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2018. Volume 7. Issue 4. Article CID e0410 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2018.0410_
Hygiene and Environmental Health
Original article
Influence of electromagnetic environment of mobile communication devices on incidence of
cardiovascular diseases
Svetlana G. Yashchenko, Sergey Yu. Rybalko, Sergey E. Shibanov
V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russia
Received 3 August 2018, Revised 3 October 2018, Accepted 13 October 2018
© 2018, Yashchenko S.G., Rybalko S.Yu., Shibanov S.E. © 2018, Russian Open Medical Journal
Abstract: The aim of this work was the monitoring of electromagnetic environment generated by mobile communication terminals (MCTs) in the places of their active operation for identifying statistical relationships between incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and results of this monitoring.
Material and Methods — To assess the electromagnetic environment the energy flow density (EFD) of MCTs was determined by the PZ-34 electromagnetic flow meter. Medical-statistical analysis of CVD was carried out using the data from statistical reports. Pearson correlation coefficient and Kendall rank correlation coefficient were calculated.
Results — The electromagnetic environment was monitored at 472 points, and the values of EFD were within range of 0.82±0.02 |W/cm2 to 2.09±0.12 |W/cm2. Significant positive correlation was found between average values of EFD and overall incidence of CVD (Tau=0.411, p=0.01).
Conclusion — Monitoring of electromagnetic environment created by MCTs revealed that the average value of EFD was 1.35±0.07 |W/cm2. We have found a statistically significant correlation between the mean values of EFD and overall incidence of CVD, among individual CVD there was a highly significant positive correlation with ischemic heart disease incidence, and there was a positive correlation with average values of CVD incidence growth rate.
Keywords: cardiovascular system, disease, monitoring, electromagnetic radiation, mobile communication.
Cite as Yashchenko SG, Rybalko SYu, Shibanov SE. Influence of electromagnetic environment of mobile communication devices on incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Russian Open Medical Journal 2018; 7: e0410.
Correspondence to Svetlana G. Yashchenko. E-mail: [email protected].
Introduction
There is evidence of influence of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on non-carcinogenic risks for public health [1]. Experimental studies have shown that RF EMR affects laboratory animals [2-4]. On several occasions [5] areas with elevated risk of adverse influence on health of mobile communication users were identified, ecological situation and possible risks for public health due to environmental contamination by electromagnetic fields of mobile communication base stations were evaluated [6]. Issues of modeling electromagnetic field (EMF) levels with 300 HHz - 300 MHz frequency generated by radiotransmitters, radiolocation systems and mobile communication in a large regional center are being studied [7], new methods of background EMR intensity evaluation are being developed [8]. Generally, all studies confirm the relevance of further research for determining influence of electromagnetic fields and radiation (EMFaR) on human organism; it is shown that hazards associated with this factor are underestimated, and that there is no systemic approach to EMFaR evaluation [7]. Impact of RF EMR on cardiovascular system (CVS) becomes a specific subject of research: moderate bradycardia was
registered in adult volunteers in response to 0.9 HHz frequency EMR exposure [9], shifts in regulation of human circulatory system were found [10].
Increasing incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Russia urges implementation of effective long-term nationwide prevention measures [11]. Studies of CVD epidemiology in different climatic and geographical areas are promising from scientific point of view [12]. According to data provided by Russian Federation Ministry of Health [13], in 2014 in Crimea there were significantly more registered cases of cerebrovascular diseases (CeVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and diseases associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) than in Russia on average (40.23% higher to over 2.5 times higher).
As such, impact of RF EMR on CVS, distinct difference in CVD incidence and morbidity between Crimea and Russia overall, along with active reconstruction of mobile communication network in this region has allowed us to set the aim for this study: monitoring of electromagnetic environment generated by mobile communication terminals (MCTs) at sites of their active exploitation to detect statistical relationship between its results and CVD incidence.
2018. Volume 7. Issue 4. Article CID e0410 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2018.0410_
Hygiene and Environmental Health
Table 1. Rates of overall and primary CVD morbidity in Crimean
populatio n (per 100 thousand people)
Condition Year Average GR
2015 2016 2017
OM CVD 51,878 48,603 47,243 0.91
PM CVD 4,356 2,960 2,780 0.64
OM IHD 20,740 20,094 18,994 0.92
PM IHD 1,538 937 876 0.57
OM EBP 19,748 18,718 17,814 0.90
PM EBP 1,187 688 690 0.58
OM CeVD 6,676 6,099 6,002 0.89
PM CeVD 952 809 774 0.81
GR, growth rate; OM, overall morbidity rate; PM, primary morbidity rate; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; IHD, ischemic heart disease; EBP, diseases with elevated blood pressure; CeVD, cerebrovascular diseases.
iJidiealortof DCS
Figure 1. Correlation between EFD and CVD rates. * - P<0.05.
n "5 0.22 ■ n 0 55 I 0.323 0.323 219 0 16|-, g 16M 0.222 0.222 ■ ° rl rl □ □
Tl DCS H -a CS Tl CHD PI qHjp n HPB PI HPB Tl CVD PI cW .116 -€,219 -0,065 "°"142
Indfcatora or DCS
[□Cities ■ Rural settlement]
Figure 2. Correlation relationship between EFD and CVD rates in towns and villages. * - P<0.05.
Indicators of DCS
:'■<;«<:.-• ior: l ■ H<jh C rcqiH] n
Figure 3. Correlation relationship between EFD and CVD rates in resort and non-resort areas. * - P<0.05.
Material and Methods
Methods of electromagnetic environment evaluation
To perform a hygienic evaluation of RF electromagnetic environment in Republic of Crimea we used the method of measuring levels of EMR generated by MCTs without taking electromagnetic background generated by other RF sources into account [5]. Parameters of radiation were measured in areas of their active exploitation by mobile phone users (town microdistricts, towns and villages). Number of measurement sites in territorial units of Republic of Crimea varied between 3 and 60 depending on their area.
EMR level of MCT was determined using electromagnetic meter PZ-34 with AP 3-34 microwave antenna (NTM Zaschita Inc., Moscow, Russia). At every measurement site EMR level was determined sequentially for two identical MCTs (Samsung G3) with SIM cards of two leading (in Republic of Crimea) mobile operators ("Win Mobile" and "Volna") used in voice mode (2G network) to speak with remote user. Radiation level was determined by energy flow density (EFD) three times at 1.7 m height and 0.37 distance between MCT and PZ-34 antenna with background level below 0.3 |W/cm2.
Methods of CVD morbidity evaluation
Medical statistical analysis of primary and overall CVD morbidity in Republic of Crimea in 2015-2017 was performed on basis of statistical reports received from state institution "Crimean Medical Informational-Analytical Center". Among all CVD we identified diseases associated with elevated BP (ICD-10: 110-115), IHD (ICD-10: 120-125) and CeVD (ICD-10: 170-179) as the most common conditions (around 90% in total) of all CVD. Due to the fact that statistical reports were given on 22 administrative units of Republic of Crimea, we combined towns of Dzhankoy, Krasnoperekopsk and Saki with their corresponding districts.
Statistical analysis
Variational series of data were checked for normality of distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, series with normal distribution were checked for relationship using Pearson correlation analysis, series with non-normal distribution were checked using Kendall rank correlation coefficient.
Results
After processing data acquired in 2015-2017 on overall and primary morbidity for all CVD and for specific nosological entities in 22 districts of Republic of Crimea, we calculated their mean values (Table 1) and average overall incidence growth rates (GR).
It should be noted that for all CVD and for specific conditions we have found a trend toward decrease in overall morbidity during three years included in our analysis. Average GR were within range of 0.57-0.91.
Next step was to determine electromagnetic environment in Crimean regions, and those results are shown in Table 2.
EFD measurements were performed at 472 sites, and EFD values obtained were within range of 0.82±0.02 |W/cm2 to 2.09±0.12 |W/cm2, average EVD value for Crimea was 1.35±0.07 |W/cm2, which doesn't exceed threshold of 3 |W/cm2, established in Russian Federation [14]. The study allowed to determine regions with high EFD (compared to average value in Crimea), which are, first of all, Pervomayskiy (2.09±0.12 |W/cm2), Chernomorskiy (1.91±0.07 |W/cm2) and Krasnogvardeyskiy districts (1.79±0.08 |W/cm2), as well as town of Simferopol (1.95±0.04 |W/cm2). Lowest values of EFD were determined in Armyansk (0.97±0.07 |W/cm2), Kerch (0.94±0.04 |W/cm2) and Feodosia (1.05±0.03 |W/cm2).
Then we calculated Kendall correlation coefficient for relationship between EFD and main characteristics of CVD incidence, which included overall morbidity rate (OM) per 100 thousand people and primary morbidity rate (PM) per 100 thousand people (Figure 1).
2018. Volume 7. Issue 4. Article CID e0410 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2018.0410_
Hygiene and Environmental Health
Table 2. Incidence of CVD and average level of MCT EMR EFD in administrative units of Republic of Crimea
№ A.u. OM, per 100,000 people EFD, W/cm2
CVD IHD EBP CeVD
1 Simferopol 52,120±844 23090±146,7 17270±200 8584±274 1.95±0.04
2 Yevpatoria 47190±3896 19940±1284 21080±2689 3707±506 1.23±0.05
3 Feodosia 42190±664 19970±177 12630±472 7796±309 1.05±0.03
4 Kerch 33120±4514 15460±2519 11880±1818 2907±567 0.94±0.04
5 Yalta 56050±827 17840±385 19100±1632 6214±443 1.31±0.06
6 Alushta 73480±891 29680±269 8621±257 4251±96 1.41±0.11
7 Armyansk 37270±1464 18280±689 14280±1099 2716±439 0.97±0.07
8 Sudak 36100±2590 12570±1844 21660±1117 1350±284 1.21±0.07
9 Krasnoperekopsk 57050±1309 22840±671 29360±804 2735±189 1.71±0.12
10 Bahchisarayskiy district 56280±883 18270±201 24750±506 11680±284 1.11±0.04
11 Belogorskiy district 17250±183 7095±240 4620±218 3416±167 0.82±0.02
12 Dzhankoyskiy district 34750±1387 16180±187 12280±1201 2813±302 1.17±0.09
13 Kirovskiy district 30230±1136 16870±2662 6248±355 3779±908 1.09±0.07
14 Krasnogvardeyskiy district 79970±1730 32930±616 39310±927 5908±179 1.79±0.08
15 Leninskiy district 48130±1717 12950±282 23450±919 10330±525 1.41±0.05
16 Nizhnegorskiy district 277302596 16420±2298 6470±493 1741±240 1.31±0.03
17 Pervomayskiy district 46660±999 24030±1160 18580±415 1736±253 2.09±0.12
18 Razdolnenskiy district 50800±2423 14270±283 22390±1879 12200±567 1.23±0.04
19 Sakskiy district 80570±1737 24210±1791 43190±190 9320±319 1.52±0.08
20 Simferopolskiy district 48270±2394 22080±780,4 18020±759 4283±392 1.24±0.06
21 Sovetskiy district 50470±3525 18490±2036 12000±620 17820±1874 1.23±0.03
22 Chernomorskiy district 29870±916 9541±253 10790±474 6898±315 1.91±0.07
Data presented as mean with error of mean - M±m.
A.u., administrative units of Republic of Crimea; OM, overall morbidity rates; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; IHD, ischemic heart disease; EBP, diseases with elevated blood pressure; CeVD, cerebrovascular diseases.
We found positive and significant correlation relationship between average values of EFD and overall morbidity rates for all CVDs (Tau=0.411, p=0.01) and IHD OM (Tau=0.298, p=0.04). Statistical analysis of correlation relationships between EFD and GR has demonstrated a significant positive Pearson correlation between EFD and CVD OM (R=0.512, p=0.02).
Correlation significance check using Kendall test with stratification of CVD morbidity rates by urbanization (town or village) (Figure 2) allowed to obtain following correlation coefficients: between average values of EFD and overall morbidity rates in towns (items 1-9, Table 2) - CVD (Tau=0.667, p=0.03). In village areas we found this relationship (items 10-22, Table 2) for primarily diagnosed IHD (Tau=0.539, p=0.03). A similar check of correlation relationship with stratification between resort areas (items 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 19, 22, Table 2) and non-resort areas (Figure 3) demonstrated correlation coefficients for relationship between EFD and overall morbidity rates in non-resort areas for CVD (Tau=0.421, p=0.02), IHD (Tau=0.429, p=0.02), elevated BP (Tau=0.402, p=0.03); EFD and GR IHD (Tau=0.643, p=0.03), as well as for EFD and GR EBP (Tau=0.643, p=0.03) in resort areas.
Discussion
Analysis of overall CVD morbidity rates and morbidity of individual CVDs shows that first place there belongs to IHD (40.5%), second - to EBP (38.1%), and third - to CeVD (12.7%), which is in concordance with general morbidity rates in Russian Federation [13]. Main indicators of dynamics of studied conditions - average GR for 2015-2017 - were significant; overall CVD morbidity in Crimea lowered by 9%, IHD morbidity lowered by 8%, elevated BP - by 10%, and CeVD - by 11%, which demonstrates efficacy of preventive measures. GR PM for these conditions has shown decrease by 36, 43, 42 and 19 %%, respectively.
This study allowed to identify village areas and towns of Crimea with high EFD. In village regions it is determined by a small mobile communication base station (BS) density and increased distance between terminal and BS, which is in concordance with literature [8]. Relatively high EFD value in Simferopol is explained by high BS workload and high electromagnetic background, created by other sources of RF radiation. Minimal values of EFD in Armyansk, Kerch and Feodosia may be explained by "saturation" of these areas by BSs and their relatively low workload. This distribution of EFD for areas with low and high urbanization is typical for this type of studies [15].
Positive correlation between EFD and all CVDs we detected, as well as with OM of IHD, allows us to introduce a hypothesis on possible action of RF EMF of mobile communication terminals on functional status of CVS with consequent development of CVD, which is in accord with literature data [16-18]. Results we obtained when stratifying data on the principle of urbanization are concordant with the literature [5] and strengthen the hypothesis of electromagnetic environment influence on incidence of CVD. Results of dividing data by resort and non-resort areas may imply that seasonal workload may influence EBP in population of resort areas and require further research.
Conclusions
Statistically significant correlation relationships between EFD and CVD OM were found. Among the components of CVD we found significant positive correlation with IHD OM and with GR CVD OM.
We found significant correlation relationships between EFD and CVD OM in towns, and between EFD and IHD GR in villages, which was found for the first time. We also found significant correlation coefficients in non-resort areas between EFD and CVD,
2018. Volume 7. Issue 4. Article CID e0410 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2018.0410_
Hygiene and Environmental Health
IHD, EBP OM, between EFD and IHD GR; and in resort areas -between EFD and EBP OM GR.
Limitations
Limitations of this study able to decrease accuracy of assessment of EFD impact on CVD are of multiple origin; specifically, we didn't take into account population density, migration, seasonal migration, other cardiovascular risk factors, which were not discussed in this article. Moreover, limitations of this study are caused by strict formalization of statistical reports by Ministry of Health of Republic of Crimea.
Ethical approval
Study of this type doesn't require approval of an ethics committee. Funding
This research was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Grant № 18-013-01028A.
Conflict of interest
Authors have no conflict of interest to disclose. References
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Authors:
Svetlana G. Yashchenko - MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of
General Hygiene with Ecology, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University,
Simferopol, Russia. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6817-8639.
Sergey Yu. Rybalko - PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medical
Physics and Informatics, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University,
Simferopol, Russia. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4992.
Sergey E. Shibanov - MD, DSc, Professor, Head of Department of General
Hygiene with Ecology, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University,
Simferopol, Russia. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-5836.
