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МАТЕР1АЛОЗНАВСТВО
UDC 669:621.791.75:539.5
I. O. VAKULENKO1, S. O. PLITCHENKO2*, N. G. MURASHOVA3
'Dep. «Applied Mechanics and Materials Science», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 373 15 56, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-7353-1916
2*Dep. «Applied Mechanics and Materials Science», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 373 15 56, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-0613-2544
3«Design and Technological Bureau», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport Named After Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 373 15 56, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0003-2758-0749
INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF LOW-CARBON STEEL ON ELECTRIC ARC BURNING
Purpose. The article is aimed to evaluate the influence of structural parameters of low-carbon steel on arcing process. Methodology. The values of the micro- and substructure characteristics of the electrode wire metal were changed by varying the parameters of heat treatment and cold deformation by drawing. The degree of plastic deformation was obtained by drawing blanks from different initial diameter to final dimension of 1 mm. The thermal treatment was carried out in electric chamber furnace of the SNOL-1,6.2,5.1/11-IZ type. The temperature was measured by chromel-alumel thermocouple and the electromotive force was determined using the DC potentiometer. In order to obtain the substructure of different dispersion degree the steel (after quenching from temperatures and tempering at 650°C for 1 hour) was subjected to cold drawing to reduction 17 - 80%. To form structure with different ferrite grain size the steel after drawing was annealed at 680°C for 1 hour. The microstructure was examined under a light and electron transmission microscope UEMV-100K at the accelerating voltage 100 kV. The grain and subgrain sizes were evaluated using the methodologies of quantitative metallography. A welding converter of the PSG-500 type was used to study the arc welding process of direct and reverse polarities. Findings. The experimentally detected value of the welding current, which depends on the degree of deformation during wire drawing, under conditions of stable arc burning of direct polarity is about an order of magnitude lower than the calculated value. Similar difference was found for the arc of reverse polarity: the experimental value of the welding current is 5-6 times less than the calculated value. Dependence analysis shows that, regardless of the polarity of the welding arc, a good enough agreement between the calculated and experimental values of the welding current is limited to deformations of 60%. For deformation degrees of more than 60%, the differences are explained by qualitative changes in the dislocation cell structure. Originality. In the conditions of stable arcing of different polarity for the electrode of low-carbon steel, an extreme dependence of welding current on the degree of cold plastic deformation was observed. Practical value. Influence of ferrite grain size of electrode wire on the value of welding current is much greater than that from substructure presence.
Keywords: structure; welding electric current; polarity; welding arc stability; cold plastic deformation; cell; ferrite
Introduction
In conditions of electric arc welding the process of arcing is sensitive to the influence of a certain number of factors [7, 11, 12, 18]. They include
doi 10.15802/stp2017/110134
maintaining the optimal ratio between the rate of the electrode metal melting and its feeding into reaction zone, conditions of metal transfer through the interelectrode space [8, 15-17, 19, 20], etc. Taking into account that metal transfer between the
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)
electrodes is carried out in the form of a gas-droplet mixture, the very process of liquid metal droplet formation at the end of the electrode, its size and shape should to some extent influence the technological characteristics of electric arc welding. Analysis of the conditions for formation of liquid metal droplet indicates existence of certain relationship between the surface tension of metal and gravitational component [9]. Taking into account possible dependence of the surface tension forces on the structural state of electrode metal, the size of structural elements may have certain influence on the conditions of formation and burning of electric arc.
Purpose
The article is aimed to evaluate the influence of structural parameters of low-carbon steel on arcing process.
Material and methodology of study
A wire of 1 mm diameter of low-carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.2% was used as a material for electrode. The values of the micro- and substructure characteristics of the electrode wire metal were varied by varying the parameters of heat treatment and cold deformation by drawing. The values of the micro- and substructure characteristics of the electrode wire metal were changed by varying the parameters of heat treatment and cold deformation by drawing. The degree of plastic deformation was obtained by drawing blanks from different initial diameter to final dimension of 1 mm. Thermal treatment was carried out in electric chamber furnace of the SNOL-1,6.2,5.1/11-IZ type. To prevent the formation of oxide film on the metal surface, the samples were placed in quartz glass ampoules with preliminary deairing to the level of forvacuum. The temperature was measured by chromel-alumel thermocouple and the electromotive force was determined using the DC potentiometer. In order to obtain the substructure of different dispersion degree the steel after quenching from temperatures Ac3 and tempering at 650°C for 1 hour was subjected to cold drawing to reduction 17-80%. To form structure with different ferrite grain size the steel after drawing was annealed at 680°C for 1 hour. The microstructure was exam-
ined under a light and electron transmission microscope UEMV-100K at the accelerating voltage 100 kV. The grain and subgrain sizes were evaluated using the methodologies of quantitative metallography [5]. A welding converter of the PSG-500 type was used to study the arc welding process of direct and reverse polarities. The welding current value was estimated as the average of 10 measurements.
Findings
Analysis of the results of investigations [7-9] indicates that when metal is melting, the surface tension forces form a drop at the end of the electrode. The moment of droplet detachment corresponds to the condition that the gravitational component exceeds the surface tension force. Taking into account that as the molten metal temperature rises, the surface tension force decreases, the welding current increase should lead to the dispersion of the emerging droplets. Condition of balance between the hydrostatic pressure from pinch effect and the surface tension (c) makes it possible to estimate the critical value of welding current ((Ik = Byjc-d , where B - is a constant equal to 32.7 A/dynes0,5, d - the electrode diameter) upon the detachment of liquid metal droplet [9]. Substituting the constant B and c of molten metal (1220 dynes/cm [9]) in the ratio for Ik the value
Ik for low-carbon steel should be about 360 A, which is confirmed by the data [8, 9]. The experimentally observed value of the welding current ( I1 ) on the degree of deformation during wire drawing (s) under conditions of stable arcing of direct polarity, is approximately an order of magnitude lower than the calculated value (Fig. 1). A similar difference was found for the arc of reverse polarity: Ix less than the calculated one in 5-6 times.
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)
= B
(2)
Fig. 1. Influence of the plastic deformation degree by drawing on the welding current value ( I1 ):
1 - reverse polarity arc; 2 - direct polarity arc
The extreme nature of I1 dependence on s, is apparently due to the peculiarities of the substructural metallic structure. Considering the nature of dependence for Ik, one can formally assume that either the value B depends on the chemical composition or structure of the steel, or c should be replaced by another characteristic. To explain the correlation ratio I1 on s (Fig. 1), it was made an attempt to replace c by the metal surface tension coefficient in the solid state. Taking into account the presence of volume fraction of ferrite in the investigated steel around 97-98%, the ferrite surface tension coefficient ( cF ) can be taken as c. Using the experimental data [2] and the transformations carried out [14], for a cold-deformed state one can write:
_ G • b2
/2D■
(1)
where
G
ferrite shear modulus
A joint analysis of absolute values ID and I1 (Fig. 3) for direct polarity arc indicates a fairly good correlation only up to 60%reduction. For deformation degrees of more than 60%, the observed differences can only be explained by qualitative changes in the dislocation cell structure.
Indeed, at reductions more than 60-70% in carbon steels the processes of perfecting the formed dislocation cells start to develop.
At high degrees of plastic deformation, a progressive increase in the dislocation density is accompanied by intensive cleansing of the cell body from unbound dislocations, changes in the form of cells, decrease in thickness of sub-boundaries, and so on. [1, 4, 13]. All this, apparently leads to violation of the ratio for cF and is inherited by calculations ID. The results obtained for reverse polarity arc are similar to the data for direct polarity arc.
(0.82 dynes/cm ), b - Burgers vector 2,3 • 10 8sm [1], D - size of dislocation cell.
Refinement of the dislocation cell structure obeys a proportional dependence on the degree of cold plastic deformation.
Taking into account that 20-30% of reduction is enough to start the formation of dislocation cellular structure of various degrees of perfection (Fig. 2), determination of the dependence of D on s made it possible to calculate the welding current value ( I D ).
As a ratio the dependence for Ik after an appropriate substitution of c for cF was used:
б - b
Fig. 2. Structure of steel 20 after martensite quenching, tempering at 650 °C, cold drawing on 17 (a) and 30 % (b)
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With constant sub-structural parameters of cold-deformed steel, for the arc of direct and reverse polarity, the nature of relationships Ix = f (s) (Fig. 1) indicates possible change in the coefficient B depending on the arc polarity. Taking into account existence of certain difficulties in burning an arc of reverse polarity, a change of value B can be fully justified. Indeed, when the polarity reverses, the conditions for stable arc burning should become more complicated [7, 8]. The evaluation showed that in order to increase the degree of coincidence between the calculated and experimental values of the welding current, for the reverse polarity arc, the value B should be about twice as large as for the direct polarity arc. The result of electric current calculating for the reverse polarity arc with respect to relation (2) (will be denoted as I*D) is shown in the Fig. 3.
],A
6050-
20 H--------
О 20 40 60 80 £,%
Fig. 3. The influence of deformation degree by drawing the steel 20 on the welding current when burning the arc of direct (3, 4) and reverse (1, 2) polarity:
2, 4 - current curves I obtained experimentally;
1, 3 - curves of currents, / and id respectively calculated according to the relation (2)
Dependence analysis shows that, regardless of the welding arc polarity, a good enough agreement between the calculated and experimental values of the welding current is limited to deformations of 60%. For large reductions, the degree of mismatch is proportional to the level of welding current values. For the direct polarity arc, when the welding current level is 20-35, the deviation of calculated values (ID) from I1 is 12-14%. For the reverse polarity arc at I1 = 45-57 A, the value of difference between I*D and I1 reaches 20%. Results of the study indicate the existence of a certain influ-
ence of substructural metallic structure of the electrode metal on the welding arc burning processes. The observed dependence of the electric current value when burning the arc of different polarity is sufficiently well explained by the parameters of the substructure of cold-deformed low-carbon steel before the appearance of qualitative changes in the internal structure of metal.
In order to explain the nature of the observed welding current dependence on the substructure parameters of cold-drawn metal, investigations were carried out on the influence of ferrite grain boundaries of with large disorientation angles (df -
is the ferrite grain size after annealing the cold-drawn metal). Such necessity is due to differences in the degree of accumulation and distribution of crystal structure defects from the reduction value when drawing and after development of recrystal-lization processes when annealing. Taking into account the inverse proportional relationship between the ferrite subgrain size (D) on the reduction degree when drawing [6] and the observed correlation relationship Ix = f (s) (Fig. 3), it can be assumed that to describe the dependence Ix « f (d) the relationship of the following type can be used:
I = A + k - Dn , (3)
where A, k and n - are the constants.
Results of the construction Ix on (d0) 0,5, where d0 - ferrite grain size of the steel are shown
in the Fig. 4.
The analysis of the ratios indicates a fairly good correlation when using the dependence:
I = 11 + kd-0,5, (4)
where Ii - is the welding current at d0 ^ ■», k - is the angle coefficient.
In general, it should be noted that regardless of the type of interface, increase in their total length is accompanied by increase in the welding current value. Taking into account qualitative differences in the distribution nature of crystal structure defects during the formation of grain boundaries with large disorientation angles and sub-grains as a result of cold drawing [4, 6], the existence of sepa-
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)
carbon steels is proportional to the accumulated defect density of the crystal structure [3] and inversely proportional to the ferrite grain size [10], can to some extent exert its influence on the process of welding arc burning through the surface tension of the metal.
Conclusions
1. In the conditions of stable burning of the arc of different polarity for the low-carbon steel electrode, the extreme dependence of the welding current on the degree of cold plastic deformation was observed.
2. Influence of the ferrite grain size of the electrode wire on the welding current value is much greater than the effect of the substructure presence.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Nadezhdin Yu. L., the Head of the Laboratory of the Department of Applied Mechanics and Materials Science of the Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan for participating in the experiments and discussing the results.
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Analysis of the absolute values of the parameters of equation (4) indicates that the influence of the presence of ferrite grain boundaries with large disorientation angles ( Ii =30 A, k = 2 A/mm1'5 ) in the steel structure is much greater than the influence of the subgrain structure ( Ii = 8 A, k =
0,75 A/mm1'5 ). On the other hand, the electric resistance value for the ferrite structure of low-
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)
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__1 __2* 3
I. О. ВАКУЛЕНКО , С. О. ПЛ1ТЧЕНКО , Н. Г. МУРАШОВА
'Каф. «Прикладна механжа та матерiалознавство», Дншропетровський нацюнальний ушверситет з^зничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 56, ел. пошта [email protected], ОЯСГО 0000-0002-7353-1916
2*Каф. «Прикладна механжа та матерiалознавство», Дшпропетровський нацюнальний ушверситет затзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 56, ел. пошта [email protected], ОЯСГО 0000-0002-0613-2544
3«Проектно-конструкторське технолопчне бюро», Дшпропетровський нацюнальний ушверситет затзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 56, ел. пошта [email protected], ОЯСГО 0000-0003-2758-0749
ВПЛИВ СТРУКТУРНИХ ПАРАМЕТР1В НИЗЬКОВУГЛЕЦЕВО1 СТАЛ1 НА ГОР1ННЯ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНО1 ДУГИ
Мета. В статп передбачаеться зробити оцшку впливу структурных параметрiв низьковуглецево! сталi на процес горшня електрично! дуги. Методика. Значення мшро- i субструктурних характеристик металу елек-тродного дроту змшювали, варшючи параметрами термiчноi обробки та холодно! деформацп волочшням. Стушнь пластично! деформацп отримували волочшням заготовок рiзного вихщного дiаметра на шнцевий розмiр 1 мм. Термiчну обробку здшснювали в електричнш камернiй печi типу СНОЛ-1,6.2,5.1/11-З. Температуру вимiрювали термопарою хромель-алюмель iз визначенням електрорушiйноi' сили за потенцюметром постiйного струму. Для отримання субструктури рiзно! дисперсностi сталь (шсля загартування й ввдпускан-ня температури до 650 °С протягом 1 години) пвддавали холодному волочiнню на обтиск до 17-80 %. Для формування структури з рiзним розмiром зерна фериту сталь пiсля волочшня пiддавалася вiдпалу при 680 С протягом 1 години. Мшроструктуру дослвджували пiд свiтловим електронним просвiтчастим мжроскопом УЕМВ-100К при прискорюючiй напрузi 100 кВ. Розмiр зерна i субзерна ощнювали з використанням методик шлькюно! металографi!. Для дослiджень процесу горiння зварювально! дуги прямо! та зворотно! полярностей використовували зварювальний перетворювач типу ПСГ-500. Результати. Експериментально вияв-лене значення зварювального струму, що залежить вiд ступеня деформацп при волочшш дроту, в умовах
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стабшьного горiння дуги прямо! полярносп приблизно на порядок нижче розрахунково! величини. Аналоп-чну вiдмiннiсть виявлено й для дуги зворотно! полярности експериментальна величина зварювального струму менше розрахунково! у 5-6 разiв. Анал1з залежностей свщчить, що незалежно ввд полярностi зварю-вально! дуги, досить гарний зб^ мгж розрахунковими та експериментальними значеннями зварювального струму обмежуеться деформацiями до 60 %. Для ступешв деформацi! бiльше 60 % вшмшносп пояснюються як1сними змiнами в дислокацшнш комiрчастiй структурi. Наукова новизна. В умовах стабшьного горшня дуги рiзно! полярностi для електрода з низьковуглецево! стал1 виявлена екстремальна залежнють зварювального струму ввд ступеня холодно! пластично! деформацп. Практична значимкть. Вплив розмiру зерна фериту електродного дроту на величину зварювального струму значно перевищуе ефект ввд присутносп субструктури.
Ключовi слова: структура; зварювальний електричний струм; полярнiсть; стабiльнiсть зварювально! дуги; холодна пластична деформащя; комiрка; ферит
И. А. ВАКУЛЕНКО1, С. А. ПЛИТЧЕНКО2*, Н. Г. МУРАШОВА3
'Каф. «Прикладная механика и материаловедение», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 56, эл. почта [email protected] ОЯСГО 0000-0002-7353-1916
2*Каф. «Прикладная механика и материаловедение», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 56, эл. почта [email protected], ОЯСГО 0000-0002-0613-2544
3«Проектно-конструкторское технологическое бюро», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 56, эл. почта [email protected], ОЯСГО 0000-0003-2758-0749
ВЛИЯНИЕ СТРУКТУРНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ НИЗКОУГЛЕРОДИСТОЙ СТАЛИ НА ГОРЕНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ ДУГИ
Цель. В статье предполагается сделать оценку влияния структурных параметров низкоуглеродистой стали на процесс горения электрической дуги. Методика. Значения микро- и субструктурных характеристик металла электродной проволоки изменяли, варьируя параметрами термической обработки и холодной деформации волочением. Степень пластической деформации получали волочением заготовок разного исходного диаметра на конечный размер 1 мм. Термическую обработку осуществляли в электрической камерной печи типа СНОЛ-1,6.2,5.1/11-ИЗ. Температуру измеряли термопарой хромель-алюмель с определением электродвижущей силы по потенциометру постоянного тока. Для получения субструктуры разной дисперсности сталь (после закалки и отпуска температуры до 650 °С в течение 1 часа) подвергали холодному волочению на обжатие до 17-80 %. Для формирования структуры с разным размером зерна феррита сталь после волочения подвергалась отжигу при 680 °С в течение 1 часа. Микроструктуру исследовали под световым электронным просвечивающим микроскопом УЭМВ-100К при ускоряющем напряжении 100 кВ. Размер зерна и субзерна оценивали с использованием методик количественной металлографии. Для исследований процесса горения сварочной дуги прямой и обратной полярностей использовали сварочный преобразователь типа ПСГ-500. Результаты. Экспериментально обнаруженное значение сварочного тока, зависящего от степени деформации при волочении проволоки, в условиях стабильного горения дуги прямой полярности примерно на порядок ниже расчетной величины. Аналогичное различие обнаружено и для дуги обратной полярности: экспериментальная величина сварочного тока меньше расчетной в 5-6 раз. Анализ зависимостей свидетельствует, что независимо от полярности сварочной дуги, достаточно хорошее совпадение между расчетными и экспериментальными значениями сварочного тока ограничивается деформациями до 60 %. Для степеней деформации более 60 % различия объясняются качественными изменениями в дислокационной ячеистой структуре. Научная новизна. В условиях стабильного горения дуги различной полярности для электрода из низкоуглеродистой стали обнаружена экстремальная зависимость сварочного тока от степени холодной пластической деформации. Практическая значимость. Влияние размера зерна феррита электродной проволоки на величину сварочного тока значительно превышает эффект от присутствия субструктуры.
Ключевые слова: структура; сварочный электрический ток; полярность; стабильность сварочной дуги; холодная пластическая деформация; ячейка; феррит
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Associate Prof. O. A. Chaykovskiy, Candidate of Science (Engineering) (Ukraine);
Prof. V. A. Zabludovskiy, D. Sc. (Tech.), (Ukraine) recommended this article to be published
Received: June 08, 2017
Accessed: Sept. 14, 2017
