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Adilov Kozim Zakirovich, Clinical resident of the Faculty of Therapeutic Stomatology
E-mail: adilov70@gmail.com Rizaev Jasur Alimjanovich, MD., PhD., Professor, of Dental Medicine, Rector of the Tashkent State Dental Institute Adilova Shoira Talatovna, PhD., Assistant professor, of the Department of Therapeutic Stomatology of the Tashkent State Dental Institute Mavlyanova N. T., Assistant of professor, of the Department Of Improvement Qualifications of the Tashkent State Dental Institute
INFLUENCE OF ADVERSE CONDITIONS OF MINING MANUFACTURE ON THE STATE OF L HARD TOOTH TISSUES (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Abstract: This article presents the results of the literature review reflecting the modern understanding of the adverse effects of the factors of the mining enterprises on state of the hard tooth tissues.
Keywords: mining manufacture, adverse working conditions, workers, dental caries, non-carious lesions of the hard tooth tissues.
Introduction
It is known; the mining branch is one of the key branches of processing sector and introduces the contribution to increase of export part of the economy of Uzbekistan. The priority directions in the economy are growth of manufacture, development of industrial capacities, economic independence.
One of priority tasks of the concept of development of public health services is the formation of a healthy life style; the key moment in the given context is the providing of sanitary - hygienic well-being of the working population. Alongside it is known, that influence of the adverse industrial factors ofbiological, chemical and physical nature results in change of functioning of various systems of the human body [1, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 20].
It is established, that oral cavity plays the special role in perception of an environment, and the state of the organs of the mouth is the informative parameter reflecting dynamic changes of all organisms, reacting to the effects of the anthropogenic factors of an environment. In this
connection, the study on the effects of unfavourable factors of mining industry on the condition of hard tooth tissues of the workers has become of special significance [2, 9, 20].
The working zone of mining enterprise is characterized by a high level of dust production. The maximum levels of dust production can exceed maximum permissible concentrations in tens time. Intensive noise, vibration, intensive gas accumulation and aerosols of air, physical overloads, all this renders harmful influence on the bodies of the workers [4, 16, 19, 20].
In the modern world, introduction of new technological processes, the application of means of individual protection allows to lower a level of occupational diseases among the workers. However this level continues to remain high [6, 9, 11].
The high level of prevalence of diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth, periodontium and the mucous membrane ofthe mouth is maintained by direct contact and influence of mining dust. With increase of the professional
experience the frequency and burden of the lesions of the oral cavity is growing too [1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 14, 19, 20].
The long influence of vibration leads to development of vibrating disease touching all body organs and systems: cardiovascular, endocrine, urinary, respiratory, digestive, peripheral nervous systems and high nervous activity [1, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 20]. This situation is characterized by disorders of protein and carbohydrate metabolism, changes in the other metabolic processes. The vibrating disease promotes disturbance of hemodynamic processes, depending on a stage of disease the tone of capillaries varies from spastic to spastic-hypotonic [13, 16]. The vascular changes develop by phases and aggravate depending on the length of service and conditions of the vibration effects [13].
The pathological changes in the body of the workers under influence ofvibration are accompanied by significant hemostatic changes as oxidative stress, exhaustion of reserves of the antioxidant defensive system (AOD) [3, 5]. Besides, the vibrating disease promotes expressed secondary immunodeficiency [7, 8].
The influence of noise results in development of noise disease with characteristic changes of parameters of the central hemodynamics, arterial hypertension, change ofperipheral resistance ofthe vessels [3, 7, 8, 19]. The nonspecific reactions increasing risk of stomatological diseases are also noted [2, 5, 10, 15, 23, 31, 32, 36]. The noise, being powerful stimulant of the acoustical analyzer, negatively influences on the health of man. It also reduces working activity, induces disorders of the functional state of the regulatory mechanisms of the body, exhausting adaptive reserves [12, 13]. The patients with noise disease have changes in the maintenance and orientation of vegetative reactions [16, 19]. There are also found marked manifestations of the syndrome of vegetative dystonia, poor sleeping, change of tolerability to physical loadings [13, 19]. It is noted that the noise of medium and high frequency provides for immunity decrease in the workers suffering with noise disease [7, 8].
The ore output is carried out basically by blast-hole drilling method, secondary splitting, and delivery it on a surface. The majority of explosive substances include trinitrotoluene, which is considered as toxic substance (second class on danger). In the body this substance effect by two ways: inhalation and per oral rendering both local and general effect [17]. The contact to toxic
substances of explosive material causes not only specific clinical manifestations of chronic poisoning (trinitrotoluene cataract), but also paratoxic and metatoxic [4, 19].
The production of ore is accompanied by excess dust formation, which composition includes free silicon dioxides in a crystal form (quartz) and ferric oxides. The meals of these substances with deposition of dust on the surface of teeth forming a plenty of dental depositions [2, 11, 14, 19], induce inflammatory parodontium diseases [5, 9, 10, 15, 17, 20]. The chronic trauma of a mucous membrane of the oral cavity by the ferric ore dust is accompanied by changes in the epithelium at the as catarrhal inflammation, hyperemia, edema. The long influence is accompanied by occurrence of erosion, ulcers surrounded by the opaque epithelium [20]. The epithelium of the oral mucosa is condensed; there are noted focuses of hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, increased xerostomy, change of the biocenosis of the oral cavity. It was noted that quartz- silicate dust has chronic immunodepressive effect [7].
Ferric ore dust, concentrating in a saliva, renders abrasive effect on the chewing surface of teeth, thus, promotes fast dental abrasion, development of the pathological abrasion with formation of the cracks and having chopped off enamel. Non-carious damages of the hard dental tissues in the workers of the mining enterprises meet much more often, than in the persons not connected with this manufacture [2, 9, 20].
The analysis of the level of hygiene of the oral cavity of the workers in the mining enterprises testifies to a low level of hygienic state of mouth and "high level" of an index of hygiene.
The prevalence of caries in the workers engaged on the mining enterprises accounted for 92-100% [2, 18, 20]. The study of interrelation of the caries intensity with harmful production factors has shown direct dependence: the higher experience ofjob, the higher index of KPU. It is interesting that in the workers having direct contact with harmful industrial effects during all working change, the index of KPU seems to be 10% higher than in workers having indirect contact with harmful production factors (p < 0.01) [2, 18].
The similar picture is observed at the analysis of the special weight ofteeth, subjects to removal depending on the experience time. So, it is marked, that in the workers with the long working experience, more than 10 years, the
quantity of teeth, selected to removal, is 3,5 more than in the workers having the working experience till 5 years ^ < 0.01) [2, 18]. It testifies to growth of a parameter "y" in an index KPU that confirms influence of harmful production factors on development the carious process.
The analysis of the non-carious damages of the hard dental tissues in the workers of mining industry revealed high level of pathological changes, such as enamel decoloration breaks of the corners and cutting edges of enamel, pathological deleting of teeth. The iron-ore dust, concentrating in saliva, renders abrasive action on the masticatory surface of teeth, thus, promotes fast snagging of the dental hard tissues, development of the pathological erasibility and formation of cracks and splits on the enamel. Non-carious lesions of the dental hard tissues in the workers of mining meet in 16,4% more often, than in the persons not connected with this manufacture [2, 9, 20].
The characteristic state of enamel in the workers engaged in the mining industry showed that the enamel has a dim shade and darkly grey or yellow - red colour in 60.7-78.4% of surveyed workers. The disturbance of the enamel structure, particularly fissures, were noted in 38.5-64.6% of studied persons. The change of the anatomic form of the teeth looking-like splits of the corners
of the crown part, of the scalprums, as well as splits of the enamel of tubers of the masticatory surface were noted in 61.2-96.1% of studied workers [18].
The character of the industrial adverse factors is reflected also on the pathological erasibility of teeth. Pathological erasibility of the II and III degree is noted in 80.2-83.9% of the workers having direct contact with harmful industrial influences during all working change, than having indirect contact with harmful industrial influences found in 20.1-30.5% fy < 0.01) [2, 9, 18].
Conclusions:
The analysis of the literature data has revealed:
1. The effect of the harmful factors of the mining enterprises renders on the body of the workers, both general and local influence;
2. The analysis of a level of hygiene of the oral cavity in the workers engaged on the mining enterprises testifies to a low level a hygienic condition of a mouth and high index KPU;
3. The high level of non-carious damages of the dental hard tissues such as enamel decoloration, snapping off of corners and enamel scalprums, pathological erasibility is noted;
4. The direct dependence of pathological processes severity on the experience of working activity is revealed.
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