Научная статья на тему 'Influence of Agrotechnical Measures on the Quality of Feed of Legume-Grass Mixtures'

Influence of Agrotechnical Measures on the Quality of Feed of Legume-Grass Mixtures Текст научной статьи по специальности «Сельское хозяйство, лесное хозяйство, рыбное хозяйство»

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Ключевые слова
Legume-grass herbage / Yield / Chemical composition / Feed quality / Fertilizer

Аннотация научной статьи по сельскому хозяйству, лесному хозяйству, рыбному хозяйству, автор научной работы — U. М. Karbivska, A. O. Butenko, I. M. Masyk, N. S. Kozhushko, V. I. Dubovyk

The influence of agrotechnical measures on the quality of feed of legume-grass mixtures has been studied. Based on the results obtained, it has been found that, on average, the content of crude protein in the dry weight of feed has increased from 10,4–12,5 to 14.8–16.7% or by 4.2–4.4 absolute % at LSD05 0.8% over the years of cultivation in fertilizer-free variants and on the background of N30Р60К60 application in legume-cereal grass stands with the inclusion of red clover and creeping alfalfa, as compared to grass swards.

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Текст научной работы на тему «Influence of Agrotechnical Measures on the Quality of Feed of Legume-Grass Mixtures»

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology

Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2019, 9(4), 547-55 1.

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Influence of Agrotechnical Measures on the Quality of Feed

of Legume-Grass Mixtures

U. M. Karbivska1, A. O. Butenko2*, I. M. Masyk2, N. S. Kozhushko2, V. I. Dubovyk2, L. V. Kriuchko2, V. P. Onopriienko2, I. M. Onopriienko2, L. M. Khomenko2

1Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, 57 Shevchenko Str, Ukraine. 2Sumy National Agrarian University, 160 Herasym Kondratiev Str., 40021, Sumy, Ukraine.

E-mail: andb201727@ukr.net

Received: 25.11.2019. Accepted: 09.12.2019

The influence of agrotechnical measures on the quality of feed of legume-grass mixtures has been studied. Based on the results obtained, it has been found that, on average, the content of crude protein in the dry weight of feed has increased from 10,4-12,5 to 14.8-16.7% or by 4.2-4.4 absolute % at LSD05 0.8% over the years of cultivation in fertilizer-free variants and on the background of N30P6oK6o application in legume-cereal grass stands with the inclusion of red clover and creeping alfalfa, as compared to grass swards.

Key words: Legume-grass herbage; Yield; Chemical composition; Feed quality; Fertilizer

Introduction

Insufficient production of high-quality protein feed, which causes a decrease of animal productivity, is one of the urgent problems in the development of animal husbandry. The widespread use of perennial legumes whose dry matter contains from 17 to 22% of protein can solve the problem of providing livestock with feed protein, whose deficiency is more than 30%. The inclusion of legumes as components of meadow phytocenosis will not only increase their productivity but also serve as an effective way of increasing the crude protein content of the feed (Kovtun, 2009; Erashev, 2011).

The ratio of mineral elements in plant mass and feeding stuffs, which is of great importance, depends on the intensity of biological absorption of chemical elements from soils, which is determined by environmental factors, health of plants and species features of herbages. Optimal use of organic nutrients can only be expected when the feed contains a sufficient amount of minerals. Nutritional conditions, yield and intensity of use determine a change in the mineral composition of the feed (Prorochenko, 2016; Tsyhanskyi et al., 2019).

Fertilizer and methods of its introduction with focus on the species composition of grass stand in the preparation of diets for feeding high-performance livestock have the most significant impact on feed quality and, in particular, indicators of biochemical composition (Kovtun, 2016; Kovtun, 2017).

Perennial legumes with 17 to 22% of protein in the dry matter are the main source of increasing protein content in the feed, while in cereals this indicator varies from 8 to 12%. Leguminous grass species raise the nutritional value of feed by increasing the concentration of crude protein, especially in young herbs. As the plants ripen, the amount of crude protein decreases. Perennial cereal grasses provide the bulk of feed output, in particular with sufficient moisture in the forest-steppe zone (Muir, 2011). Legumes and cereals differ not only in crude protein content but also in the rate of its decline throughout the season (Graw, 2004). Therefore, the use of legume-grass mixtures for meadow formation will ensure a uniform accumulation of crude protein during the growing season, and will lead to higher productivity of newly formed meadows (Kovtun, 2017; Butenko et al., 2019). According to the studies of domestic and foreign scientists, the quality of plant feed depends on the botanical composition. The amount of crude protein in the dry matter of grasses can rise by 2-5% with the increase of the legume constituent in the component composition of agrophytocenosis. The ability of legumes to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere promotes an active formation of protein substances. The development phase in which grass is mowed also has an effect on the chemical composition of feed (Kovtun, 2010; Veklenko, 2015).

Materials and Methods

The studies were conducted on the dark gray podzolic heavy-loam soil on the experimental farm " Peremoha"of Tysmenytsky district, Ivano-Frankivsk region, founded in 2008. The varieties used in the research were of local selection, suitable for growing on dried soils, highly productive and were tested in the conditions of the area. The soil of the experimental plot possesses the following agrochemical parameters: humus content in the arable layer - 2.12%, saline pH - 4.8, alkaline-hydrolyzed nitrogen - 53, mobile phosphorus - 83, mobile potassium - 69 mg/kg soil.

Assessment of weather conditions during the years of research was carried out on the basis of meteorological data obtained from the Ivano-Frankivsk Regional Hydrometeorological Center.

In 2009, the weather conditions were different from long-term indicators and yet favorable for the formation of legume-cereal agrophytocenoses. During the growing season the rainfall was 67.3 mm below normal, and there was an increase in the average daily air temperature by 0.6 ° C as compared to the average multi-year indicators.

A high temperature regime with an average daily temperature of +1.0 ° C above the long-term normal, increased rainfall by 43.2% more than the normal were characteristic of the year 2010. The year 2011 was quite favorable for the formation of agrophytocenosis of legumes and cereals. Plant growth and development was satisfactory. The two-factor scheme provided four levels of fertilization: control (without fertilizers) and with introduction of N30P60K60, P60Kg0, P90K120 (Table 1) 34% ammonium nitrate, 20% granular superphosphate and 56% potassium chloride were used as fertilizers. Strains of root nodule bacteria and fertilizers were introduced at the time of sowing grass mixtures.

Table 1. Chart of field experience.

Factor A - types of grasses and their seeding rates, kg/ha

1. Red clover, 10+awnless brome, 12+Italian ryegrass, 12+red fescue grass, 10

2. Creeping alfalfa 10+awnless brome, 12+Italian ryegrass, 12+red fescue grass, 10

3. Awnless brome, 12+Italian ryegrass, 12+red fescue grass, 10

Recognized and promising varieties of legume and cereal grasses such as red clover - Darunok, creeping alfalfa - Andi, awnless brome - Kozarovyts'kyi, Italian ryegrass - Peredhirna, red fescue grass- Menchul'ska were sown.

Conventional methods (Dospekhov, 1985) and "Methods of conducting experiments on fodder production" (Babych, 1998) were used.

Results

Studies have shown that inclusion in the grass mixtures of cereals, such as awnless brome, Italian ryegrass, red fescue grass and legumes, such as red clover and creeping alfalfa considerably improves the quality of feed, enlarges the content of crude protein and protein, increases digestibility of dry matter, and at the same time, decreases the content of nitrogen-free extractives, crude fat and crude fiber. Thus, the content of crude protein in legume-grass herbages with the inclusion of the above mentioned legumes increased from 10.4-12.5 to 14.8-16.7% or by 4.2-4.4 absolute% at LSD05 0.8% in variants without fertilizers and on the background of N30P60K60 in comparison with grass sward (Table 2).

Among legume-grass herbages a significantly higher content of crude protein in the dry weight (16.5-17.0%), regardless of the fertilizer, was characteristic of that with inclusion of creeping alfalfa, where the content ranged from 14.8-15.8%, which was due to better conservation and higher content of this legume component in the herbage.

Mineral nitrogen introduced in the grass sward in a dose N30 in combination with P60K60 had a significantly less impact on the crude protein content in the dry mass of the legume-grass herbages. The grass sward composed of awnless brome, Italian ryegrass and red fescue grass showed an increase of crude protein content from 10.4 to 12.5% or by 2.1%. Mineral nitrogen in a dose N30 had an even smaller effect on the crude protein content of the legume-grass herbage giving it a slight increase. Analysis of the parameters of the crude protein content in the dry weight of food of the legume-grass herbages depending on the combined application of different doses of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers showed that introduction of both P60K60 and P90Ki20 led to a slight increase of this indicator, namely by 0.1-0.6% at LSD05 0.9%. The application of strains of nitrogen-fixing preparations on both studied legume-grass herbages increased the content of crude protein insignificantly. On different agricultural backgrounds, namely N30P60K60, P60K60 i P90K120, its content increased only by 0.1-0.3% at LSD05 0.9%. The use of symbiotic and mineral nitrogen had the same affect with even less increase of protein in the dry mass. Thus, in fertilizer-free variants and on the background of N30P60Kg0, the protein content in the dry weight of the feed increased from 7.3-8.8 to 10.4-11.7% or by 2.9 absolute% at LSD05 0.5%. in legume-grass stands when compared to grass swards. Among legume-grass herbages the grass stand with inclusion of creeping alfalfa had a notably higher content of crude protein in the dry mass than that with red clover. On the same agricultural backgrounds the digestibility of dry mass of the feed in legume-grass herbages increased from 54-55% to 56-58%, or by 2-4% at LSD05 3% in comparison with grass swards. Nevertheless, the legume components and types of fertilizers hardly changed the digestibility in legume-grass stands. With inclusion of perennial legumes in the fertilizer-free variant the content of nitrogen-free extractives in the dry weight decreased from 49.1 to 45.5-46.2%, and crude fiber content reduced from 28.6 to 25.7-26.4%. However, the legume component did not naturally change the stated indicators.

The content of nitrogen-free extractives in the dry weight of grass feed under the action of both symbiotic and mineral nitrogen in the dose N30 in combination with the introduction of P60K60 on the grass sward decreased from 49.1 to 46.5% or by 2.6%. Meanwhile, the decrease was insignificant in legume-grass herbages under exposure to N30.

When comparing the chemical composition of the feed with the zootechnical standards of feeding cattle, it was found that most of the quality indicators, by and large, met the latter. However, the crude protein content on the grass sward on backgrounds without fertilizers and with introduction of N30P60K60 was lower than normal (10.4-10.8% in dry weight at standard 14%). When comparing the chemical composition of feed with DSTU standards 4674, 4684, 4685, 4782, 8528, it was found that the grass as for the content of crude protein and crude fiber meets the requirements of high quality herbal feed in making hay, haylage, silage, green fodder and artificially dried grass feeds. All legume-grass herbages, irrespective of the background of fertilizers, and a grass sward with the N30 introduction on the P60K60 background, are suitable for the production of hay, haylage and green fodder of Class 1and artificially dried grass fodder of Class 3.

Factor B - fertilizers

Without fertilezers

N30P60K60

N30P60K60+strain

P60K60

P60K60+strain

P90K120

P90K120+strain

Table 2. Chemical composition of feed and digestibility of legume-grass herbages under different fertilizers,% in dry weight, 20092011.

Grass mixture Crude protei n

(types of grasses and seed rate, Fertilizers Protein Crude fat Crude fiber NFE Digestit

kg/ha)

1. Red clover, Without fertilizers 14.8 10.4 3.3 26.4 46.2 58

10+awnless N30P60K60 15.7 11.0 3.4 26.3 45.2 58

brome, N30P60K;0+strain 15.8 11.1 3.5 26.2 45.1 58

12+Italian P60K60 15.3 10.7 3.4 25.7 46.2 58

ryegrass, P60K60+strain 15.5 10.9 3.5 25.6 46.0 58

12+red P90K120 15.4 10.8 3.4 25.7 46.0 59

fescue grass, P90K120+strain 15.6 10.9 3.5 25.6 45.8 59

10 (cereals)

Without fertilizers 16.5 11.6 3.2 25.7 45.5 56

N30P60K60 16.7 11.7 3.3 25.6 45.2 56

Creeping alfalfa + cereals N30P60K;0+strain P60K60 17.0 16.6 11.9 11.6 3.4 3.3 25.5 25.8 44.9 45.1 57 57

P60K60+strain 16.8 11.8 3.4 25.7 44.9 57

P90K120 16.7 11.7 3.3 25.8 44.9 58

P90K120+strain 16.9 11.8 3.4 25.7 44.7 58

Cereals Without fertilizers 10.4 7.3 3.6 28.6 49.1 54

N30P60K60 12.5 8.8 3.7 29.0 46.5 55

LSD05, t/ha by factors:

grass stand 0,8 0.5 0.2 1.5 2.3 3

fertilizer 0,9 0.6 0.2 1.6 2.4 3

Share of factors, %:

grass stand 60 59 58 59 57 61

fertilizer 40 41 42 41 43 39

A grass sward with introduction of N30P50K50 or without fertilizers as for the crude protein and fiber content is suitable for the production of hay, haylage and green fodder of Class 2, however, it is unsuitable for the production of artificially dried grass feeds. It was found that the content of fodder units in the dry mass of different types of herbages ranged from 72 to 78% and the exchange energy content- from 8.5 to 9.0 MJ/kg (Table 3).

The inclusion of perennial legumes, in particular red clover or creeping alfalfa in cereal grass mixtures, has somewhat improved the nutritional value of feed as for the content of feed units and their energy intensity. During 2009-2011 the content of fodder units in the dry mass in these herbages increased on average from 72-73 to 74-77% and the content of the exchange energy - from 8.5 to 8.5-9.0 MJ/kg as compared to cereal grass mixtures.

Table 3. Nutrition and energy value of feed depending on fertilizers and nitrogen-containing preparations of grass mixtures.

Grass mixture (types of grasses and seed rate, kg/ha)

Red clover, 10+awnless brome, 12+Italian ryegrass, 12+red fescue grass, 10(cereals)

Creeping alfalfa+cereals

Cereals

Fertilizer

Without fertilizers

N30P60K60 N30P60K;0+strain

P50K50

P60K60+strain

P90K120

P90Ki20+strain Without fertilizers

N30P60K60 N30P60K;0+strain P60K60 P60K60+strain

P90K120

P90K120+strain Without fertilizers

N30P60K60

Content of

feed units,

%

74

75

76

75

76

75

76

76

77

78

77

78

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77

78

72

73

Content of exchange energy, MJ/kg

8.6

8.7

8.8

8.7

8.8

8.7

8.8 8.8 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 8.5 8.5

Provision of feed unit with the digestible protein, g

141

146 146

142

143 143 145

152

151

153

152 150

153 152 103 122

When comparing the obtained parameters of these indicators on legume-grass herbages with different leguminous components, it was found that herbages with creeping alfalfa tended to show rather higher parameters than those with inclusion of red clover. The dry weight of alfalfa contained 2% more feed units and 0.2 MJ/kg more of the exchange energy.

The type of fertilizer had a slight influence on nutrient and energy content parameters. When comparing them with zootechnical standards, it was found that the content of feed units was within the standards. 1 kg of dry weight of feed contained 8.1-8.9 MJ of

exchange energy, which is a little less than the standard of 9-11 MJ. It has been established that, according to the nutrient and energy content parameters, the dry food of the fodder of different variants of the experiment, as a whole, meets the requirements of the current state standards of Ukraine (DSTU 4674, 4684, 4685, 4782, 8528) for the purpose of making hay, haylage, silage, green fodder and artificially dried grass feeds. All legume-grass herbages, irrespective of the background of fertilizers, and a grass sward with introduction of N60 on the background P60K60, are suitable for the production of hay, haylage and green fodder of the first and second classes. The provision of feed unit with the digestible protein ranged from 103 to 158 g depending on the factors researched. The symbiotic and mineral nitrogen were the most influential in the growth of this indicator. With the inclusion of different types of perennial legumes in cereal grass mixtures, as a source of symbiotic nitrogen, the provision of feed unit with the digestible protein in the fertilizer-free variant and on the background of N30P60K60 increased from 103-122 g to 141-152 g or by 3038 g. However, the introduction of N30P60Kg0 in the grass sward increased this indicator by 19 g as compared to the effect of symbiotic nitrogen. Among legume-grass herbages with different legume components, the alfalfa grass sward had a better provision of the fodder unit with digestive protein than the clover grass sward. It was established that significant changes under the influence of the factors researched occurred in mineral composition of the feed (Table 4). Legume-grass herbages compared to grass swards on the same agricultural backgrounds (variants without fertilizers and with introduction of N30P60Kg0) were characterized by a better mineral feed composition for feeding livestock. These grass stands, irrespective of the agricultural background, accumulated by 0.81.1% more of crude ash in the dry mass, namely 9.1-9.4%, while in the grass sward the indicator was 8.3%.

Table 4. Content of crude ash, macronutrients and their ratio in legume-grass herbages depending on the type of fertilizer, % in dry weight.

Grass mixture

Red clover, 10+awnless

brome, 12+Italian ryegrass, 12+red fescue grass, 10(cereals)

Creeping alfalfa + cereals

Cereals

Zootechnical standard LSDqs

Crude K:

Fertilizes ash P K Ca Mg (Ca+ Ca:P

Mg)

Without fertilizers 9.3 0.35 2.33 0.56 0.18 3.1 1.6

N30P60K60 9.4 0.36 2.36 0.55 0.17 3.3 1.5

N30P60K60+strain 9.4 0.37 2.35 0.56 0.18 3.2 1.5

P60K60 9.4 0.37 2.37 0.59 0.19 3.0 1.6

P60K60+strain 9.4 0.36 2.36 0.60 0.20 3.0 1.7

P90K120 9.5 0.37 2.49 0.59 0.20 3.2 1.6

P90K120+strain 9.5 0.36 2.48 0.60 0.21 3.1 1.7

Without fertilizers 9.1 0.34 2.33 0.55 0.15 3.3 1.7

N30P60K60 9.2 0.35 2.38 0.53 0.14 3.5 1.5

N30P60K60 +strain 9.2 0.33 2.35 0.54 0.15 3.4 1.6

P60K60 9.2 0.34 2.38 0.57 0.15 3.3 1.7

P60K60+strain 9.2 0.33 2.37 0.58 0.16 3.2 1.8

P90K120 9.3 0.36 2.47 0.58 0.16 3.3 1.6

P90K120+ strain 9.3 0.35 2.46 0.59 0.17 3.2 1.7

Without fertilizers 8.3 0.33 2.59 0.44 0.13 4.5 1.3

N30P60K60 8.3 0.31 2.62 0.42 0.12 4.9 1.4

dard 0.2- 1.0- 0.3- 0.12- 0.7-

0.35 3.0 0.6 0.26 2.5

0.5 0.02 0.10 0.03 0.01

These legume-grass herbages in comparison with grass swards accumulated more calcium and magnesium and less potassium. On the same backgrounds of fertilizers (without fertilizers and with introduction of N30P60K60) the amount of calcium in the dry mass of legume-grass herbages with different legume components accumulated to 0.53-0.56%, while in grass swards this indicator was 0.42-0.44%, which is by 0.11-0.12% more. The content of magnesium in the dry mass of legume-grass herbages was 0.14-0.18% and 0.12-0.13% in grass swards, which is by 0.02-0.05% more. Potassium in the dry weight of legume-grass herbages made up 2.33-2.38%, while in grass swards it came to 2.59-2.62, which is by 0.24-0.26% less. It was found that legume-grass herbages, as compared to grass swards, accumulated phosphorus by 0.03-0.05% more in the dry mass, namely 0.34-0.36% versus 0.310.33%. It should be noted that the introduction of phosphate and potassium fertilizers in doses P60K60, P90K120 and N30P60Kg0, as well as in combination of these fertilizers with nitrogen-fixing preparations, most commonly, insignificantly affected the mineral composition of the feed. However, introduction of P90Ki20 and P90Ki20+ strain increased, within the zootechnical standards, the amount of potassium in the dry mass of legume-grass herbages from 2.33 to 2.46-2.49%, or by 0.13-0.16% at LSD05 0.10%. The studies showed that changes in the mineral composition of feed from various meadow grass stands lead to significant changes in the ratio of mineral elements, which are so important for cattle feeding. Thus, with inclusion of perennial legumes in legume-grass herbages, on the same agricultural backgrounds (without fertilizers and with introduction of N30P60Kg0), the ratio of potassium to the amount of calcium and magnesium in the dry mass of grass feed decreased from 4.5 to 4.9 to 3. 1-3.5, and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus slightly increased from 1.3-1.4 to 1.5-1.8. However, it should be noted that both ratios K: (Ca + Mg) and Ca: P remained within the zootechnical standards for cattle. This leads to the conclusion that the raw material for the production of grass feed from the studied herbages is quite suitable for feeding cattle.

Conclusion

The studies show that effective ways of fertilizers introduction change the chemical composition of dry mass, nutritional value and energy value in different legume-grass herbages. It was also found that legume components determined the content of crude protein, crude fiber, exchange energy, fodder units and the provision of feed unit with the digestible protein. Grass mixtures of red clover, awnless brome, Italian ryegrass and red fescue grass had the highest content of crude protein, exchange energy, fodder units and the provision of feed unit with the digestible protein. The fertilizer in a dose N30P60K60+strain

proved to be the most effective for all grass mixtures as it provided the highest proportion of creeping alfalfa in the phytocenosis as well as the highest food value of the dry weight.

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Citation:

Karbivska, U. M., Butenko, A. O., Masyk, I. M., Kozhushko, N. S., Dubovyk, V. I., Kriuchko, L. V., Onopriienko, V. P., Onopriienko, I. M., Khomenko, L. M. (2019). Influence of Agrotechnical Measures on the Quality of Feed of Legume-Grass Mixtures. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(4), 547-551. I CM ^H This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License

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