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28AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
UDC 633.11:631.53.027.2:632.95:631.86:631.559 INFLUENCE OF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS ON YIELD AND SOWING QUALITIES OF
SPRING WHEAT SEEDS
Liskovskyi S.,
Postgraduate, The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS, Tsentralne village, Myronivka district, Kyiv region, Ukraine
Demydov O.,
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Corresponding Member of NAAS, Director of The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS, Tsentralne village, Myronivka district, Kyiv region, Ukraine
Siroshtan A.,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Head of the Department of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies, The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS, Tsentralne village,
Myronivka district, Kyiv region, Ukraine
Kavunets V.,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Leading Researcher of the Department of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies, The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS, Tsentralne village,
Myronivka district, Kyiv region, Ukraine
Zaima O.,
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Department of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies, The V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS, Tsentralne village,
Myronivka district, Kyiv region, Ukraine
Shevchenko T.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Head of the Department of Information and Consulting Support of the Scientific and Organizational Department of the Presidium of the NAAS of Ukraine National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Abstract
The study aimed to investigation the effect of treatment of spring wheat crops with plant protection products on the level of grain yield and sowing quality of seeds.There was revealed an increase in the activity of germination by 3-10% and a slight increase in laboratory germination after seed dressing with disinfectants. The highest seed vigor was observed for Maxim Star 025 FS and Celeste Max in combination with microfertilizer Oracle seed. In the variants with seed treatment with pesticides and biological microfertilizer, the yield was significantly increased. Thus, the increase in yield of varieties MIP Zlata was 0.33-0.36 t/ha, Bozhena 0.33-0.37 t/ha) MIP Raiduzhna 0.34-0.39 t/ha, Diana 0.35-0.38 t/ha. The usage of the fungicides Soligor 425 EC, Dezaral Extra and the insecticides Fas and Karate Zeon on spring wheat crops increased the yield by 0.08-0.48 t/ha. The highest yield gains were obtained with the application of the fungicide Soligor 425 EC and the insecticide Fas in the IV, VIII, and X stages of organogenesis. In the grown seeds, harvested from the variants with plant protection products, an increase in seed vigor and laboratory germination was observed.
Keywords: Spring wheat, Fungicides, Insecticides, Yield, Sowing qualities.
Introduction. Due to the lack of high-yielding adaptive intensive varieties, for a long time almost no attention was paid to the development and improvement of spring wheat cultivation technology in Ukraine. Currently, this crop is sown on an area of about 100-120 thousand hectares, mainly as insurance for winter sowing or for the purpose of obtaining high quality grain [1]. Currently, breeders of various institutions have created high-yielding varieties of spring wheat, which makes it possible in production conditions under optimal weather conditions to obtain grain yields of 4.5-5.0 t/ha and more [2].
One of the ways to maximize the productivity potential of spring wheat varieties is the introduction of adapted technologies for growing this crop [3, 4]. The effectiveness of spring wheat cultivation technologies largely depends on the integrated usage of intensifica-
tion tools: crop rotation, variety, systemic tillage, fertilizers and chemical protection, aimed at limiting the spread and progress of diseases and pests [5].
An important and cost-effective way to increase the gross grain harvest is using high-quality seeds. The problem of protection of seed crops from diseases and pests requires more attention than commercial crops [6]. To avoid the action of negative factors on seed crops of spring wheat, it is necessary to use varieties resistant to extreme environmental conditions, pathogens and pests, to use rational technological measures on time that will ensure high and stable yields of high-yielding seed [7]. Growing varieties resistant to pests and pathogens allows to minimize crop losses from pests without additional costs and reduce energy consumption by 25-30 %, as well as to create a new ecological niche in agrobiocenoses [8, 9]. One of the ways to maximize the productivity potential of spring wheat
varieties is the introduction of regionally adapted technologies for growing this crop [4].
Currently, the harmful fauna of the grain field in Ukraine is characterized by a significant diversity of species composition. It has about 140 very dangerous species of insects and other animal organisms. Some of them damage the sown germinated seeds, the underground part of the stems, germinal and nodular roots, others gnaw the leaves and stems, suck the juice, damage the grain in the spike, etc. [10]. During the germination of seeds, crops are infested and damaged with phytophagous: zabrus tenebrioides, turnip moth. Later they are joined by oscinella, cicadidae, aphids, bread stripes, red-breasted leeches. In the booting stage crops are damaged by cereal bugs. In the stages of heading and grain filling, the generative organs are damaged with cereal aphids and wheat thrips. From grain filling to milk-wax ripeness, grain damage is caused by bug larvae.
In an integrated system of wheat protection against pests, one of the important elements is the usage of innovative chemicals [11]. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with various preparations provides the seeds with a complete complex of nutrition in the most important period of its germination, when the root system is formed [12]. This agricultural measure helps to increase the seed viability and vigor, increases the protective functions against pathogens, drought tolerance and frost resistance, ensures rapid and uniform field seedling emergence, improves yields and product quality in general [13, 14].
The treatment allows to disinfect the seeds, protect seeds and seedlings from mold, reduce the damage of seedlings by root rot and pests [15, 16]. Use of disinfectants is the most cost-effective and environmentally safe measure to protect crops from diseases and pests [17]. Pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds with pesticides not only disinfects the seeds, but also protects young seedlings from soil pests [18, 19].
An addition of complex microfertilizers to disinfectants enhances their action and removes the depressant effect on the seed germ, stimulates germination, active growth of the seedling and root system [20]. Pre-sowing treatment of bread spring wheat seeds with pesticides and microfertilizers promotes the formation of seeds in the generation with high seed vigor, laboratory germination, more longer coleoptile and the number of germinal roots [21].
An effective method of chemical plant protection is the treatment of crops with fungicides. The effectiveness of the fungicide and its effect on yield largely depends on weather conditions and the severity of the disease [22, 23]. The usage of fungicides is most advantageous when susceptible genotypes are affected [24]. The best protection of plants from diseases which contributes to the highest yield and grain quality is provided with using fungicides in the stages of flag leaf and heading [25].
Due to damage crops by pests, the sowing quality of seeds is reduced, so it is necessary to spray plants with insecticides [26]. Their application is especially important for seed production because it solves the
problem of stable production of full-fledged seeds with high sowing qualities and yield properties and obtaining its maximum yield in all areas.
The problem of protection of spring wheat crops from diseases and pests is relevant, which prompted us to conduct research, to study the impact of plant protection products on grain yield and seed quality.
The purpose of research. To investigate the effect spring wheat crops treatment with plant protection products on the level of grain yield and sowing quality of seeds.
Material and methods. The research was carried out during 2018-2020 in the fields of the Myronivka Institute of Wheat. Field experiments were performed according to the method of the State Strain Testing [27] on plots of 10 m2 in 6-fold repetition. Agrotechnics is generally accepted for spring wheat in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. There were tested Maxim Star 025 FS (active substance fudioxonil, cyproconazole), Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS (active substance imidacloprid, clothianidin, prothioconazole, tebu-conazole), Cruiser 350 FS (active substance thiameth-oxam), Celeste Max 165 FS (active substance fludioxo-nil, tebuconazole, thiamethoxam) in combination with microfertilizer Oracle seeds. Untreated seeds of spring wheat varieties MIP Zlata, Bozhena, MIP Raiduzhna, Diana served as a control.
In the laboratory, seed sowing qualities of these varieties with different treatment options were determined according to the State Standard (DSTU 41382002, 2003) [28].
In the spring-summer period the crops of these varieties at different stages of organogenesis (determined according to Kuperman FM, 1977 [29]) were treated with fungicides Soligor 425 EC (active substance prothi-oconazole, tebuconazole, spiroxamine), Dezaral Extra (active substance carbendazim, flutriafol) and insecticide Fas (active substance alpha-cypermethrin) and Karate Zeon 050 CS (active substance lambda-cyhalothrin).
The crop from the experimental plots was harvested by the method of direct combining "Sampo-130" and transferred to the standard (14 %) humidity. The sowing qualities of the seeds after different variants of crop treatment were studied [28, 30].
Mathematical processing experimental data was performed using special software packages (Excel, Sta-tistica 6.0).
Results. Weather conditions of the growing season of spring wheat in 2018 did not contribute to a high yield. A low precipitation in the period from sowing to germination led to its delay and unevenness. A low precipitation during the entire growing season of spring wheat led to a decrease in yield (Table 1).
Weather conditions in 2019 negatively affected the yield, yield of conditioned seeds and the weight of 1000 seeds. This was facilitated by a too low precipitation (2.3 mm) from sowing to germination, from heading to milk ripeness (32.0 mm), from milk to wax (5.5 mm) and from wax to threshing (12.0 mm). The average long-term precipitation, respectively, in these periods was 50.1; 66.9; 46.6 and 43.5 mm.
Table 1.
Hydrothermal regime during spring wheat growing, 2018-2020.
Periods of development of spring wheat Sum Number of days from sowing to harvesting
year sowing - germination germination -heading heading -milk ripeness milk ripeness -wax ripeness wax ripeness -harvesting
Precipitation, mm
2018 22.0 39.0 56.8 63.7 52.8 233.5 -
2019 2.3 137.0 32.0 5.5 12.0 189.6 -
2020 4.0 149.0 58.3 25.9 0.1 237.3 -
Perennial 50.1 150.0 66.9 46.6 43.5 357.1 -
The sum of effective temperatures (5 °C and more)
2018 153.5 294.0 293/4 294/2 381.6 1416.7 -
2019 158.8 837.2 640.8 153.5 150.8 2041.1 -
2020 141.4 877.1 528.5 219.9 145.1 1912.0 -
Perennial 103.4 680.5 427.7 300.2 338.5 1850.3 -
Average daily air temperature, °C
2018 17.1 19.6 16.3 19.6 19.1 - -
2019 11.3 13.9 18.3 19.2 16.8 - -
2020 7.6 13.8 23.0 20.0 20.7 - -
Perennial 5.6 14.2 17.6 19.7 20.9 - -
The duration of individual periods, days
2018 9 15 18 15 20 - 77
2019 14 60 18 8 9 - 109
2020 18 63 22 10 6 - 119
Perennial 18 49 25 15 17 - 124
Note: * perennial - an average of 10 years.
The weather conditions during the spring wheat growing season in 2020 were not entirely favorable for a high yield. Increased average daily air temperature from sowing to germination 7.6 °C and from germination to heading 13.8 °C and low precipitation 4 mm (perennial - 50 mm) and 149 mm (perennial - 150 mm) during these periods led to a delay of germinations. In the period from milk to wax maturity, the amount of precipitation was 25.9 mm (perennial - 50 mm), and
from wax maturity to threshing precipitation was absent. In the period from milk ripeness to wax and from wax to threshing, the average daily air temperature was at the level of the average long-term value.
When determining the sowing qualities of seeds of spring wheat varieties MIP Zlata, Bozhena, MIP Rai-duzhna, Diana, depend on the treatment with pesticides and biological microfertilizers, it was found that these preparations had a positive effect on them (Table 2).
Table 2.
Sprouting activity, % Seed vigor, % Laboratory germination, %
Seed treatment options MIP Zlata* Bozhena* MIP Raidu- zhna** Diana** MIP Zlata* Bozhena* MIP Raidu- zhna** Diana** MIP Zlata* Bozhena* MIP Raidu- zhna** Diana**
Control (no treatment) 82 79 69 49 91 92 90 90 94 94 93 93
Maxim Star 025 FS,1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 85 82 75 55 94 93 92 91 96 95 95 94
Celeste Max, 1.5 l/t+ Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 87 83 74 56 93 92 92 92 96 93 94 95
Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS, 1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 87 84 78 55 93 93 91 91 96 95 94 95
Cruiser 350 FS, 0.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 89 86 79 54 92 94 91 90 97 95 93 94
LSD05 5.0 3.0 3.0
Note: * bread spring wheat; ** durum spring wheat.
Sowing qualities of spring wheat seeds depending on treatment with pesticides and microfertilizers
(2018-2020)
Seed treatment with preparations revealed an increase in the sprouting activity by 3-10 % and a slight increase in laboratory germination. The highest seed vigor was observed in the variants Maxim Star 025 FS + Oracle seeds and Celeste Max + Oracle seeds, while the laboratory germination in the variants was at the same level. Field seed germination of spring wheat varieties in variants with seed treatment increased by 3.44.1 %.
In the variants with seed treatment of the studied varieties with pesticides and biological microfertilizer Oracle seeds, the yield significantly increased. Thus, the increase in yield of the varieties was 0.33-0.36 t/ha (MIP Zlata), 0.33-0.37 t/ha (Bozhena), 0.34-0.39 t/ha (MIP Raiduzhna), 0.35-0.38 t/ha (Diana) (Table 3).
The highest yield for these years was obtained in the variety MIP Bozhena (4.16 t/ha). The highest increase in yield on all varieties was observed in the variants with insecticidal-fungicidal pesticides in combination with biological microfertilizer Oracle seeds.
When using fungicides at different stages of organogenesis (s.o.), their technical efficiency in the phase of milk ripeness against powdery mildew was at the level of 32-66 %, against septoria leaf blotch was at 30-58 %. Insecticide treatment significantly reduced the number of cereal aphids, cereal leaf beetle and cereal bugs. More effectiveness against diseases and pests was found in variants with treatment of crops with the fungicide Soligor 425 EC and insecticide Fas on the VIII s.o., as well as their use in three stages of organogenesis.
Table 3.
Yield of spring wheat depending on seed treatment with pesticides and microfertilizer (2018-2020)
Seed treatment options MIP Zlata* Bozhena* MIP Raiduzhna** Diana**
yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha
Control (no treatment) 3.44 - 3.79 - 3.04 - 3.08 -
Maxim Star 025 FS, 1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 3.77 0.33 4.12 0.33 3.38 0.34 3.42 0.35
Celeste Max, 1.5 l/t+ Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 3.79 0.35 4.16 0.37 3.40 0.36 3.45 0.38
Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS, 1.5 l/t+ Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 3.80 0.36 4.14 0.35 3.43 0.39 3.45 0.37
Cruiser 350 FS, 0.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 3.80 0.36 4.15 0.36 3.42 0.38 3.44 0.36
LSD05 0.30 - 0.31 - 0.33 - 0.31 -
Note: * bread spring wheat; ** durum spring wheat.
When using the fungicides Soligor 425 EC, Dezaral Extra and the insecticides Fas and Karate Zeon on spring wheats crops, the yield increased by 0.080.48 t/ha (Table 4). The highest yield increase (0.42-
0.47 t/ha) was obtained with the application of the fungicide Soligor 425 EC (in the IV, VIII, and X s.o.). In variants with insecticides, the highest increase was observed when treating crops with the Fas (IV, VIII, and X s.o.).
Table 4.
Yield of spring wheat depending on the treatment of crops with fungicides and insecticides (2018-2020)
Crop treatment options MIP Zlata* Bozhena* MIP Raiduzhna** Diana**
yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha yield, t/ha increase to control, t/ha
Control (no treatment) 3.37 - 3.77 - 3.04 - 3.14 -
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha IV s.o. 3.74 0.37 4.15 0.37 3.41 0.37 3.49 0.35
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha VIII s.o. 3.71 0.35 4.13 0.36 3.38 0.34 3.48 0.34
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha X s.o. 3.62 0.26 4.05 0.28 3.31 0.27 3.38 0.25
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha IV s.o. + VIII e.o. + X s.o. 3.83 0.47 4.24 0.47 3.47 0.43 3.54 0.41
Soligor 425 EC, 1.0 l/ha IV s.o. 3.75 0.38 4.14 0.37 3.40 0.36 3.50 0.36
Soligor 425 EC, 1.0 l/ha VIII s.o. 3.71 0.35 4.10 0.33 3.38 0.34 3.47 0.34
Soligor 425 EC, 1.0 l/ha X s.o. 3.63 0.26 4.06 0.29 3.30 0.26 3.38 0.25
Soligor 425 EC, 0.6 l/ha IV s.o. + VIII s.o.+ X s.o. 3.83 0.47 4.25 0.48 3.47 0.43 3.55 0.42
Fas, 0.15 l/ha IV s.o. 3.55 0.19 3.98 0.21 3.13 0.09 3.38 0.25
Fas, 0.15 l/ha VIII s.o. 3.56 0.20 3.97 0.20 3.12 0.08 3.39 0.26
Fas, 0.15 l/ha X s.o. 3.62 0.26 4.04 0.27 3.16 0.12 3.39 0.26
Fas, 0.15 l/ha IV s.o. + VIII s.o. + X s.o. 3.69 0.33 4.10 0.33 3.25 0.21 3.48 0.35
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha IV s.o. 3.55 0.19 3.96 0.19 3.15 0.11 3.38 0.25
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha VIII s.o. 3.56 0.20 3.98 0.21 3.14 0.10 3.38 0.25
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha X s.o. 3.61 0.25 4.03 0.26 3.18 0.14 3.39 0.26
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha IV s.o. + VIII s.o. + X s.o. 3.66 0.30 4.09 0.32 3.24 0.20 3.47 0.34
LSD05 0.29
Note: * bread spring wheat; ** durum spring wheat.
Among the variants of the experiment, the highest grain yield (4.25 t/ha) was obtained on the Bozhena variety of bread spring wheat when treating on the IV, VIII and X s.o. with fungicide Soligor 425 EC. This variety had the highest level of yield in control (3.77 t/ha).
In the seeds harvested in the variants with plant protection products, an increase in seed vigor and la-
boratory germination was observed. Seed vigor in variants of seed treatment with disinfectants exceeded the control in some cases up to 5 %, with the application of fungicides and insecticides did up to 4 % (Table 5). Laboratory germination of seeds from variants with plant protection increased to 4 % in comparison with seeds from control variants.
Table 5.
Seed vigor and laboratory germination of spring wheat seeds depending on crop treatment with pesticides
(2018-2020)
Crop treatment options MIP Zlata* Bozhena* MIP Raiduzhna** Diana**
seed vigor, % laboratory germination, % seed vigor, % laboratory germination, % seed vigor, % laboratory germination, % seed vigor, % laboratory germination, %
Control (no treatment) 90 91 90 93 88 92 86 90
Maxim Star 025 FS, 1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 91 94 93 94 90 91 89 92
Celeste Max, 1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 92 93 91 93 89 92 88 92
Yunta Quattro 373.4 FS, 1.5 l/t + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 93 94 92 95 90 92 91 93
Cruiser 350 FS, 0.5 л/т + Oracle seeds, 0.5 l/t 93 95 93 95 91 93 90 93
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha IV s.o. 92 93 92 93 88 92 86 90
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha VIII s.o. 91 94 92 93 88 92 87 91
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha Х s.o. 91 94 93 94 89 93 88 91
Dezaral Extra, 0.6 l/ha IV s.o. + VIII е.о. + Х s.o. 92 93 94 94 90 93 89 93
Soligor 425 EC, 1.0 l/ha IV s.o. 91 92 91 94 88 92 87 91
Soligor 425 EC, 1.0 l/ha VIII s.o. 92 92 90 94 88 92 86 92
Soligor 425 EC, 1.0 l/ha Х s.o. 92 94 93 94 90 93 88 92
Soligor 425 EC, 0.6 l/ha IV s.o. + VIII s.o. + Х s.o. 92 93 92 96 90 94 87 93
Fas, 0.15 l/ha IV s.o. 91 92 92 93 89 92 87 90
Fas, 0.15 l/ha VIII s.o. 91 93 93 93 89 91 87 91
Fas, 0.15 l/ha X s.o. 91 93 93 93 89 92 88 92
Fas, 0.15 l/ha IVs.o. + VIII s.o. + X s.o. 92 93 94 94 90 93 89 93
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha IV s.o. 92 92 91 94 89 93 87 91
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha VIII s.o. 93 92 92 93 88 92 86 92
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha X s.o. 92 94 93 94 90 92 88 92
Karate Zeon, 0.15 l/ha IVs.o. + VIIIs.o. + X s.o. 92 93 92 94 90 92 88 93
LSD05 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0
Note: * bread spring wheat; ** durum spring wheat.
Conclusions. The usage of integrated protection against diseases and pests on spring wheat crops provides increased yield and seed quality. In the variants with disinfectants, the highest seed vigor was observed during treatment with Maxim Star 025 FS + Oracle seeds and Celeste Max + Oracle seeds. Laboratory germination in all variants was at the same level. The highest increase in yield on all varieties was observed in the variants with insecticidal-fungicidal pesticides with joint treatment with biological microfertilizer. In the experiment with the treatment of plants with pesticides in the spring-summer period, the highest yield gains were obtained with the application of the fungicide Soligor 425 EC (IV, VIII, and X s.o.) and insecticide Fas (IV, VIII, and X s.o.). In the seeds harvested from the variants with plant protection products, an increase in seed vigor and laboratory germination was observed. Thus, one of the greatest prerequisites for obtaining seeds with high sowing properties is protection against diseases and pests, because they cause damage of seeds at all stages its development.
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