CC BY
15
Вестник КРАУНЦ. Физ.-мат. науки. 2021. Т. 34. №1. C. 203-211. ISSN 2079-6641
MSC 86A10 Research Article
Influence of ambient temperature on gamma scintillation detector
readings
E. Yeboah1, S. V. Smirnov2, G. A. Yakovlev3
1 Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenina ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia
2 Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of
Russian Academy of Sciences, 10/3 Akademichesky ave., Tomsk, 634055, Russia
3 Tomsk State University, 36 Lenina ave., Tomsk, 634050, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
Scintillation detectors, which are widely used in environmental field study for measurement of radiation dose, are devices that experience wide range of temperature changes when in use. One of the characteristic of scintillation detectors are that, they are very sensitive to change in temperature and hence, every scintillation detector have temperature stabilization inside them. The temperature-dependence coefficient which is part of the detector calculation is the simplest stabilization method that is used. In this work, the BDKG-03 scintillation detector which is used to measure gamma radiation was operated under a controlled condition using a climatic chamber. The BDKG-03 scintillation detector has a temperature stabilizing built-in algorithm. The dose rate and count rate of the gamma background radiation for different temperatures ranging from -40 - +40 oC in increment of 10 oC were measured and studied. The main aim of this work was to study the effect of different ranges of temperature for subsequent calculation of temperature correction coefficient. An analytical result from the experimental result shows that dose rate measurement using the built-in algorithm gives a precise reading as temperature increases. The temperature correction coefficient was found based on dependence.
Keywords: dose rate, scintillation detector, climatic chamber, temperature correction coefficient, radiation.
DOI: 10.26117/2079-6641-2021-34-1-203-211
Original article submitted: 13.01.2021 Revision submitted: 18.03.2021
For citation. Yeboah E., Smirnov S.V., Yakovlev G.A. Influence of ambient temperature on
gamma scintillation detector readings. Vestnik KRAUNC. Fiz.-mat. nauki. 2021, 34: 1,203-211.
DOI: 10.26117/2079-6641-2021-34-1-203-211
The content is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
© Yeboah E., Smirnov S. V., Yakovlev G. A., 2021
Funding. The study was carried out without financial support from foundations.
Introduction
Radiation monitoring has become very essential in today's world especially after the nuclear accidents, which occurred some years back such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident that occurred at Japan in 2011 and also due to the use of radiological sources [1]. In order to monitor the amount of radiation at a particular place or in the environment, several devices have been developed. These devices include; the scintillation detectors, gas-discharge counter and so on [2]. One of the oldest used radiation monitoring detectors are the scintillation detectors which are currently been mostly used due to their sensitivity to low gamma radiation change within an environment [3]. Scintillation detectors are light emitters and they fall under a solid-state group. These detectors absorb ionizing radiation and convert them into light photons. Examples of scintillation detectors include; the plastic scintillator, Nal (TI), Csl (TI) [4]. There are several factors that affect the readings of dose when using radiation-monitoring detectors, such as environmental conditions (temperature), hence calibration factors have been concerted in them to correct these factors [5]. This work was devoted to study the influence of ambient temperature on the readings of scintillation detectors when monitoring the background gamma radiation of the atmosphere. The relevance of this work is caused by problem when using scintillation detectors such as erroneous time changes may occur that cant be traced back and hence the need for temperature correction factor for such detectors arises. Also works done in Tomsk using the gamma scintillation detector (BDKG-03) shows that the temperature correction factor in the detector are used for highly active radiation fields and not for sources of low-radiation [6]. In this work, a climatic chamber which replicates the various environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, vibration and so on was used. Several works pertaining to other fields have been done using the climatic chamber and this shows the authenticity of its results for out task. Mensah et al. (2016) did a study on the performance of temperature and humidity of the climatic chamber. Lochlainn et al. (2015) did another work, on a comparison of climatic chamber hydrothermal characterization techniques as described in IEC6068. Due to the effect, temperature has on scintillation detectors, various studies have been made to find the dependence of temperature on these detectors and also on temperature correction. Casanovas et al. (2012) did a work, which showed that NaI detectors cause a shift in peak due to temperature change. Mitra et al. (2016) also conducted a study, which proofed that NaI detectors are affected by temperature variation in the environment.
In this work, a new temperature correction coefficient was found which would be used for calculation of dose rate for low-level radiation in the environment when using scintillation detector BDKG-03.
Materials and methods
In this study a gamma scintillation detector (BDKG-03 manufactured by ATOMTEX, Belarus) was used. The BDKG-03 is a highly sensitive scintillation counter with a sensitivity of 350 (imp/s)/ (^Sv) for 137Cs which is used to measure gamma dose radiation. It measures gamma background radiation within the energy range of 50 keV - 3 MeV. It also measures the ambient equivalent dose of gamma radiation within the
range of 0.03 /Sv - 10 mSv and that of power ambient equivalent gamma radiation dose in a range of 0.03 - 300 / Sv/h.
A climatic chamber, which is an enclosed chamber that replicates different environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, rain, altitude, electromagnetic radiation, electrodynamic vibration, vacuum and so on, was also used. It is used to test electronic devices, specimen, industrial products, biological items and materials to know how these environmental conditions would affect them. The climatic chamber is about 1000 litres in volume, and has a temperature range of about -60 - +60 oC. It has a temperature fluctuation accuracy of ±0.5% and humidity accuracy measurement of ±1%RH.
A scintillation detector (BDKG-03) was placed into a climatic chamber and the dose rate and count rate of the gamma background radiation was measured by the detector for different temperatures ranging from (-40 - +40) oC. Measurement was taken in an interval of 5 minutes for every 10 oC. A dependence of dose rate and count rate against temperature was plotted and an experimental temperature correction factor was obtained from the results.
Fig. 1. Experimental setup
Built-in temperature correction factor
Correction factor refers to the mathematical adjustment of an equation or a calculation to correct the amount of deviation during measurement. It is mostly multiplied by the equation to correct the systematic error during measurement. This helps us to analyze and evaluate the results obtained during measurement, even though most results gotten during measurement maybe precise or very accurate. Every detector or instrument has a correction which helps to analyze and evaluate the result obtained during measurement. The correction factor was then multiplied by the count rate to help find the built-in algorithm of the detector. In this experiment, a correction factor k was found
by dividing the average dose rate by the count rate.
k =
Dose rate
(1)
Count rate
Results and discussion
This section presents the results for dependence on temperature. Figure 2 shows
Fig. 2. Dependence of ambient dose rate and count rate against temperature
that generally the dose rate increases from -40 to -20 oC and it starts decreasing with increasing temperature while count rate decreases from -40 to -20 oC and it starts increasing with increasing temperature. The relative error for both the dose rate and the count rate were found to be between (5.0 - 5.4) % and (2.2 - 2.3) % respectively. Figure 3 shows that, the ambient temperature does not affect the count rate much since
Fig. 3. Dependence of relative dose rate and count rate against temperature the relative count rate was very close to 1, but the dose rate was very much affected
especially one measured from -40 to -20oC. The relative dose rate and count rate were found by dividing the individual dose rate and count rate by dose rate and count rate of the ambient temperature 20 oC.
Figure 4 shows that the temperature of the climatic chamber was almost the same as the temperature of the detector at lower temperature, but as the temperature increased (from -20oC), the temperature of the detector was deviating more from the actual value. This proves the need for the temperature correction factor in the detector. The
Fig. 4. Comparison of the temperatures of the detector and the climatic chamber
Fig. 5. Dependence of the temperature correction factor embedded in the temperature protection of the detector
dependence of temperature correction factor embedded in the temperature protection of the detector is shown in figure 5. The dependence is described with a single equation, so the graph was divided into two range from -40 to -20oC and -10 to +40 oC. This proves that the temperature correction coefficient embedded into the detector is incorrect and
cannot be used for low-level radiation dose. Figure 6 shows the dependence of dose rate
Fig. 6. Dependence of dose rate on temperature without using the built-in detector algorithm
on temperature without using the detector built in algorithm. This was calculated using the count rate and the temperature coefficient at ambient temperature. The temperature coefficient, k at ambient temperature of the detector was found as k = 2.163 ■ 10-9[mh]
using equation (1), with a standard deviation of ±7.317 ■ 10-10[Svph]. A linear equation
y = 10-11 ■ x + 6 ■ 10-8 was generated from the graph.
The comparison of algorithms is shown in figure 7. The experimental algorithm was found from the equation of the line of the graph for dependence of dose rate on temperature without using the built-in algorithm, which was found as:
y = 10-11 ■ x + 6 ■ 10-8 « H, but, H = N■ k(T), k(T) = xi ■ T + x2 k(T) = N, and using value of N[k(T = 20)] = 27.88 imp/s
xi 2 = 3.58 ■ 10 13 and 2.158 ■ 10 9, respectively
(2)
H = N ■ (3.58 ■ 10-13 ■ T + 2.152 ■ 10-9)
Where H - dose rate, N - count rate k - temperature coefficient and T - temperature.
Figure 8 shows the comparison of the factory and the experimental correction coefficient on temperature. Form the equation of experimental algorithm for dose rate, H = N■ (3.58 ■ 10-13 ■ T + 2.152 ■ 10-9), it can be concluded that the factories algorithm for temperature coefficient k cannot be used for calculation of dose rate for low level radiation. Therefore, the correct temperature coefficient is k(T) = 3.58■ 10-13 ■ T + 2.152■ 10-9
Conclusions
The results for the dependence of dose rate measurement on temperature using the built-in algorithm gives unreliable results for low-level radiation since the dose
Fig. 7. Comparison of factory algorithm and experimental algorithm
Fig. 8. Comparison of factory and experimental temperature correction coefficient
rate detector measurements were unstable. The results also revealed that the detector readings for dose rate depends on environmental factor (temperature), hence the need for temperature correction coefficient arises. The built-in algorithm for temperature correction give two equations instead of one for low dose hence making the embedded temperature correction coefficient incorrect. An expression was found for calculating the correction factor based on the detected dependence of the detector reading for temperature. The new correction factor obtained for calculating the dose rate in the detector was found to be k(T) = 3.58 ■ 10-13 ■ T + 2.152 ■ 10-9.
The authors express their gratitude to their supervisors, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Department of the TPU School of Nuclear Technologies Yakovleva Valentina Stanislavovna, and Doctor of Physics and Mathematics, Chief Researcher of Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems Nagorskiy Petr Mikhailovich, for valuable advices and productive discussion of the results of the article.
Also authors express their gratitude to head of metrology department Chalov Evgeniy Yurievich and first class metrology engineer Shushlyaev Dmitriy Aleksandrovich for help
with assistance in setting up and conducting an experiment in a climatic chamber of IMCES SB RAS.
Competing interests. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding authorship and publication.
Contribution and Responsibility. All authors contributed to this article. Authors are solely responsible for providing the final version of the article in print. The final version of the manuscript was approved by all authors.
References
[1] Von Hippel, Frank N., "The radiological and psychological consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi accident", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 67:5 (2011), 27-36.
[2] Friedman, Peter S., Plasma panel based radiation detector, Patent No. 7, 683, 340. 23 Mar. 2010, U. S., 2010.
[3] Lambert, Jamil, et al., "In vivo dosimeters for HDR brachytherapy: a comparison of a diamond detector, MOSFET, TLD, and scintillation detector", Medical physics, 34:5 (2007), 1759-1765.
[4] Nishizawa, Kunihide, and Hisashi Maekoshi, "Thyroidal 125I monitoring system using an Nal (Tl) survey meter", Health physics, 58:2 (1990), 165-169.
[5] Rozsa Csaba M., Temperature compensated scintillation detector and method, Patent No. 6, 407, 390. 18 Jun. 2002, U.S..
[6] Kelsingazina R. E., "Investigation of the temperature behavior of the Nal (Tl) scintillation detector", 2020.
[7] Mensah, Kwesi, et al., "Study on the performance of a temperature and humidity chamber", Hanbat National University, 2016, 351-352.
[8] Mac Lochlainn, D., et al., "A comparison of climatic chamber hygrothermal characterization techniques as described in IEC60068", International Journal of Thermophysics, 36:8 (2015), 2199-2214.
[9] Casanovas, R., Morant, J. J., & Salvado, M., "Temperature peak-shift correction methods for NaI (Tl) and LaBr3 (Ce) gamma-ray spectrum stabilisation", Radiation measurements, 47:8 (2012), 588-595.
[10] Mitra, P., Roy, A. S., Verma, A. K., Pant, A. D., Prakasha, M. S., Anilkumar, S., & Kumar, A. V., "Application of spectrum shifting methodology to restore NaI (Tl)-recorded gamma spectra, shifted due to temperature variations in the environment", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 107 (2016), 133-137.
[11] Fujibuchi, Toshioh, Takatoshi Toyoda, and Kento Terasaki, "Measurement of basic characteristics of scintillation-type radiation survey meters with multi-pixel photon counter", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 140 (2018), 12-17.
Вестник КРАУНЦ. Физ.-Мат. Науки. 2021. Т. 34. №. 1. С. 203-211. ISSN 2079-6641
MSC 550.35 Научная статья
Влияние температуры окружающей среды на показания гамма-сцинтилляционного детектора
Ю. Йебоах1, С. В. Смирнов2, Г. А. Яковлев3
1 Томский политехнический университет, 634050, Россия, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, 30
2 Институт мониторинга климатических и экологических систем СО РАН, 634055, Россия, г. Томск, пр. Академический, 10/3
3 Томский государственный университет, 634050, Россия, г. Томск, пр. Ленина, 36. E-mail: [email protected]
Сцинтилляционные детекторы широко используются в исследованиях окружающей среды для измерения дозы облучения и представляют собой устройства, которые используются в широком диапазоне температур. Одной из характеристик сцинтилляционных детекторов является чувствительность к изменениям температуры, и, следовательно, каждый сцинтилляционный детектор имеет встроенный алгоритм температурной стабилизации. Коэффициент температурной зависимости, который является частью автоматических расчетов детектора, представляет собой простейший метод стабилизации. В данной работе сцинтилляционный детектор БДКГ-03, используемый для измерения гамма-излучения, работал в контролируемых условиях с использованием климатической камеры. Сцинтилляционный детектор БДКГ-03 имеет встроенный заводской алгоритм стабилизации температуры. Были измерены и исследованы мощность дозы и скорость счета фонового гамма-излучения для различных температур от -40 до +40 oC с шагом в 10 oC. Основной целью данной работы было изучение влияния различных диапазонов температур для последующего расчета температурного поправочного коэффициента. Результат эксперимента показывает, что измерение мощности дозы с использованием встроенного алгоритма дает более точные показания в верхнем диапазоне рабочих температур.
Ключевые слова: мощность дозы, сцинтилляционный детектор, климатическая камера, температурный поправочный коэффициент, ионизирующее излучение.
DOI: 10.26117/2079-6641-2021-34-1-203-211
Поступила в редакцию: 13.01.2021 В окончательном варианте: 18.03.2021
Для цитирования. Yeboah E., Smirnov S. V., Yakovlev G. A. Influence of ambient temperature on gamma scintillation detector readings // Вестник КРАУНЦ. Физ.-мат. науки. 2021. Т. 34. № 1. C. 203-211. DOI: 10.26117/2079-6641-2021-34-1-203-211
Конкурирующие интересы. Авторы заявляют, что конфликтов интересов в отношении авторства и публикации нет.
Авторский вклад и ответственность. Все авторы участвовали в написании статьи и полностью несут ответственность за предоставление окончательной версии статьи в печать. Окончательная версия рукописи была одобрена всеми авторами.
Контент публикуется на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.ru)
© Йебоах Ю., Смирнов С. В., Яковлев Г. А., 2021
Финансирование. Исследование выполнялось без финансовой поддержки фондов.
