of 30, 45, and 60 sec intervals were applied for all participants of both groups prior and after the application of a 16-week traditional dance program only for ID-I individuals who also did not participate in other training programs during the study, at a frequency of 3 training sessions per week, for 45 minutes each session. No ID-I individual was absent for more than 10% of the total number (48) of sessions.
Each session included a five minutes warm-up period with stretching exercises so as to avoid possible ankle strain and gastrocnemius muscle injuries, followed by the main part of the traditional dance program, with a short rest period between dances and a five minutes rest period in the middle of each session. Each session concluded with a five minutes cool down period. Overall, ten Greek traditional dances were practiced throughout the whole program, with continuous verbal and visual feedback provided in each session.
Results
Initial results revealed that no-significant differences between ID-I and ID-C group in each condition prior intervention. However, post training results showed significant differences in 30 sec (p<.008), 45 sec (p<.005), and 60 sec (p<.005) concerning the ID-I group. Statistically significant differences were also noticed in the ID-C group in 60 sec condition (p<.034), with ID-C group demonstrating a decreased performance as regards to the number of seconds ID-C participants performed standing on the stabilometer.
Conclusions
Without a doubt, dance affects positively the balance ability of individuals of all ages with (Birkel, 1998; Vuillerme, Daninon, Martin, Boyadjlan, Prieur, Welse, & Nougler, 2001; Maurovouniotis, Argiriadou, Maurovouniotis, & Zaggelidis, 2007) and without typical
IQ (Angelopoulou-Sakadami, Giangoudaki, Bouli-Kalahani, & Hajisevastory-Loukidou, 1995; Boswell, 1991; Roswall, & Frith, 1983; Smail, & Horvat, 2005).
Post-training results for the ID individuals of this study revealed a significant dynamic balance improvement for ID-I group individuals. This could be first attributed to the nature of Greek traditional dances that require participants holding hands while formatting and moving in a circle. The continuous hand support received on both (left and right) sides of each participant's body constitutes an ideal way to promote balance as in the case of the individuals with ID in this study. The different rhythm required for each dance further improves eye-hand and eye-foot coordination in different speed and circle formations, while at the same time fun, co-operation and friendship are promoted. Promoting dynamic balance leads to minimize the risk of falling while developing enjoyment and a sense of companionship towards a common goal of emotional expression and fulfillment through music and movement.
Balance improvement of ID-I participants is also attributed to the duration (16 weeks), frequency (3> training sessions per week) and steady participation with no absence of all ID-I individuals. Furthermore, worsening of performance for ID-C group highlights the importance for individuals with ID to participate in similar dance intervention programs that provide opportunities of learning, practicing, quality teaching, and motivation (Gallahue, & Ozmun, 1998). As the findings of the study showed, individuals with ID are indeed capable to learn adequately complex activities and technical movements (Eichstaedt & Lavay, 1992) such as traditional dances.
Moreover, recent researches showed a positive effect of traditional dance on dancing skills, rhythm and orientation abilities and on intrinsic motivation of individuals with hearing loss (Kaltsatou, Fotiadou, Tsimaras, Kokaridas, & Sidiropoulou, 2013) and on neuromuscular coordination of individuals with autism (Arzoglou, Tsimaras, Kotsikas, Fotiadou, Sidiropoulou, Proios, & Bassa, 2013) showing that dance programs represent an effective and safe mean for improving motor skills of such populations.
Consequently, exercise through traditional dance programs should be an integral part of PE lessons applied with simple processes on participants with ID and without the requirement of particular equipment. As a music kinetic activity, traditional dances have indeed the potential to provide social, emotional and cognitive interaction that has a direct positive effect on their quality of life and successful performance of basic motor skills.
32015 gl
References
Angelopoulou-Sakadami N., Giangoudaki F., Bouli-Kalahani A., Hajisevastory-Loukidou C. Motor skills in children with Down's syndrome. Pediatric of Northern Greece, 1995, vol.11, pp. 186-198.
Arzoglou D., Tsimaras V., Kotsikas G., Fotiadou E., Sidiropoulou M., Proios M., Bassa E. The effect of a traditional dance training program on neuromuscular coordination of individuals with autism. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2013, vol.13(4), pp. 563-569.
Birkel DAG, Aging Brain, Aging Mind. Activities for the older adult: Integration of the body and the mind. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 1998, vol.6, pp. 23-28.
Boswell B. Comparison of two methods of improving dynamic balance of mentally retarded children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1991, vol.73, pp. 759-764.
Boswell B. Effects of movement sequences and creative dance on balance of children with Mental Retardation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1993, vol.77, pp. 1290, 1993.
Butterfield S.A., Loovis E.M. Influence of age, sex, balance, and sport participation on development of kicking by children in grades K-8. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1994, vol.79, pp. 691-697.
Cratty B. Adapted physical education for the handicapped and youth. Denver. 1980, 120 p.
Eichstaedt B.C., Lavay W.B. Physical Activity for Individuals with Mental Retardation. Infancy through Adulthood. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1992, 240 p.
Federici A., Bellagamaba S., Rocchi M.B. Does dance-based training improve balance in adult and young old subjects? A pilot randomized controlled. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 2005, vol.17, pp. 385-389.
Gallahue D., Ozmun J. Understanding Motor Development. Infants, Children, Adolescents, Adults. WC Brown Communications. 1998, 124 p.
Kaltsatou A., Fotiadou E., Tsimaras V., Kokaridas D., Sidiropoulou M. The effect of a traditional dance training program on dancing skills, rhythm and orientation abilities and on intrinsic motivation of individuals with hearing loss. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 2013, vol.133, pp. 438-446.
Kanode J.O., Payne V.G. Effects of variable practice on retention and motor schema development in Down Syndrome subjects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1989, vol.69, pp. 211-218.
Loeffler G. Creative movement and dance in early childhood education. Reston, VA: American Alliance of Health Physical Education and Dance. 2007, Available at: http://www.cfc-efc.ca/docs/cccf/00013 en.htm (accessed 02.04.2015)
Mavrovouniotis F., Argiriadou E., Maurovouniotis C., Zaggelidis G. Effect of Greek traditional dances on the dynamic balance of children. Stiinta Sportului Revista teoretico-metodica), 2007, vol.59, pp. 17-31.
McGuine T., Greene J., Best T., Leverson G. Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 2000, vol.104, pp. 239-244.
Meinel K., Schnabel G. Bewegungslehre sportmotoric. Berlin: Sportverlag. 1998, 160 p.
Neofotistou K. The effect of a rhythmic gymnastic program in adults with mental retardation. Master's thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2006, 168 p.
Reber R., Sherill C. Creative thinking and dance/movement skills of hearing impaired youth: an experimental study. American Annual of Deaf, 1981, vol.126, pp. 1004-1009.
Roswall G.M., Frith G.H. The effect of development play program on the motor proficiency of mildly handicapped children. American Corrective of Therapy Journal, 1983, vol.37, pp. 105-108.
Roswall P.M., Sherrill C., Roswall G.M. A comparison of data based on creative dance pedagogies in teaching mentally retarded youth. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 1988, vol.5, pp. 212-222.
Sage G. Introduction to motor behavior: a neuropsychological approach. Reading, M.A: Addison-Wesley. 1977 - 108 p.
Sherill C., Delaney W. Dance therapy and adapted dance. In Adapted Physical Education and Recreation. C. Sherill, ed. Dubuque, IA: Brown, 1986, pp. 354-373.
Smail K.M., Horvat M. Effects of balance training on individuals with mental retardation. Clinical report. Journal of American Kinesiotherapy Association, 2005, vol.22, pp. 1-6.
Thomas W. Comparison of effects of two theoretically based constructs on the skill of balance for moderately mentally retarded students. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University. 1984, 172 p.
Tsimaras V. The influence of an exercise training program on individuals with special needs mental retardation Doctoral dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. 2000, 168 p.
Tsimaras V., Angelopoulou N., Tsorbatzoudis C., Abatzidis G., Mandroukas K. The effect of an exercise training program on dynamic balance of individuals with mental retardation. Galenus, 2000, vol.42, pp. 179-187.
Tsimaras V., Fotiadou E. Effect of training on the muscle strength and dynamic balance ability of adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004, vol.182, pp. 343-347.
Tsimaras V.K., Giamouridou G.A., Kokaridas D.G., Sidiropoulou M.P., Patsiaouras A.I. The Effect of a Traditional Dance Training Program on Dynamic Balance of Individuals with Mental Retardation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012, vol.261, pp. 192-198.
Vuillerme N., Daninon F., Martin L., Boyadjlan A., Prieur J.M., Welse I., Nougler V. The effects of expertise in gymnastics on postural control. Neuroscience Letters, 2001, vol.303, pp. 83-86.
IПЕДАГОГ1КА I та медико_б'олог'чн'
- - проблеми ф1зичного
виховання i спорту _
ПСИХОЛОГ1Я
Информация об авторе: Василеиос К. Тсимарас: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-4417; [email protected]; Аристотел Университет Тхессалоники; Университ Кампус, 54124 Тхессалоники, Греция.
Information about the author: Vasileios K. Tsimaras: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-4417; [email protected]; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Василеиос К. Тсимарас. Влияние традиционных танцевальных учебных программ на динамическое равновесие людей с умственными отклонениями: краткий обзор // Педагопка, психолопя та медико-бюлопчш проблеми фiзичного виховання i спорту. - 2015. - N 5. - С. 71-74. http:// dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0513
Электронная версия этой статьи является полной и может быть найдена на сайте: http://www. sportpedagogy. org.ua/html/arhive.html
Это статья Открытого Доступа распространяется под терминами Creative Commons Attribution License, которая разрешает неограниченное использование, распространение и копирование любыми средствами, обеспечивающими должное цитирование этой оригинальной статьи (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.ru).
Дата поступления в редакцию: 05.04.2015 Принята: 15.04.2015; Опубликована: 30.04.2015
Cite this article as: Vasileios K. Tsimaras. Influence of traditional dance training programs on dynamic balance of people with intellectual disability: a short review. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2015, vol.5, pp. 71-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0513
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive-e.html
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en).
Received: 05.04.2015
Accepted: 15.04.2015; Published: 30.04.2015
