CC BY
15# Research Results in Pharmacology
Research Results in Pharmacology 6(3): 9-14 UDC: 615.214.22 DOI 10.3897/rrpharmacology. 6.55142
Research Article
Influence of Diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivative (DAB-19) on behavioral aspects of animals
Dmitriy V. Maltsev1,2, Alexander A. Spasov1,2, Mikhail V. Miroshnikov1, Maria O. Skripka1, Ludmila N. Divaeva3
1 Volgograd State Medical University, Department of Pharmacology andBioinformatics, 1 Pavshikh Bortsov Sq., 400131, Volgograd, Russia
2 Volgograd Medical Research Center, 1 Pavshikh Bortsov Sq., 400131, Volgograd, Russia
3 Research Institute ofPhysical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 194/2 Stachki Ave., 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Corresponding author: Dmitriy V. Maltsev ([email protected])
Academic editor: Oleg Gudyrev ♦ Received 8 June 2020 ♦ Accepted 18 July 2020 ♦ Published 2 September 2020
Citation: Maltsev DV, Spasov AA, Miroshnikov MV, Skripka MO, Divaeva LN (2020) Influence of Diazepino [1,2-a] benzimidazole derivative (DAB-19) on behavioral aspects of animals. Research Results in Pharmacology 6(3): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.3897/ rrpharmacology.6.55142
Abstract
Introduction: Diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives showed anxiolytic (EPM, L/D box, Vogel test), antidepressant (Tail Suspension test, Porsolt test), anticonvulsant (Pentylenetetrazole-Induced seizures) and analgesic (Tail-Flick, Hot Plate) actions, which were described earlier (Spasov et al. 2020). 11-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,3] diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole hydrobromide (compound DAB-19) has evident anxiolytic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant effects. In the present study, compound DAB-19 was screened for its influence on animals' behavior patterns, such as aggression, obsessive-compulsive behavior, emotional lability, and unsociability.
Materials and methods: 112 outbred white animals (rats and mice) were used. Compound DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.) were injected to the treatment groups. Using an Open Field (OF) test, we evaluated a spontaneous motor activity, a search activity of mice and a degree of their emotionality. During a Marble Burying (MB) test, we monitored anxiolytic and anticompulsive effects of DAB-19. Using a Resident-intruder (RI) test, we evaluated a degree of aggression in the experimental animals, properties of their social interaction, as well as defensive and individual behavior.
Results and discussion: Compound DAB-19 has positive influence on the search activity, mood stabilizing activity and antiaggressive actions. Administration of both DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced anxiety-like behavior in OP, RI and MB tests, as indicated by a significantly increased number of entries to the center of OP; a decreased number of marbles buried in MB and reduced aggressive behavior in RI. It was stated that using DAB-19 leads to a decrease in affective reactions of the animals - aggression, obsessive-compulsive behavior, neurotic condition and emotional instability.
Conclusions: The compound (DAB-19) produces anxiolytic-like effects, compared with those of diazepam, in various anxiety paradigms.
Keywords
anxiolytic; DAB-19; diazepam; combined structures; marble burying (MB); resident-intruder (RI); open field (OF).
Copyright Maltsev DV et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Introduction
Nowadays anxiety disorders are among wide-spread diseases (Bahi et al. 2019). Some of the most significant ones for clinical practice are general anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder (Carpenter et al. 2018; Freire et al. 2020), obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorders, and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. The attributes of clinical picture of patients with those pathologies are a gradual decrease in communicative and cognitive skills (Nechita et al. 2018), as well as disturbance of motivation, motor and vegetative spheres. It leads to problems in the professional sphere, which can be a factor of both economic instability (Ziebold et al. 2019) and interpersonal relationships which can lead to inferiority complex (Zethrae-us et al. 1962). Most often anxiety disorders are accompanied by behavior instability, unmotivated aggression, hyperactivity, puerility or, on the contrary, asociality (Craske et al. 2016).
At present, there are a lot of medicine agents for treating anxiety disorders, but all of these have serious side effects (Ziebold et al. 2019). Classic tranquilizers
- derivatives of benzodiazepine (diazepam, alprazolam)
- after long-term usage can cause mental and physical dependence, as well as addictive behavior, muscle relaxation, and sedation. A number of scientific information sources (Ait-Daoud et al. 2018; Manz et al. 2018) describe cases of significant withdrawal syndrome after interruption of the treatment, when anxiety was increasing in the patients after they learned about a decrease in thetherapeutical dose of the agent (Soyka 2017). Daily sedatives (tofisopam, medazepam, gidazepam) have milder side effects than classic tranquilizers. However these drugs can cause psychomotor agitation, irritation, aggression, sleeping disorder, and confusional state. A derivative of mercaptobenzimidazole - fabo-motizole - decreases behavioral components of psycho-pathological conditions, but has a delayed start of the main effect (Uyanaev et al. 2006).
Following the above, nowadays it is vital to search and study drugs with a pronounced anxiolytic effect and positively affecting the majority of psychoemotional components as well as having a minimum of side effects.
In a previous study, we found a compound (DAB-19)
- diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole, a derivative having in the core structure 2 privileged subclasses - diazepine and benzimidazole, showing a high tranquilizing action. It was shown that the compound demonstrated a pronounced anxiolytic effect not only comparable with a classic tranquilizer - diazepam, but exceeding it in a number of tests (Spasov et al. 2018).
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of (DAB-19) on some components of animal behavior - aggression, communicative skills and obsessive-compulsive behavior.
Materials and methods
Experimental animals
The present research work was performed using 48 out-bred male mice (18-22 g), 32 outbred male rats-residents (230-250 g) and 32 male rat-intruders (160-180 g), obtained from Rappolovo Nursery, Leningrad region, Russia. The animals were maintained in standard laboratory conditions (temperature (22 ± 2)°C and room humidity (60 ± 10)%), with a 12:12 h light/dark cycle. Standard diet and filtered water were provided ad libitum. The experimental procedures on the animals were carried out in accordance with the Local Ethics Committee of Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (Protocol No. IRB 00005839 IORG 0004900 (OHRP)).
Drugs and treatment
Diazepam was procured from Organica J.S.C., Novokuznetsk, Russia. The tested molecule DAB-19 was synthesized at the Research Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry of the Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia and selected from a series of diazepino-[1,2-a]-ben-zimidazole derivatives due to its pronounced anxiolytic and antidepressant actions. Chemistry and synthesis of (DAB-19) were reported in our earlier publications (Ani-simova et al. 2007). Diazepam and compound DAB-19 were freshly prepared in distilled water and administered per oral (p.o.) in a constant volume of 10 mL/kg.
Experimental design
The dose of (DAB-19) was equimolar to diazepam (2 mg/ kg), in which it demonstrates a pronounced anti-anxiety effect without muscle relaxation and sedation (Spasov et al. 2018). Forty-eight outbred mice (n = 8/group) were randomly divided into six experimental groups. Group I consisted of control mice receiving vehicle (distilled water); group II was a group treated with the comparison drug diazepam (2 mg/kg), and group III received (DAB-19) (2.34 mg/kg). Besides sixty-four outbred rats (n = 8/ group) were randomly divided into eight experimental groups. Group I consisted of control rats; group II received distilled water; group III was a group of diazepam (2 mg/kg), and group IV received (DAB-19) (2.34 mg/ kg). The rodents were orally administered with (DAB-19) or diazepam or vehicle with an atraumatic metal gastric catheter 30 min before behavioral tests.
Behavioral tests Open Field test
The apparatus consisted of a plastic arena (40*40*30 cm) with the floor divided with black parallel lines into 16
squares (15*15 cm). At intersection of lines, there were holes (1*1 cm), which made it possible to evaluate the search activity of the experimental mice (da Silva et al. 2018). The apparatus was illuminated with a 100 W bulb suspended at the height of 100 cm above the base of the arena. At the beginning of the test, the mice were placed individually at the center of the square arena. The ambulation scores (number of squares crossed), rearing number (upright standings on hind legs) and search activity (number of holes explored), as well as the number of short and long grooming acts were recorded for a 5 min period (Sei-benhener et al. 2015). Open Field test can also be used for non-specific evaluation of muscle relaxation effects of compounds and to characterize the general rodent's emotional state (rearings, sedation, a long grooming act as an indicator of comfortable condition, boluses) in addition to behavioral activity. After each individual test session, the apparatus was cleaned with 70% ethanol.
Marble Burying test
According to Egashira et al. (2013), a plastic cage (350*250*200 mm) was filled approximately 5 cm deep with sawdust. Twenty-four glass marbles (15 mm in diameter) were evenly spaced on the sawdust surface. The container was covered with a metal grid. During the testing phase, each mouse was placed in the corner of the cage individually and was allowed to explore it for 30 min (Taylor et al. 2017). At the end of the test, the mouse was removed from the cage, and the number of marbles buried to at least two-thirds of their depth was counted.
Resident-intruder test
An intruder male was introduced to the resident's cage, and then the main behavioral patterns (individual, aggressive, communicative and protective behavior) were registered. Individual (not associated with partner) behavior implied autogrooming, rearing number, resting state, on-site movement, and freezing (Koolhaas et al. 2013). Bites, attacks, aggressive poses, side poses were considered as aggressive behavior. Communicative behavior included following the partner, sniffing their bodies and genitals, grooming the partner, creeping towards and onto the partner. Avoiding the intruder, defense poses, submission pose on the back were considered as protective behavior (Wei et al. 2014). These parameters were assessed by the number of the registered forms (each act or pose of an experimental animal) of behavior within 5 minutes of monitoring.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism v.5.0 (Graph-Pad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). All the results are expressed as mean±standard error of mean (SEM). The
significance of differences between the groups were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post-hoc Dunn's test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results and discussion
Based on the results of the study of behavioral activity in the Open Field test, it was found that the animals treated with (DAB-19) actively moved throughout the area of the experimental apparatus, explored its segments and holes, and more often went out into the central area (Table 1). It was shown that the number of crossed squares (locomotor activity) under the influence of DAB-19 1.6 times (p < 0.05) exceeds that number for the control group and corresponds to the indicator of the diazepam group. The number of rearings of the animals influenced by DAB-19 was 6.6 times more than that in the control group and 2.6 times more than in diazepam group (p < 0.05). The search activity of the animals treated with DAB-19, 1.9 times exceeded the control group activity and 1.7 times exceeded the diazepam group activity. Entries to the installation center by this group of animals were performed 4.1 times statistically more often than in the control; however, they were twice as few as diazepam (p < 0.05). The number of short-term self-grooming acts of the animals influenced by DAB-19 was 3.3 times (p < 0.05) less pronounced compared to the control and corresponded to the level of the diazepam group. The received data correlated to the indicators of long-term self-grooming: a 6.3-time increase in this parameter was recorded for the animals that received distilled water (p < 0.05). It is at the level of the diazepam group (p < 0.05), which indicates the leveling of anxiety behavior in the DAB-19 group. The amount of fecal boli in the DAB-19 group was 2.2 times (p < 0.05) less than that in the control group, which proves lack of pronounced emotionality.
Table 1. Influence of Compound DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg, p.o.) and Diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.) on Behavior of Mice in the Open Field Test (M ± SEM).
Parameter Control group Diazepam (2 mg/kg) DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg)
Locomotor activity 55.3 ± 3.61 92.5 ± 6.91* 93.0 ± 3.41*
Rearings 3.2 ± 0.61 8.4 ± 1.32* 21.0 ± 2.00*
Search activity 3.2 ± 0.61 3.6 ± 0.50 6.0 ± 0.61*
Number of entries to the center of arena 0.8 ± 0.31 7.0 ± 1.21* 3.3 ± 0.42*
Self-grooming Short- 7.5 ± 0.92 2.7 ± 0.42* 2.3 ± 0.49*
term
Long-term 0.8 ± 0.40 4.5 ± 0.85* 5.0 ± 0.73*
Fecal boli 2.2 ± 0.31 1.3 ± 0.33 1.0 ± 0.45
Note: * - differences are significant compared to control (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunns post hoc test).
In the Marble Burying test, after DAB-19 administration, compulsive marble burying was 6.9 times lower (1.7 ± 0.70) than in the control group (11.8 ± 2.60), which
Table 2. Influence of Compound DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg, p.o.) and Diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.) on Behavior of Rats in the Resident-intruder Test(M ± SEM).
Group Individual behavior, points Aggressive behavior, points Communicative behavior, points Defensive behavior, points
Control group 9.2 ± 1.54 17.3 ± 3.77 16.0 ± 1.17 2.4 ± 0.65
Control (vehicle) 6.0 ± 2.67 17.6 ± 3.68 11.4±1.12* 5.6 ± 1.17*
Diazepam (2 mg/kg) 5.1 ± 1.03* 9.5 ± 2.18* 10.5 ± 2.17* 2.4 ± 1.42
DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg) 7.8 ± 1.18 1.5 ± 0.67* 12.8 ± 2.14 0.0 ± 0.01*
Note: * -differences are significant compared to control (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunns post hoc test).
was the same level with diazepam group (2.1 ± 1.24), p < 0.05. The animals in the group of DAB-19 moved actively in the apparatus, but unlike the control group made fewer attempts in marble burying. Smooth-faced layer of sawdust in the cage and the absence of pits indicate that.
In the Resident-intruder test, a significant change in the number of acts of protective and communicative behavior in the positive control group compared to the intact one was registered, which may be associated with the consequences of animal stress from p.o. administration of the solvent (Table 2). Aggressive behavior reduced (p < 0.05) after administration of diazepam, which is a characteristic feature of the benzodiazepine drugs. Protective behavior after administration of DAB-19 was practically not observed. However, the indicator of aggressive behavior not only more than 10 times decreased compared to the intact control group, but 6 times exceeded that in the diazepam group (p < 0.05). Important changes in individual and communicative behavior patterns after using DAB-19 were not recorded.
Among the most effective classic tranquilizers - derivatives of benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety pathologies, diazepam stands out. However, it has side effects on the behavioral component - fatigue and lack of emotions or, on the contrary, acute agitation, anxiety, hallucinations and fits of rage (Talarek et al. 2018). The group of "daytime" sedatives has milder unwanted actions, but even their use can result in increased irritability, psycho-motor agitation, confusion (tofisopam), sedation, drowsiness, fatigue and a slow-down in reactivity (medazepam).
The derivative of diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole-DAB-19 - does not tend to inhibit the spontaneous locomotor activity of animals, including ambulation scores and rearings number in the Open Field test. As it was observed in previous studies, DAB-19 was confirmed to lack muscle relaxation (Ziebold et al. 2019). High spontaneous activity is probably associated with an increased search activity of mice. It can indicate either pronounced emotionality in the animals, which is not confirmed by the number of boluses as one of the observed parameters, or a positive effect on the cognitive aspect of the experimental rodents' behavior, which is supported by a distinct anxiolytic effect of DAB-19 in previous study (Spasov et al. 2018).The suppression of natural fear of open spaces allows animals to show interest in exploring new territories. The anxiolytic effect of DAB-19 is also confirmed by a high number of entries to the central lit area, rarely recorded short-term self-groomings (which is known to indicate the nervous state of the animal) and a large
number of acts of prolonged groomings (which is consistent with the results of screening and in-depth studies of the anti-anxiety activity of the compound) (Spasov et al. 2018; Spasov et al. 2020).
The anxiolytic pattern of action is associated with anti-compulsive effect of DAB-19 shown in the Marble Burying test. The number of acts of compulsive burying was significantly reduced relative to the reference groups. The obtained data of DAB-19 and diazepam do not result from the development of a muscle relaxant effect, which is evident from the data of the previously conducted tests: Elevated Plus Maze (parameter of the total number of moves between the arms), Actometer and Open Field (Spas-ov et al. 2018). According to the previously obtained data, tofisopam (2 mg/kg) was shown to have an anti-neurotic effect at the level of DAB-19 (2.34 mg/kg) - 1.2 ± 0.49 marbles on average (Skripka et al. 2018). So, DAB-19 in the Marble Burying test demonstrated an anti-compulsive effect slightly exceeding diazepam and not connected with muscle relaxation in the studied dose, which broadens the understanding of the clinical potential of the new diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivative.
The Resident-intruder test is employed to quantify the intraspecific aggression between male rats. One of the most important components of behavioral activity is social interaction to determine the structure of which the Resident-intruder test was used. For high spontaneous activity of animals in the Open Field test, aggressive genesis was not confirmed since this type of behavior in the group DAB-19 was 10 times reduced compared to control values, which distinguishes its spectrum of action from that of tofisopam. Given the correspondence between the parameters of the individual and communicative behavior of the DAB-19 group to the control group values, a decrease in the aggressive component is associated with the leveling of the protective pattern of rats in the Resident-intruder test. In addition, the lack of influence on individual and communicative behavior may indicate the absence of sedative effect in the studied compound (DAB-19).
The therapeutic correction of affective mental disorders often has some difficulties associated with the biochemical individuality of development mechanisms of these pathologies (Beesdo et al. 2009; Byrd et al. 2014; Cooney et al. 2017). Compound DAB-19 is a derivative of diazepino[1,2-a]benzimidazole, so it has fragments of the two privileged subclasses in its core structure: dia-zepine and benzimidazole. Perhaps, a combination of chemical compounds with a proven tranquilizing effect
(Spasov et al. 2018), carried out through various mechanisms, is manifested in DAB-19 in the multi-targeting of its action, which results in the reduction or leveling of a number of undesirable behavioral components.
Conclusion
As a result of the study, it was found that a diazepi-no[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivative, compound DAB-19, at the dose of 2.34 mg/kg, which has previously proven anxiolytic and antidepressant activities, changes various pathological behavioral reactions towards normalization. Thus, theoretically, it can be a promising compound for the relief of a number of psychopathological conditions manifested in pronounced aggression (gambling, alcohol or mental addiction), predominance of compulsive beha-
vior (obsessive-compulsive disorder, addictive behavior) or increased unsociability (anxiety disorder, neurosis). The obtained data indicate the presence of normotymic and anti-aggressive action of DAB-19, as well as its positive effect on research activity.
Acknowledgments
The reported study was funded by the Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research (RFBR), project № 20015-00164.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interests.
References
■ Ait-Daoud N, Hamby AS, Sharma S, Blevins D (2018) A review of alprazolam use, misuse, and withdrawal. Journal of Addiction Medicine 12(1): 4-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000350 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Anisimova VA, Kuzmenko VV, KuzmenkoTA, MorkovnikAS (2007) Synthesis of 1(11)H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,3]diazepino[1,2-a] benzimidazole starting from benzimidazole-2-sulfonic acid. Intramolecular cyclization of 2-(S-chlorobutylamino)benzimidaz-ole. Russian Chemical Bulletin 56(11): 2315-2322. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11172-007-0366-8
■ Bahi A, Dreyer JL (2019) Dopamine transporter (DAT) knockdown in the nucleus accumbens improves anxiety-and depression-related behaviors in adult mice. Behavioural Brain Research 359: 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.028 [PubMed]
■ Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS (2009) Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 32(3): 483-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2009.06.002 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Byrd JB, Brook RD (2014) Anxiety in the "Age of hypertension". Current Hypertension Reports 16(10): 486. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11906-014-0486-0 [PubMed]
■ Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, Powers MB, Smits JAJ, Hofmann SG (2018) Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depression and anxiety 35(6): 502-514. https://doi. org/10.1002/da.22728 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Cooney LG, Dokras A (2017) Depression and anxiety in polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology and treatment. Current Psychiatry Reports 19(11): 1-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0834-2 [PubMed]
■ Craske MG, Stein MB (2016) Anxiety. Lancet 388(10063): 30483059. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6 [PubMed]
■ da Silva DM, Sanz G, Vaz BG, de Carvalho FS, Liâo LM, de Ol-iveira DR, da Silva Moreira LK, Cardoso CS, de Brito AF, da Silva DPB, da Rocha FF, Santana IGC, Galdino PM, Costa EA, Menegatti R (2018) Tert-butyl 4-((1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl) pipera-zine-1-carboxylate (LQFM104)-New piperazine derivative with antianxiety and antidepressant-like effects: Putative role of serotoner-
gic system. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 103: 546-552. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.077 [PubMed]
■ Egashira N, Abe M, Shirakawa A (2013) Effects of mood stabilizers on marble-burying behavior in mice: involvement of GABAergic system. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 226(2): 295-305. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00213-012-2904-9 [PubMed]
■ Freire RC, Cabrera-Abreu C, Milev R (2020) Neurostimulation in anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1191: 331-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_18 [PubMed]
■ Koolhaas JM, Coppens CM, de Boer SF, Buwalda B, Meerlo P, Tim-mermans PJ (2013) The resident-intruder paradigm: a standardized test for aggression, violence and social stress. Journal of Visualized Experiments (77): e4367. https://doi.org/10.3791/4367 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Manz KM, Levine WA, Seckler JC, Iskander AN, Reich CG (2018) A novel adolescent chronic social defeat model: reverse-resident-intruder paradigm (rRIP) in male rats. Stress 21(2): 169-178. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2017.1423285 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Nechita D, Nechita F, Motorga R (2018) A review of the influence the anxiety exerts on human life. Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 59(4): 1045-1051. [PubMed]
■ Seibenhener ML, Wooten MC (2015) Use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments (96): e52434. https://doi.org/10.3791/52434 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Skripka MO, Gontareva AV, Zolotova EA, Miroshnikov MV, Nur-magomedova BR (2018) Neuropsychotropic activity of the new diazepinobenzimidazole derivatives QLR-9 h QLR-10. Youth - to practical health care: Proceedings of the XII International Scientific and Practical Conferences of Students and Young Medical Scientists, 909-913. [in Russian]
■ Soyka M (2017) Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence. The New England Journal of Medicine 376(12): 1147-1157. https://doi. org/10.1056/NEJMra1611832 [PubMed]
■ Spasov AA, Divaeva LN, Maltsev DV, Kuzmenko TA, Morkovnik AS, Miroshnikov MV, Taran AS, Zolotova EA (2018) The anxiolyt-ic potential of a new series of diazepinobenzimidazole derivatives.
Journal of Volgograd State Medical University 3(67): 19-23. https:// doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2018-3(67)-19-23 [in Russian]
■ Spasov AA, Maltsev DV, Miroshnikov MV, Taran AS, Nurmagome-dova BR, Skripka MO, Kuzmenko TA, Morkovnik AS, Divaeva LN (2020) The antidepressant activity of diazepinobenbenzimidazole derivative DAB-19 and its potential mechanisms of action. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology [Eksperimental'naia i Klinich-eskaia Farmakologiia] 83(4): 37-40. https://doi.org/10.30906/0869-2092-2020-83-4-31-36 [in Russian]
■ Talarek S, Listos J, Orzelska-Gorka J, Serefko A, Kotlinska J (2018) NMDA Receptors and NO:cGMP signaling pathway mediate the diazepam-induced sensitization to withdrawal signs in mice. Neurotoxicity Research 33(2): 422-432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-017-9810-1 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Taylor GT, Lerch S, Chourbaji S (2017) Marble burying as compulsive behaviors in male and female mice. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (Wars) 77(3): 254-260. https://doi.org/10.21307/ ane-2017-059 [PubMed]
■ Uyanaev AA, Fisenko VP (2006) Studies of long-term noopept and afobazol treatment in rats with learned helplessness neurosis. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 142(2): 202-204. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10517-006-0327-5 [PubMed]
■ Wei S, Ji XW, Wu CL (2014) Resident intruder paradigm-induced aggression relieves depressive-like behaviors in male rats subjected to chronic mild stress. Medical Science Monitor 20: 945-952. https:// doi.org/10.12659/MSM.890200 [PubMed] [PMC]
■ Zethraeus S (1962) Anxiety, inhibition and feelings of inferiority. Praxis 51: 148-154. [PubMed] [in German]
■ Ziebold C, Mari JJ, Goldberg DP, Minhas F, Razzaque B, Fortes S, Robles R, Lam TP, Bobes J, Iglesias C, Garcia JA, Reed GM (2019) Diagnostic consequences of a new category of anxious depression and a reduced duration requirement for anxiety symptoms in the ICD-11PHC. Journal of Affective Disorders 245: 120-125. https:// doi.org/10.1016/jjad.2018.10.082 [PubMed]
Author contributions
■ Dmitriy V. Maltsev, PhD in Biology, Lecturer of the Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2005-6621. The author defined the idea of research.
■ Alexander A. Spasov, Doctor Habil. of Medical Sciences, Full Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-4826. The author consulted on the research idea, concept and design.
■ Mikhail M. Miroshnikov, Assistant Professor of the Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, PhD student, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9828-3242. The author took part in conducting experimental work and analysis of the material.
■ Maria O. Skripka, PhD student of the Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4173-7143. The author took part in conducting experimental work, analysis of the material, writing and editing the text of the article.
■ Ludmila N. Divaeva, PhD in Chemistry, Researcher in the Laboratory of Organic Synthesis. Research Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID ID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7275-0797. The author took part in synthesis of the substance.
