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UDC 636.2.034.082(470.319)
INFLUENCE OF SELECTION-ORGANIZATIONAL AND GENETIC FACTORS ON EFFICIENCY OF STOCK BREEDING IN DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING
OF THE OREL REGION
Polukhina M.G., Post-graduate student Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail: vniisrs.orelsau@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
The article presents the research results of group of enterprises engaged in dairy cattle breeding according to breeding status, to the number of dairy cattle live stock, to cattle breeds, to management system and dairy cattle productivity. There is productivity comparison of daughters of the stud bulls with mothers, herd mates and mean herd productivity; also the selection is simulated. The dependence of correlations between selection-genetic characteristics from culling intensity is determined. The research is done in the enterprises engaged in dairy cattle breeding in the Orel region.
KEY WORDS
Dairy cattle breeding, breeding status, milk productivity, simmental cattle, white-and-black cattle, holstein, management system, live-stock population, cost, correlation, selection modeling, culling.
Improvement of breeding system of white-and-black and Simmental cattle on the regional level should be reasonably realized via live-stock breeding enterprises that are formed in the frames of the state support. The considerable part of the organizations having the status of a breeding enterprise does not consider selection activity the principle direction of dairy cattle breeding efficiency increase. This is due to the fact that not all organizations mastered techno and technological, organizational efficiency enhancement potentials of milk productivity. In our previous researches we detected the dependency of offspring productivity from the correctness of parental pairs selection, particularly stud bulls [1-7], but selection activity efficiency is often leveled out with unfavorable conditions of maintenance and feeding. In this connection we formulated principle directions of complex improvement of breeding system of white-and-black and Simmental cattle.
Estimation of average milk yield and cost of 1 c of milk was done on the example of the Orel region enterprises. The researches on the influence of selective genetic traits, correlations between them and culling for productive qualities of dairy cattle were carried out on Holstein white-and-black cattle in LLC "Kurakinskoye". Cattle live stock in the enterprise was presented with pure bred white-and-black cows of line X.A. Adema 44162, and also hybrids with white-and-black Holsteins. Pure bred white-and-black cows were taken as control. The principle of pair-analogues was applied in the researches. Methodic research ground is the works of V.M. Kuznetsov (2006-2012). Software application «Microsoft Excel» was used for statistical analysis.
In the Orel region there are 94 dairy direction enterprises from the 20 enterprises have breeding status. We carried out grouping of the households engaged in dairy cattle breeding according to the breeding status presence (Table 1).
Table 1 - Enterprises grouping according to breeding status
Status Enterprises number Average annual livestock population per 1 enterprise, animal Production output, c Productivity, kg Cost 1 c, rub. number.
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
breeding 20 540 579 27405 30384 4243 5073 921 1170
nonbreeding 74 254 330 7856 12284 2591 3254 1159 1640
Enterprise grouping according to status found out indisputable superiority of over nonbreeding enterprises because cows of breeding enterprises have great productivity (for 2012 - 5073 kg that is by 1819 kg more than productivity of cows in the enterprises that are not engaged in breeding activity). Average milk yield increase took place on the background of milk centner cost reduction.
Table 2 presents grouping of agricultural enterprises of the Orel region according to dairy cattle productivity of 2012 data.
Table 2 - Grouping of agricultural enterprises of the Orel region according to dairy cattle
productivity of 2012 data
Status Enterprises number Productivity, kg Average productivity, kg Cost of 1 c, rub.kop.
40 less than 3500 3255 1640
Nonbreeding 18 3501-4500 4035 1150
10 4501-6000 4850 1078
6 more than 6001 6982 1413
1 less than 3500 3108 1476
Breeding 3 3501-4500 4430 1192
9 4501-6000 5645 1245
7 more than 6001 6826 1261
The data of Table 2 show that the majority of nonbreeding enterprises breed cows with low productivity (on the average of 3255 kg per year). Cost of 1 milk centner in these enterprises is 1640 rub. That is on the average by 381 rub. more that in the rest enterprises. In the region there are only 6 nonbreeding enterprises, having cattle with productivity more than 6001 kg per year.
The bulk of the breeding enterprises keep cows with the average milk yield of 5645 kg per year. In the region 7 out of 20 breeding enterprises have the cow productivity more than 6001 kg per year, on the average in the enterprises 6826 kg per year.
Taking into consideration two present ways of dairy cattle management (tied and untied) we'd like to stress that untied way year by year is widely implemented at farms, dairy complexes and breeding live stock enterprises.
Table 3 presents grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to the system of dairy cattle management.
Table 3 - grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to the system
of dairy cattle management
Enterprises number Management system Average annual livestock population per 1 enterprise, animal Production output, c. Productivity, kg. Cost 1 c, rub.kop.
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
4 tied 528 520 25369 27573 4933 5469 1185 1351
4 untied 642 656 42908 43976 6561 6680 1142 1174
Data of table 3 show that untied management of dairy cattle is more effective than tied management. Thus, untied management of cattle milk yield is by 16403 centners more than at tied management. Cow productivity at untied management is also more by 1211 kg per year. Cost of 1 milk centner at untied management is by 13% less or by 177 rubles.
The results show indisputable superiority of breeding herds over collected nonbreeding herds. Holstein breed surpassed the rest breeds by productivity. Thus, in 2012 it was 6225 kg per year. But, Holstein breed is not typical for the region and is managed only in 2 breeding nucleuses. The cows of nonbreeding and collected herds have the minimum productivity. Their productivity is by a mean of 55% less than in herds with breeding status by 1 breed.
The enterprises having breeding status vary according to live-stock population number from small enterprises (to 200 animals) to large dairy complexes (more than 601 animals). The largest breeding enterprise of the Orel region has milking herd of 2900 animals. Table 5 presents grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to dairy cattle population.
Table 4 - Grouping of grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to breeds contained
Enterprises number Breed Average annual livestock population per 1 enterprise, animal Production output, c. Productivity, kg Cost 1 c, rub.kop.
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
5 simmental* 615 621 34981 37547 5758 6153 1047 1183
11 white-and-black** 657 662 30186 30972 4891 5184 1134 1257
2 holstein 1055 1049 68568 65297 6524 6225 1625 1559
74 Breeding and collected nonbreeding herds 254 330 7856 12284 2591 3255 1159 1640
holsteined simmental breed, **- holsteined white-and-black breed.
Table 5 - Grouping of breeding live stock enterprises according to dairy cattle population
Enterprises number Number of animals Average annual livestock population, animal Production output, c. Productivity, kg Cost 1 c, rub.kop.
2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012
2 1-200 60 875 3003 4523 2502 5308 567 1566
6 201-400 325 340 16112 18160 4997 5340 1156 1234
3 401-600 5255 534 36772 39032 6879 7198 1053 1192
7 601 and more 12085 1302 56453 62460 4715 6038 1190 1581
Table 6 - Comparison of daughters of the stud bulls with mothers, herd mates by the productivity and
mean herd productivity
Name and line of a bull n Daughters productivity Mothers productivity Herd mates productivity Mean herd productivity
Milk yield for 305 days, kg -s 0s a f ct k ,t a f Milk yield for 305 days, kg -s 0s a f a f Milk yield for 305 days, kg -s 0s a f ct k ,t a f Milk yield for 305 days, kg -s 0s a f CT k ,t a f
Dar, Vis Back Ideal 1013415 67 4143 ±77 3,64 ±0,02 152,2 ±2,3 4468 ±91 3,58 ±0,02 159,3 ±3,2 4335 ±57,2 3,62 ±0,01 150 ±2 4128 ± 45 3,63 ±0,01 150,2 ±1,6
Levkoy, Montwick Chieftain 95679 68 3682 ±58 3,62 ±0,01 133,2 ±2,1 4518 ±83 3,61 ±0,02 163,0 ±3,1 3931 ±54 ** 3,64 ±0,02 158 ±2 4128 ± 45 3,63 ±0,01 150,2 ±1,6
Rom, Montwick Chieftain 95679 65 4533 ±75 3,63 ±0,03 164,6 ±2,8 4233 ±108 3,56 ±0,02 150,2 ±3,8 4106 ±50 ** 3,63 ±0,01 143 ±2 ** 4128 ± 45 3,63 ±0,01 150,2 ±1,6
Dobryak, X.A.Adema 44162 8 4438 ±120 3,59 ±0,01 150,5 ±4,3 4696 ±186 3,55 ±0,06 166,9 ±7,7 * 4335 ±47 3,63 ±0,01 150 ±2 4128 ± 45 3,63 ±0,01 150,2 ±1,6
Note: *-p< 0,05, * *-p< 0,01, ** *-p< 0,001
The obtained data on the grouping of the enterprises of the Orel region suggest the possibility to come to the conclusion that in the herds with cow population from 401-600 animals stock breeding is carried out more effective, and performance indicators of dairy cattle breeding (productivity and 1 centner cost) sufficiently surpass similar indicators of the
enterprises with larger and smaller livestock population. As a result it is reasonable to recommend the breeding live stock enterprises to form milking herds with population from 400 to 600 animals that allows maximum realization of animal potential and rational organization of stock breeding.
From Table 6 it follows that stud bull Levkoy of line Montwick Chieftain 95679 turned out to be deteriorating. Productive qualities of his daughters were lower in comparison with not only mothers and herd mates but also herd average. Bull Rom of line Montwick Chieftain 95679 is an improver according to milk yield for 305 days, fat mass percentage, and milk fat amount. His daughters gave 4533 liters of milk for 305 days, that is more than the indicators of the rest of the groups by a mean of 373 liters, according to fat mass percentage by 0,03%, according to fat content in kg for 114,6 kg. According to the productivity they surpass not only all herd but also their herd mates and mothers. Bull Dar of line Vis Back Ideal 1013415 is an improver according to the percentage fat content and protein content.
Table 7 - Modeling of selection in herd white-and-black holsteined cattle
Productivity
Culling variant c Number of milking days Milk yield for lactation Milk yield for 305 days, kg. Fat, %. Fat, kg. Protein, %. Milk yield for 100 days, kg. Milk flow rate kg/min Lactation ratio, % Live weight, kg Maintenance period.
0% 224 359 4526 4128 3,63 150,2 3,10 1742 1,408 83 459 134
±7 ±74 ±45 ±0,01 ±1,6 ±0,02 ±14 ±0,006 ±1 ±2 ±6
According to milk yield for 305 day is
10% 202 364 4649 4249 3,63 154,1 3,10 1758 1,408 84 458 139
±7 ±74 ±40* ±0,01 ±1,5 ±0,02 ±14 ±0,007 ±1 ±2 ±6
20% 179 371 4779 4349 3,63 157,7 3,10 1776 1,412 85 457 144
±7 ±78* + 3Q*** ±0,01 ±1,5*** ±0,02 ±15 ±0,007 ±1 ±2 ±7
30% 156 377 4911 4447 3,63 161,3 3,10 1792 1,415 86 454 150
±7 + Q2*** + 3Q*** ±0,01 ±1 4*** ±0,02 ±17* ±0,008 ±1 ±2* ±7
40% 134 377 4975 4548 3,62 164,7 3,10 1805 1,414 87 454 145
±7 ±87*** + 3Q*** ±0,01 ±1,5*** ±0,03 ±18** ±0,009 ±1 +2** ±7
50% 112 378 5090 4657 3,62 168,5 3,11 1813 1,417 87 451 148
±8 ±99*** ±40*** ±0,01 ±1,5*** ±0,02 ±21** ±0,010 ±1 ±8
Note: *-p< 0,05., **-p< 0,01., ***-p< 0,001.
According to analysis of the selection models by milk yield for 305 days it is possible to conclude that the most effective culling is 20%. At this value of culling there is considerable increase of indicators of milk yield for lactation, 305 days and 100 days, milk fat. This conclusion is confirmed with high confidence of correlation factor. More intensive culling is not economically profitable, because of considerable reduction of herd population, and milk yields decrease. Furthermore, productive qualities of herd replacements that will fill the live stock population gap are unknown.
The culling according to fat content is considered ineffective, because to achieve the obvious results is necessary to cull from 40 to 50% of herd, which is economically ineffective. The culling according to weight also can be considered useless for herd of milk productivity direction, because at 20% of culling milk yield indicators decrease sufficiently. This culling can be recommended only for cattle of beef direction [1-9].
Thus, 20% culling increases average milk yield of a herd by 5,6% and allows realization of simple reproduction of a herd at the average lactations number of cows of milking herd, equal to 3 years. According to the data obtained the optimal value of correlations was at 20% culling. The result is confirmed with high confidence of correlation factor. Thus, culling is a powerful tool in herd formation, improved by selection characteristics and genetic static parameters. Considering the correlations between characteristics and choosing the optimal percent of culling by the most important selection feature it is possible to obtain the sufficient increase of efficiency of white-and-black cattle selection.
Table 8 - Dependence of correlation between its selection characteristics from culling intensity in the
herd of white-and-black cattle
Culling variant, % n Correlation
Yield for 305 days, kg - fat, kg Yield for 305 days, kg - Yield for 100 days, kg. Yield for 305 days, kg - Live weight, kg Live weight, kg- fat, kg Yield for 100 days, kg - fat, kg Live weight, kg - fat, % Yield for 100 days, kg - fat, %
0 133 0,973±0,005 0,791±0,033 -0,050±0,087 -0,042±0,087 0,782±0,034 0,049±0,087 0,259±0,081
Culling b / milk yield
10 122 0,962±0,007 0,767±0,037 -0,011±0,091 -0,014±0,091 0,750±0,040 -0,010±0,091 0,208±0,087
20 108 0,949±0,010* 0,710±0,048 -0,184±0,093 0,114± 0,095 0,905±0,017 *** 0,885±0,021 *** -0,456±0,077 ***
30 94 0,935±0,037 0,673±0,077 0,112±0,104 0,079±0,104 0,629±0,081 -0,087±0,104 0,018±0,104
40 80 0,918±0,045 0,656±0,085 0,051±0,113 0,029±0,113 0,596±0,091 * -0,058±0,113 -0,013±0,113 *
50 67 0,898±0,055 0,551±0,103* 0,126±0,123 0,085±0,124 0,475±0,109 ** -0,085±0,124 -0,046±0,124 *
Note: *-p<0,05, * *-p<0,01, ** *-p<0,001.
Table 9 - Calculation of cost efficiency from using stud bulls
Name and line of a bull Yield for lactation, kg Fat, % Yield in base fatness, kg Income per 1 cow, thous. rub. Profit increment, thous. rub.
Dobryak, X.A.Adema 44162 4179 3,59 4413 52,95 -5,04
Dar V. B. Ideal 1013415 4441 3,64 4754 57,05 -0,93
Levkoy M. Chieftain 95679 3983 3,62 4241 50,89 -7,10
Rom M. Chieftain 95679 5072 3,63 5415 64,98 7,00
All herd 4526 3,63 4832 57,99 0,00
Calculation of cost efficiency shows that for enterprise bull Rom of line Montwick Chieftain was the most profitable, profit increments from his usage was 7 thous. rubles 1 cow per year.
Summing up the results it is possible to state that model of efficient dairy cattle breeding includes: the presence of breed status, live stock population from 400 to 600 animals of dairy cattle, untied management, Holsteined Simmental and white-and-black cattle, 20% culling by selection and genetic characteristics taking into account correlations between them, further breeding with usage of bulls improvers.
Thus, enterprises having breed status can get active state support and have the possibility to carry out effective selection work in their enterprise. Live stock population optimization allows reducing expenditures for milk production, because for this given population there is adapted standard series of equipment. Untied animal management allows: decreasing production cost and labor expenditures; production modernizing (modern milking machines and mechanization tools, and their rational application); increasing of efficiency of production areas usage (by 20-30% cows more, per unit area); providing warm places for rest; effective prevention of hooves disease; individual animal observation; early recognition of cows in bulling.
Holsteined Simmental and white-and-black cattle have high productivity and butter-fat yielding capacity and stress resistance; fitness to machine milking, high adaptability, sound constitution.
The enterprises that apply such model will have high productive cattle, low cost of production of 1 centner of milk, and correspondingly high economic efficiency that adds them
competitive advantage under current conditions of the Russian Federation accession into World Trade Organization.
Applying the given recommendations it is possible to obtain sufficient increase of economical efficiency at milk production.
Thus, the analysis of the condition of stock and marketable cattle breeding of the Orel region proves the necessity of active introduction of selection and genetic work. To increase profitability of milk production enterprise should have breeding status, milking herd of 401600 animals, untied management, application of 20% of culling considering correlations, usage of bulls-improvers.
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