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Научни трудове на Съюза на учените в България-Пловдив Серия Г. Медицина, фармация и дентална медицина т.ХХ1. ISSN 1311-9427 (Print), ISSN 2534-9392 (On-line). 2017. Scientific works of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria-Plovdiv, series G. Medicine, Pharmacy and Dental medicine, VoLXXI. ISSN 1311-9427 (Print), ISSN 534-9392 (On-line). 2017.
ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ НА АЕРОБНИЯ КАПАЦИТЕТ ПРИ ЕЛИТНИ
СЪСТЕЗАТЕЛИ ПО ПЛУВАНЕ И АЕРОБНА ГИМНАСТИКА В
ЮНОШЕСКА ВЪЗРАСТ Пенка Ангелова1*, Иван Дамянов1, Албена Иванова2, Петър X^p^i^t^1^^^1, Никола Георгиев3, Николай Бояджиев1 ^ахедра по Физиология, Медицински Факдлтет, Медицински Университет - Пловдив;
2Секция Физкулттфа към катедра по Физиология, Медицински
Университет - Пловдив; 3Студент по медицина, Медицински Университет - Пловдив
INDICES OF AEROBIC CAPACITY IN ELITE ADOLESCENT SWIMMERS AND GYMNASTS Penka Angelova^Ivan DamyanovS Albena Ivanova2, Pel^a^r Hrischev1, Nikola Georgiev3, Nikolay Boyadjiev1 1 Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Medfcal Un^l rsky o^loed^ e c^cndon Dtpartmf irt of Physto togy,
Medknl Цшуу rsitу ovPlovdiv;
^МеШснт s^deiin Medicine, Medlcae UrnversityPtovdw
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the differences in some indices of aerobic capacity in elite adolescent swimmers and gymnasts.
Matheiae and Methods: Elite swimmers (n=10) and aerobic gymnastics (n=14) aged 13±0.38 voluntary underwent a functional test for assessment of aerobic capacity. The range of anaerobic threshold (AT), the peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), oxygen consumption at AT, heart rate, loading at AT were measured.
Results: There was no difference between swimmers and gymnasts in the level of AT. The loading (W) under which the AT was achieved as percent of the peak W was higher in gymnasts as compared with swimmers (64.54±2.48 vs 55.6±3.41%, P<0.05). VO2/kg as percent of the peak VO2/kg at AT was higher in gymnasts as compared with swimmers (70.92±3.04 vs 56.60±3.86%, P<0.01).
Conclusion: In spite of the young age we found out differences in the aerobic performance in elite swimmers and gymnasts.
Introduction
Swimmers and gymnasts are generally physically fit. Swimming requires muscle strength, as the arms perform the power to swing by water. Master level swimmers might use the overhead sholder joint position up to 11, 000 or more times in one week of training (Wanivenhaus, 2012). Sucsessful aerobic gmnastics must show difficult motor skills, grace, poise, and coordination to music. Gymnastics requires a great variety of movements example; the transition from dynamic to static elements and contrariwise, frequent changes in body position and various positions in the 8
space (Bucar, 2010; Mehrtash, 2015).
Elite adult athlets have physical and physiological characteristics specifically suited to their sport (Baxter-Jones, 1995). Both aerobic and anaerobic energy supply for muscle contractions are used in these sports. Researches in physical fitness, aerobic capacity, and muscular performance in different sports are crucial for increasing competitors' capabilities and for improved training prescription in healthy people and patients with different diseases.
Aim
The aim of the study was to assess the differences in some indices of aerobic capacity in elite adolescent swimmers and gymnasts.
Material (Subjects) and methods
Elite swimmers (group S, n=10) and aerobic gymnastics (group AG, n=14) aged 13±0.38 with no known pathology were included. S and AG had similar body mass index (19.98±0.75 vs 18.90±0.46 kg/m2, P>0.05). All participants and their parents or gardians gave informed consent before functional test for assessment of aerobic capacity. The sportsman passed medical examination before the test.
For determining some indices of aerobic performance we used system AT-104 SpiroErgo (Shiller, Switzerland). The equipment includes gas analyzer (Ganshorn PowerCube), electrocardiograph (AT-104, Shiller, Switzerland), veloegometer (Shiller, Switzerland), computer. Ergospirometry tests were carried out without a training session or heavy physical loading during the preceding (previous) day. The functional test began with synchronization of measurement -without loading and with normal breathing for about 40 s, followed by a period of warming up for 1 - 3 minutes, and effective loading with a step-by-step increase of 30W every two minutes. The recovery period proceeded with 10% of peak loading for a minimum five minutes. During the test 12-lead electrocardiogram and blood pressure were monitored. The tests were terminated at the subject's request.
Oxygen consumption at diferent loadings, the peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), oxygen consumption at AT, heart rate, the loading at AT and other functional indices were measured.
The range of anaerobic threshold (AT), relative peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak/kg), other functional indices were computed.
Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 13 and presented as X±SEM. Normal distrbution was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Independent Samples Test was applied. Difference at P<0.05 was accepted as significant.
Results and discussion
Absolute peak working capacity (Wpeak) was higher in S as compared with AG (174.86±9.68 vs. 203.00±13.26 W, P=0.002), but relative peak working capacity (Wpeak/kg) was similar (3.31±0.22 vs 3.56±0.18 Wpeak/kg, P>0.05). The loading (W) under which the AT was achieved as percent of the Wpeak was higher in AG as compared with S (Table 1).
Table 1. Functional indices at the level of AT (X±SEM).
Groups Loading at AT as % of Wpeak VO2/kg at AT as % of VO2 peak /kg HR at AT as % of HRpeak
swimmers n=10 55.6±3.41 70.92±3.04 75.20±2.09
aerobic gymnastics n=14 64.54±2.48 56.60±3.86 85.15±1.88
P <0.05 <0.01 0.002
VO2peak was higher in S as compared with AG (2.73±0.22 vs. 1.91±0.08 l/min, P<0.01).
There was no difference in VO2peak/kg between S and AG (48.01±3.56 vs. 43.04±1.83 ml/kg/min, P>0.05). VO2/kg as percent of the peak VO2/kg at AT was higher in AG as compared with S (Table 1).
The maximal hearth rate (HRpeak) was higher in AG (178±2.81 b. p. m.) as compared with S (166.2±13.22 b. p. m.), but results were not significant (P>0.05). HR at AT as percent of HRpeak was lower in S as comparea as AG (Table 1).
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is the accepted index of cardiorespiratory fitness and functional aerobic capacity. There are many researches investigating VO2max in different sports and different ages (Baldari, 2001; Gillen, 2016; Young-Hyeon Bae, 2016). AT is a useful way of evaluating the effectiveness of a training regimen and for effective assessment criterion of physical fitness of healthy people and patients with different diseases (Stefanov, 2004; Vigorito, 2007; Ross, 2003; Baldari, 2001). There was no difference in ventilation (VE) / carbon dioxide production (VCO2) ratio (VE/VCO2 slope method), (group S 22.30±1.04, group AG 24.56±1.42, P>0.05), but we find out difference in some functional indices at the level of AT between elite adolescent swimmers and gymnasts. In spite of the young age we found out differences in the aerobic performance in elite swimmers and gymnasts.
Sedentary life is associated with the development of different diseases and increased physical activity is strongly recommended nowadays (Sahrir NA, 2017; Rognomo, 2003; Mann, 2013). For improving training prescription in healthy people and patients with different diseases, and for increasing competitors' capabilities coaches and physicians use researches in physical fitness and aerobic capacity.
Conclusion
In spite of the young age we found out differences in the aerobic performance in elite swimmers and gymnasts.
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Correspondence: e-mail: angelovapepa@abv. bg
