CC BY
3TECHNICAL SCIENCE
Zabyshnyi Y.O.
Main service center of MIA of Ukraine, m. Kyiv, chief Specialist of training, retraining drivers of vehicles, drivers and actors
involved in road transportation of dangerous goods.
Melnyk VM.
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ph.D., assistant professor of technological gas transport.
Dolishniy B.V.
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Institute of
Mechanical Engineering.
Semchuk Y.M.
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, PhD, Professor, Head of Life Safety.
INFLUENCE OF CAR EXHAUST FOR AIR CONDITION IN CIT-IES
ABSTRACT
Question studies of the effect of traffic on the ecological situation in the densely populated area of the city currently is quite relevant. The environmental performance of internal combustion engines is significantly worse while driving in traffic jams, idle controlled junctions and when driving on city streets at speeds up to 40 km / h.
The article proposes the study of emissions from mobile sources in the last 5 years, of which more than 96% of emissions from mobile sources accounted for road transport. Therefore, the reduction of air pollution from vehicles can significantly improve the ecological situation in the city of Ivano-Frankivsk and region.
Keywords: traffic, transport, environment, research, ecology, emissions, mobile sources of harmful substances.
The transport stream - is one of the largest sources of environmental pollution. In addition, transport - the main source of noise in urban areas, as well as a source of thermal pollution.
The gases, which are released from the combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines, contain more than 200 types of pollutants, including carcinogens. Petroleum products, remnants of old tires and brake pads, pour and dusty cargoes, chlorides, which are used for roads strewing in winter pollute roadside strips and water bodies.
In developed countries, the car has long been a most necessary household thing. The level of so-called «automobilization» of the population has become one of the main economic indicators of development and quality of people life. But we forget that the concept of «automobilization» includes the technical facilities that provide movement: the car and the road.
Nowadays, road transports are a major source of air pollution in big cities. Harmful substances, while operating motor vehicles, go into the air with exhaust fumes, vapors from the fuel systems and during vehicle fueling. On oxide carbon emissions (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) also affects the road relief and the mode and speed of the car. For example, if a car rev up and sharply reduce it during braking, the amount of the carbon oxides exhaust gases increased in 8 times. Minimum number of carbon oxides released during the equable speed of 40 km / h [1-3].
Thus, the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases depends on several conditions: mode of traffic, road topography, technical condition of cars, etc.
Diesel engines throw out a lot of soot, which is formed as a product of fuel combustion. This soot contains carcinogenic substances and microelements, the ejecta of which in the atmosphere simply unacceptable [1-3].
Exhaust gases accumulate in the lower layers of atmosphere, ie harmful substances are in the zone of human breathing. Therefore road transport should be classified as the most dangerous sources of air pollution near highways.
Contamination of ground surface by transport and traffic emissions accumulates gradually, depending on the number of vehicles that passes through the track, road, highway and kept for a long time even after the elimination of a road cloth (closing of roads, road, highway or complete elimination of way and asphalt cover) [4 , 5].
Different chemical elements, especially metals that accumulate in soils, absorb plants and through the food chain pass into animals and humans. Some of them are taken out and dissolved groundwater, then gets into rivers, ponds and within drinking water can get into the human body.
Transport not only pollutes the environment, it is also a source of noise. Noise is measured in decibels (dB). For a man limit is 90 dB, when sound exceeds this limit, it could cause a person nervous disorders and constant stress. Recently, transport noise has become a very serious problem for the population. About 40% of the population lives in conditions of so-called noise discomfort, with half of them under the influence of the noise with level that exceeds 70 dB [5].
The overall level of noise on our roads is higher than in the West. This is due to the fact that the traffic flow have too many trucks, noise level of which is equal to 8-10 dB, ie twice higher than in cars. But the main reason is the lack of noise level control on the roads. Requirements for noise restrictions are absent even in traffic rules.
It is believed that in 60-80% of traffic noise creates transport vehicles. Sources of noise during traffic are: power unit, intake
and exhaust system, aggregate transmission, wheels on contact with the road surface. Of course, I'm not very good in cars and did not even imagine that such a transmission unit, but I do know that the noise performance of transport while traffic on the road evident technical level and quality of a road cloth. Now remember our national problem: bad roads with potholes, with numerous patches, puddles, ditches, etc. So bad road is not only a problem of drivers and transport workers, it is an environmental issue [5].
In developed countries, to reduce traffic noise resorting to such measures [6]:
- ensure uniform and free movement;
- reducing traffic and prohibit the move of cargo transport at night;
- transfer transit lines and roads for truck traffic from residential areas;
- construction of noise protection structures and green spaces;
- establishment in the roadside territory protection zones;
- construction the transparent protective noise screens.
The main cause of air pollution is the not complete and uneven combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines of automobiles. If we estimate the fuel consumption of the car in the city, on the motion of the car consumes up to 15% fuel and 85% -air emissions. Moreover, the combustion chamber of automobile engine - a kind of chemical reactor which synthesizes poisons and throws them in the air.
The sources of air pollution in cities while operating motor vehicles are internal combustion engines that emit into the atmosphere exhaust gases and steam from fuel-air mixture. In exhaust gases has been found more than 280 components of products complete and incomplete combustion of petroleum fuels, and inorganic compounds of certain substances, which are the fuel.
Moving at a speed of 60-80 km / h average car turns carbon dioxide into oxygen as much as 250-300 people. Annual exhaust emission of one car - a dangerous 800 kg of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides 40 kg and over 200 kg of various hydrocarbons.
Because of the high toxicity, permissible concentration of carbon monoxide in the air should not exceed 1 mg / m3.
Hydrocarbons are formed in case incomplete combustion of fuel. Transport is responsible for about 39% of hydrocarbon emissions in industrialized countries. Petrol engines throw more carbohydrates than comparable diesel engines. One of the most dangerous hydrocarbons - is benzopyrene - a natural component of crude oil [5, 6].
Cars - the main source of carbon monoxide CO. This is one of the most toxic compounds that negatively effect on human health. In addition, nitrogen oxides NO and N2O stand out in atmosphere. Nitrogen dioxide negatively impact on man and on plants.
Sulfur compounds SO, SO2 causing oxidation of water and soil, that negative impact on the human health and the state of natural ecosystems.
Aldehydes - a group of substances which appear in the exhausts of vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of fuel. They usually have acrid smell associated with traffic. Aldehydes have negatively effect on human health. Formaldehyde causes irritation of eyes, nose and throat, runny nose, cough, shortness of breath [5, 6].
Soot - is mostly small particles of coal, absorbing potentially harmful substances, including field aromatic hydrocarbons, which cause cancer. Coal particles are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs during breathing.
Transport throws out heavy metals such as nickel, mercury,
chromium, cadmium, zinc, iron, arsenic, manganese, beryllium. Some (arsenic, mercury, cadmium, lead) can be highly toxic at very low concentrations.
Accumulation of heavy metals in soils changes their chemical and biological properties.
Metals accumulate in living organisms and get into the food chain.
Heavy metals can stay in the air up to 10 days and transferred, to a distance of 2000 km.
The composition of exhaust gases depends on the type and quality of the used fuel additives and lubricants, the mode of the engine, its technical condition, vehicle traffic conditions and other factors. Emissions of major pollutants significantly lower in diesel engines. Toxicity of emissions gas from petrol engines is conditioned primarily containing carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in diesel engines - nitrogen oxides and soot [5].
The problem of gas contamination air by traffic faced particularly acute recently. Undeveloped road network, vehicles with low environmental performance, density of vehicles in peak time and other factors led to the aggravation of problems related to emissions of road transport and air gas contamination. The need to reduce emissions from transport is not the main problem in Ukraine, because the share of harmful emissions from vehicles is about 20% of the total mass of emissions released into the atmosphere.
The issues concerning research of traffic impact on the environmental situation in densely populated areas of cities at present is very important. The environmental performance of internal combustion engines is much worse when driving in traffic jams, easy on regulated intersections and when driving city streets at speeds up to 40 km / h.
The purpose of these studies is to establish the basic parameters of traffic on the most dangerous in terms of ecology intersections and Ivano-Frankivsk districts, evaluate the impact on the environment mobile sources and directly the road transport, to make conclusions and analysis of the results.
Based on the ecological passport Ivano-Frankivsk region shows that over 96% of emissions from mobile sources accounted for road transport. Therefore, reducing air pollution vehicles can significantly improve the ecological situation in the city. Ivano-Frankivsk region.
The most powerful factors of the negative impact of vehicles on humans and the environment for cities are: air pollution; environmental pollution; noise; vibration; heat emission (energy dissipation).
The main dangerous areas with accumulation of harmful substances by exhaust automotive gases are places with heavy traffic and densely populated parts of the Ivano-Frankivsk city. According to general statistics, as of January 1, 2014 on the territory of Ivano-Frankivsk resides 227.03 thousand people, population density is 2,711 people / km2.
As you know, the atmosphere over cities contains 10 times more aerosols and 25 times more gas. Thus 60-70% of gaspollution accounted for vehicles. A more active condensation of moisture leads to an increase in precipitation by 5-10%. Self-cleaning of the atmosphere in the cities impedes decrease by 1020% of solar radiation and wind speed.
In the case with low mobility of air thermal anomalies over the city covering layers of the atmosphere at 250-400 m, and contrasts in temperature may reach 5-6 ° C. With them relate temperature inversion, leading to increased pollution, fog and gas contamination.
Thus, the ecological state in the areas with heavy traffic in Ivano-Frankivsk city due to the fact that the main part of it - is
narrow streets, with heavy urban and transit traffic, which leads to greater gas contamination of air and negative effects on people health.
Based on the above, for study we have chosen the most loaded transport crossroads on the side of which containing densely populated areas of the Ivano-Frankivsk city.
Fig. 1 shows a map of the Ivano-Frankivsk city where presents the 14 most dangerous crossroads which concentrates a large number of people and transport.
According to the traffic police department of technical supervision at 2013 in Ivano-Frankivsk recorded next number of cars, trucks and buses of which - passenger cars - 52%; trucks -19%; buses - 29%.
Analysis of brand structure lias shown that for passenger cars
up to 26% its small car class, up to 42% - the middle class cars. Foreign cars are makeup about 32% of the total.
Passenger car of the middle class has 1.3-1.6 liter engine capacity and fuel consumption in city cycle 10-12 liters per 100 km.
Trucks mainly diesel, Mercedes, Renault, Fiat. They have installed power units with capacity 1,9-3,0 liter. Average fuel consumption for them is 25-35 liters per 100 km. Buses in the calculation are the appropriate type of passenger car, average fuel consumption for them is 22-36 liters per 100 km.
To determine the characteristics of the traffic on sections of the road we carried out the count of vehicles every day for ten days during peak hours (6.00-7.00 h., 11.00-13.00 h., 16.0018.00 lirs.), in winter and summer.
v\ 1
/x y>:L ■
Fig. 1 - Map of the most dangerous crossroads with a high concentration of population and transport in Ivano-Frankivsk
Summarized results of the study crossroads and areas in summer are given in the table. 1.
Table 1-
The name and description of crossroads that selected for the study
Num. Name of crossroad, area Traffic, car. / Day. Approximate population density in the area of crossroad
1 2 3 4
1 Galytska, Gorbachevskogo, Kalush highway 46431 14,6 th.
2 Vasylianok, Galytska 36431 7,5 th.
3 Vasylianok, Dnistrovska 32423 5,3 th.
4 Pryvokzalna, Vovchynetska 25674 7,4 th.
5 Novgorodska, Galytska, Dnistrovska 52224 3,6 th.
6 Galytska, Gorbachevskogo, Kalush highway 46431 14,6 th.
7 Vasylianok, Galytska 36431 7,5 th.
8 Vasylianok, Dnistrovska 32423 5,3 th.
9 Pryvokzalna, Vovchynetska 25674 7,4 th.
10 Novgorodska, Galytska, Dnistrovska 52224 3,6 th.
To determine the most dangerous crossroads within selected research areas based on the results in tab. 1 built histogram of the population density and traffic road (Fig. 2).
Analyzing Fig. 3 and considering the factor of population and traffic can be identified research points 1, 5, 6, 10 and 11 which will substantially affect on the overall ecological situation in the Ivano-Frankivsk city. So further, conduct relevant research precisely these crossroads, which requires a more detailed analysis of traffic flows.
According to [7] is realized estimation of specific mass emissions for vehicles with different types of engines.
For estimation emission levels of road transport into the atmosphere by specific indicators [7] in selected research areas give a detailed description of the traffic with division it into
three main categories: cars, trucks, buses (tab. 2).
According to research in studies areas 1, 5, 6, 10 and 11 the vast majority of vehicles is passenger cars with gasoline engines, which in most cases older than 10 years and are equipped with exhaust gas cleaning system that meets Euro 1.
Buses are second largest group in selected research areas. Are distributed about (diesel / petrol) 60/40%. The vast majority of these route vehicles are with engine capacity up to 3 liters and the total passenger for up to 42 people.
The transport stream of trucks is characterized by small cargo lift to 2.5 tonnes and not large engine capacity to 2.5 liters, which in most cases haven't catalysts for cleaning the exhaust gases and soot filters.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Number of research areas Ivano-Frankivsk city
■ population densty in the area of cross raud, th. m.
■ traffic of cars, th. auto/date
Fig. 2 - Histogram of population density and automobile traffic in research areas, Ivano-Frankivsk in summer
Table 2
Characteristics of traffic flow in test area
Nub. Ariea Number of vehicles, aut. / H. Totalauth. / h.
Cars Trucks Buses
diesel gasoline,gas diesel gasoline,gas
The summer period
1 1 1006 283 84 409 152 1934
2 5 1131 318 95 462 170 2176
3 6 912 257 77 371 138 1755
4 10 1157 325 97 472 174 2225
5 11 1270 357 106 517 193 2443
Emission calculations performed by the method of [7], in as graphic dependences Fig. 3-7.
terms of average speed of traffic in a city - 40 km / h at the rate Fig. 8 built total emissions histogram of nitrogen dioxide,
g / s. carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons on test areas with regard to
The main parameters that were studied: nitrogen dioxide the emission of certain types of vehicles, which moving in traffic
emissions; carbon monoxide; hydrocarbons. through densely populated areas in Ivano-Frankivsk in traffic
According to the research for different types of cars, test jams. areas and substances emitted from the exhaust gases is presented
G, 0,010
(T-S
0,008
OK
I 5
nitragen dioxide, Q
6 10 I - carbon monoxide, |
11
- hydrocarbons
Fig. 3 - Histogram of harmful emissions from passenger cars in areas of research, Ivano-Frankivsk in summer Gi 0,006
s
0,004
0,002
0
11
1 5, 6 10 11
nitr a £en (bo xide, - с ai b on mono xide, | | - hy dr о с ai b ons
Fig. 4 - Histogram of harmful emissions by trucks with gasoline and gas engine on test area, Ivano-Frankivsk in summer
G, 0,0025
0.002
0,0015
0,001
0,0005
¡да
nitragen dioxide.
I - carbon monoxide.
10 11
hydrocarbons
Fig. 5 - Histogram of harmful emissions by trucks with diesel engine on test area, Ivano-Frankivsk in summer
G, 0,010
if
0,008
0,006
0,004
0,002
ВИД
10
11
nitragen dioxide.
I - carbon monoxide, | | - hydro carbons
Fig. 6 - Histogram of harmful emissions by buses with petrol and gas engines on test area, Ivano-Frankivsk in summer
G, 0,004
0,003
0,002
0,001
ИИ
10
11
- nitragen (hoxide.
carbon monoxide, | | - hy (ho carbons
Fig. 7 - Histogram of harmful emissions by buses with diesel engine on test area, Ivano-Frankivsk in summer
G.
0,035 0,030 0,025 0,020 0,015 0,010 0,005 0
mm
10
il
intra gen dioxide.
I - сarlion monoxide; | | - hydrocarbons
Fig. 8 - Total emissions histogram of harmful substances by cars in research areas, Ivano-Frankivsk in summer
As shown in dependencies graphics, Fig. 3-7 (emissions of harmful substances cars by brand and type of engine) and Fig. 8 (total emissions of harmful substances cars) the main emissions in test area with densely populated, Ivano-Frankivsk city, are oxides carbon seconds emissions value of which ranges from 0.024 to 0.033 g / s, seconds emissions of nitrogen dioxide ranged from 0.0062 to 0.0086 g / s and the emissions of hydrocarbons from 0.0039 to 0.0049 g / s. Moreover high emissions of oxides carbon typical for gasoline engines cars of all brands, nitrogen oxides are more common in diesel engines, Fig. 4-8.
Therefore, at this stage in order to reduce emissions of these components can offer a number of measures including:
- organization of traffic flows with minimal downtime;
- restriction of movement these areas vehicles that are not equipped with soot filters and catalysts;
- preventing the creation of traffic jams;
- increasing the average vehicle speed to 50-60 km;
- redistribution bus routes to avoid their movement through the center of the Ivano-Frankivsk city;
- the installation of underground pedestrian crossings for most transport busiest streets;
- building the terrestrial solutions for most busiest traffic crossroads.
Emissions from mobile sources in the last 5 years, of which over 96% is emissions from mobile sources accounted for road transport. Therefore, reducing air pollution by cars can significantly improve the ecological situation in the Ivano-Frankivsk city and region. The implementation of the proposed measures will together improve the ecological situation in the city. Ivano-Frankivsk, reduce overall emissions of carbon
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