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4ЪрЬшЬ ршцшр] hm^m^mpq^
qUmhmrn^mU дт.дши]2^Ыр£
Uilmqjmh U U
Z'S'phфnpl[шlnp{шJp l IJiáiiiliiiiqpnLp-jiiih фш^цюЫюр inhmbuiuliiiih phфnpl[шlnp{шJp l юЫцЫ{шю1ш{ш11 hiuihuliiiipqbp] iuilp]nh] Шищ]рШ1лл
(Ziujiuuiniuíi, bpliiuh) [email protected]
4^nnpn2 prnnhp ^ршИштшЦшршрИшй hшJш{шpqЫp, ^ршИштшЦшршрИшй hшJш{шpqЫp] дп1дщй]2йЫр, ^ршИштшЦшршрИшй дпъдшй]2йЫр] hшJш{шpqЫp, ^ршИштшЦшршрИшй qUihimHU дт.дшй]2йЫр, ^ршИштшЦшршрИшй Ьшпш]П1р]пъййЫр] ЦштшрпцшЦшй дпъдшй]2йЫр, ^ршИштшЦшршрИшй hшJш{шpqЫp] ЦштшрпцшЦшй дт.дшй]2йЫр
Показатели оценки системы водоснабжения города Ереван
Авакян А. А.
Кафедра экономической информатики и информационных систем АГЭУ (Армения, Ереван)
Резюме. Эффективное управление систем водоснабжения имеет важное значение для общего благосостояния, общественного здоровья и коллективной безопасности населения, а также для экономической активности и окружающей среды. Эффективность систем водоснабжения оценивается соответствующими показателями. Цель статьи - предложить показатели эффективности систем водоснабжения Еревана. Вначале рассматриваются имеющиеся в литературе показатели и системы показателей оценки системы водоснабжения, для чего условно группируются три подхода и исследуется применение показателей. Затем представляются показатели, оценивающие систему водоснабжения Еревана и проводится сравнительный анализ по некоторым показателям. В конце, изучая исследования, проведенные в целях оценки системы водоснабжения Еревана с применением показателей, оценивающих влияние партнерства между государственными и частными секторами на общую выполняемость и выполняемость устойчивости, предлагаются показатели оценки эффективности системы водоснабжения.
Ключевые слова: системы водоснабжения; индикаторы систем водоснабжения; системы показателей водоснабжения; показатели оценки водоснабжения; исполнительные показатели услуг водоснабжения, исполнительные показатели систем водоснабжения
Indicators for Assessing the Water Supply System of Yerevan
Avagyan A. A.
Chair of Economic Computer Science and Information Systems of ASUE (Armenia, Yerevan)
Abstract. The efficient management of water supply systems is essential for the overall well-being, public health, and collective security of the population, as well as for the economic activities and for the environment. The efficiency of water supply systems is evaluated by relevant indicators. The purpose of the article is to propose indicators for evaluating the efficiency of Yerevan water supply system. First, indicators and systems of indicators for evaluating water supply systems are reviewed from the literature and they are conventionally grouped into three approaches. Additionally, the application of indicators is examined. Then indicators evaluating the water supply system of Yerevan are presented and comparative analysis is performed through some indicators. Finally, by examining the studies carried out to evaluate Yerevan water supply system with the indicators, which assess the impact of public-private partnership on overall performance and sustainability performance, the indicators for evaluating the water supply system's efficiency are proposed.
Keywords: water supply systems; indicators for water supply systems; systems for water supply indicators; water supply assessment indicators; performance indicators for water supply services; performance indicators for water supply systems
"bhp^mjhu tfmpsmhpm^hpühph1 ^mjtfmü-ühpnLtf ^mpUnp^nLÜ t gpmtfmsm^mpmptfmü hmtfm^mpqhph (mjunLhhs SZ) mpqjnLüm^hs ^mnm^mpnLÜp nhunLpuühph im^mqnLjü oq-smqnp&tfmUp mnm^h]_mqnLjü p^n^ u^mnnq-ühph pm^mpmphjnL hmtfmp: 5nLgmüh2ühph ^hpmntfmUp gpmtfmsm^mpmptfmü U gpmhh-nmgtfmü (mjunLhhs SUS) fcmnmjnLpjnLüühph mpqjnLüm^hsnLpjmü qümhmsnLtfp, ^mnm-^mptfmü nmqtfm^mpnLpjmü püqhmünLp mq-qhgnLpjmü U ^mnm^mptfmü ü^msm^ühph hpm^mümgtfmü qümhmsnLtfp, hü^hu ümU smpphp Um^mpqm^ühpnLtf phü^tfmpphüqh hpm^mümgnL^p ^ü^mushü SUS fcmnmjnLp-jnLüühph pmph]_m^tfmüp, ^ü^p qpm^münphü ^müqpmqmnüm hmüpmjhü mnnqgnLpjmü, süshunLpjmü U tfmpqnL hpm^nLüpühph ^pm-qnp&tfmü ^pm2:
O-njnLpjnLü ntühü gpmtfmsm^mpmptfmü hmtfm^mpqhph qümhmstfmü mmpphp gnLgm-ü^2Ühp U gntgmü^2Ühp^ hmtfm^mpqhp IWA, IBNET, phü^tfmpphüqh h^pn^m^mü hmtfmqnp-fcm^gnLpjnLü, u^qüm U mjiü:
SZ-ühph qümhmmrfmh gnigmü^hkp U gnLgmU^2Ütp^ hmüm^mpqhp
Spmtfmsm^mpmptfmü mpqjnLüm^hsnLp-jmü qümhmstfmü gnLgmüh2ühph hmtfm^mp-^m^ hmtfm^mpq t U^m^h^ Sph Uhgmqqmjhü pü^hpm^gntpjntüp (mjunLhhs IWA)X mnm-gmp^h^n^ 170 ^msmpnqm^mü gntgmü^2Üh-phg (mjunLhhs 45)3 ^mqtf^mfc hmtfm^mpq:
1 Phm^¿m.p]mh má, pm]pm]^m& thpm^mnnLg^m&phtp U mjijU, UmhpmUmuh st u (Steen, 2011, pp. 6-8), (Alegre, 2013, p. 4):
2 St u (Kayser, Moriarty, Fonseca, & Bartram, 2013, p. 4814)
3 ^S-htpp 2U2 &mnm]m.p]m.hhtp^ mp^jmhm^tsnLpjmh ¿m^tfmh tffenghtp th, st'u (Alegre, 1999, p. 148) U (Vilanova, Magalhaes Filho, & Balestieri, 2015, p. 2), U ^mpnq th ^pmn^ti_ smpptp 2mhmnm.htp^ ^nqd^g, mt u (Alegre, 1999, pp. 149-150), (Alegre, 2013, pp. 4-7): Smh^mgmb ^S-htp^ hmdm^mpq ^tsp t Jmu ^mqd^ ^mnm^mpJmh nmqJm^mpnLpjmh, mt u (Alegre, 2013, p. 56): ^S-htpp ^tsp t pm^mpmpth hmU npn2m^ ^mhmh2htp^, ^mpUnp^m.^ t hmU s^jmijütp^ hnLum^nLpjnLhh rn. á2qpsm.p]nLhp, mt u (Alegre, 2013, pp. 11-14), (Kanakoudis, Tsitsifli, Samaras, Zouboulis, & Demetriou, 2011, p. 34), (Schwemlein, Cronk, & Bartram, 2016, pp. 10-11): UtLfrh mmpptp 2P^nLqhtp^ ^nqd^g ^pmn^nq ^S-htpp hm^tUmstpiL hmdmp mhhpmd^m t phqhmhnLp 2P2mhm^, st u (Alegre, 1999, p. 151): ^S-htp^, qpmhg ^pmnm.p]mh ^tpmptpjm^ m^tj^
IWA-h 45-ühph hmtfm^mpqh h^üpntü pü^mfc t pnLpqh ^mnnLg^m&pp. usnphü tfm^mpqm^hg ^hp^ü tfm^mpqm^ 2mpd^h|^u gnLgmüh2ühph ph^ü nL 2mhmnntühpp ^n^^ntü hü4: IWA-h 45-ühpü pümph^^u mühpmdh2s t hm2^h mn-ühL shqmüph mnmüá.ümhms^nLpjnLüühpü nL hmsnL^ ^mhmügühpp5:
SUS fcmnmjnLpjnLüühpp ^^ümüum^mü, ^üum^mnLg^nümL U mh^ü^^m^mü mhumü^-jnLü^g qümhmmh^nL gnLgmü^2ühp^ hmüm-^mpq t phü^ümpp^üq^ ü^gmqqmj^ü gmügp (mjunLhhs IBNET): IBNET-p gpmj^ü n^npm^ qümhmmümü tf^mqqmj^ü phü^ümpp^üq^6 mnmg^ü ummüqmpmü t, m^mhn^nLÜ t usmü-qmpmmg^mb mhqh^mm^nLpjnLü nL hmüm-^mp^m^ m^jm^ühp^ pmqm U hmJmp^nLÜ hmüm2^mphmj^ü gpünLq pü^h-
pnLpjnLüühp^ ^mmmpnqm^münLpjnLüp hmüh-ümmh^nL U ümmnLg^nq bmnmjnLpjnLüühpp pm-ph^m^h^nL hmümp7: Phü^ümpp^üq^ mjL hmp-pm^ühp^g hü phü^ümpp^üq^ h^pn^m^mü hm-Jmqnpbm^gnLpjnLüp, u^qümü U mj^ü8:
^njnLpjnLü nLühü ümU h^qpm^L^k U ^^q^-^m^mü pünLpmqphp^ h^ümü ^pm 45-ühp9, SZ-ühp^ 2mhmqnpbümü U ^mh^mü-ümü ^ám^p qümhmmnq gnLgmü^2ühp10, ^npp nL SZ-ühp^ mnmü^ümhmm^nLpjnLüüh-
pp mnünq 45-ühp11: hü ümU
gp^ mü^mmüqnLpjmü12 U SZ-ühp^ ^mjnLünLp-jmü nL 2pgm^m ü^gm^mjp^ ^mmmpnqm^m-
JmüpmJmuü mt u (Alegre, 2013, pp. 3-70) U (Ishii &
Katsumata, 2007, pp. 463-467):
4 U^b^h JmüpmJmuü mb'u (Alegre, 1999, pp. 150-151):
5 IWA-h ^5-ühph hmJm^mpqh 4bpmpbpJmL JmüpmJmuü sh 'u (Alegre, 2013, pp. 9-70, 123-289):
6 Pbü¿Jmpphüqh, mhum^ühph 4bpmpbpJmL sh u
(Vilanova, Magalhaes Filho, & Balestieri, 2015, p. 3), (World Bank, 2011, pp. 2-3, 7-8), (Alegre, 1999, pp. 152-153, 156) U (EurEau, 2015, pp. 1-12):
7 IBNET-h 4bpmpbpJmL m^hh JmüpmJmuü sh u (World Bank, 2011, pp. xi-xii, 2-34, 135-143):
8 Shu (WAREG, 2017, pp. 8, 11-15):
9 U^hlh JmüpmJmuü sh u (Ermini, Ataoui, & Qeraxhiu, 2015, pp. 719-720):
10 U^hh JmüpmJmuü sh 'u (WHO, 2000, pp. 1-46):
11 U^hh JmüpmJmuü sh u (Haider, Sadiq, & Tesfamariam, 2014, pp. 24-38):
12 U^hh JmüpmJmuü sh u (Global Water Partnership, 2014, pp. 4-7, 12-18, 21-33, 53-77), (Billig, Patricia; Bendahmane, Diane; Swindale, Anne, 1999, pp. 8-19), (Lockhart, Oswald, Hubbard, & Medlin, 2014, p. 171), (WHO, 2014, pp. 6, 10-11) U (Schwemlein, Cronk, & Bartram, 2016, pp. 1-12):
UnipjmU qUmhmsJmU J^ ^niJp gnigmUfy?-Uhp13:
^hpmphpniJ t 45-Uhp^ ^pmnnipjm-Up, m^m hhsmqnsnipjniUUhpp gnijg hU mmi^u, np mn^m t 45-Uhp^ umhJmUniJUhp^, U^mpmqpnipjniUUhp^ U hm2^mp^JmU Jhpnq-Uhp^ J^muUm^mUnipjmU ^m^mu: U^h^U hp^pUhpU niUhU smpphp Jm^pnJ^gm^mjphp, npnUgniJ qnpbnq gpJniqUhp^ 45-Uhp^ niq-qm^ hmJhJmsnipjniUp ^hsp t ^pm^mUmg-^ npn2m^^ qqni2nipjmJp14: 45-Uhp^ ^pmn-JmJp ^pm^mUmg^h t UmU U^ghp^pmbn^jmU smpmbm2pgmU^ SZ-^ qUmhmsniJ hm2^ mnUhjn^ smpmbm2pgmU^ mnmU&Umhms^ni-pjniUUhpp15: Ujl op^Um^Uhp^g hU ZUq^musm-U^ UhJhqmpmq pmqmp^ SZ-^ qUmhmsniJp J2m^mb 9 45-Uhp^ J^gngn^16, ^hUspnUm-^mU U UpUhpmU b^pn^mj^ npn2 hp^pUhpniJ gp^ ^npniusUhp^ U qpmUg qpmUgJmU hmJhJmsm^mU ^hpinibnipjniUp17, C^hqm-^mU SUS mung^mg^mj^ ^mnm^mpJmU Jnqh^ h^JmU ^pm J2m^mb 45-Uhp^ hm^mpmbniU, ^npsniqm^mj^ hmJmp J2m^mb 5 ^mshqn-
p^mUhpniJ ^Jpm^np^mb 50 45-Uhpp U mj^U18
19:
UJ^n^hjn^ SZ-Uhp^ qUmhmsJmU hmJmp ^pmn^nq gnigmUfy?Uhp^ U gnigmUfy?Uhp^ hmJm^mpqhp^ ^hpmphpjm^ q^smp^mb qpm^mUnipjniUp ^mph^ t ^mjJmUm^mUn-phU mnmU^UmgUh^ 3 h^JUm^mU JnshgniJ: Unmg^U JnshgniJp q^smp^niJ t SZ-Uhp^ qUmhmsniJp, pUqhmUnip mnJmJp, mpqjni-Um^hsnipjmU shumU^jniU^g, hp^pnpqp 2h2-smqpniJ t gp^ mU^smUqnipjniUU ni hmUpm-j^U mnnqgnipjniUp, ^u^ hppnpqp hm2^ t mnUniJ ^mjniU qmpqmgniJp h^JUm^mU 2h2-
13 U^h^ JmUpmJmuU sh u (Steen, 2011, pp. 9, 21-33), (Halkijevic, Vukovic, & Vouk, 2017, pp. 3696-3697), (Vilanova, Magalhaes Filho, & Balestieri, 2015, p. 8), (UN-Water, n.d., pp. 4-23) U (UN agencies, 2015, pp. 1-42):
14 U^k^ JmUpmJmuU mb 'u (WAREG, 2017, pp. 2, 10-56):
15 U^hlh JmUpmJmuU sh u (Kanakoudis, Tsitsifli, Samaras, Zouboulis, & Demetriou, 2011, pp. 31, 35-40):
16 U^hlh JmUpmJmuU sh u (Yadav, Singh, Shah, & Gamit, 2014, p. 1986):
17 U^hlh JmUpmJmuU sh u (Suchacek, Aldea, Bylka, Marko, & Tuhovcak, 2018, p. 7):
18 U^hlh JmUpmJmuU sh u (Vilanova, Magalhaes Filho, & Balestieri, 2015, pp. 2, 6-8):
19 SnigmU^Uhp^ ^hpmphpjmL sh u UmU (OECD, 2015, pp.
5-44):
sp qUhjn^ ^mjniUnipjmU shumU^jniU^g SZ-Uhp^ qUmhmsJmU ^pm:
5nigmUfr?Uhpp jmjUnphU ^pmn^niJ hU smpphp hp^pUhpniJ SZ-Uhp^ qUmhmsJmU, phU^Jmpp^Uq^ U mjL U^msm^Uhpn^: ZmJh-JmsnipjniUUhp^ dmJmUm^ mUhpmdh2s t mnUh]_ Jm^pnJ^gm^mjphp^, gnigmUfy?-Uhp^ umhJmUniJUhp^, hm2^mp^JmU Jhpnq-Uhp^ hUmpm^np smpphpnipjniUUhpp, ^U^hu UmU s^jm^Uhp^ hmumUhj^nipjniUp, hnium^-nipjniUU ni hm^mus^nipjniUp: 5nigmU^2Uhp^ ^^pmnJmJp SZ-Uhp^ qUmhmsniJU ni hmJh-Jmsm^mU ^hpLnibnipjniUp pnij^ ^sm ^msm-phLmqnpbhL SZ-Uhp^ mpqjniUm^hs ^mnm^m-pniJp U^mush^n^ pUqhmUnip pmph^hgnip-jmU, hmUpmj^U mnnqgnipjmU U pUm^nipjmU ^n^h^s^^ mU^smUqnipjmU, ^U^^hu UmU sUshum^mU qnpbniUhnipjmU m^mhn^JmUU ni 2pgm^m J^gm^mjp^ ^mh^mUnipjmUp:
bpUmU pmqmp^ qUmhmrnJmU
5nigmU^2Uhp^ ^^pmnnipjniUp bpUmUniJ SZ-Uhp^ qUmhmsJmU U^msm^n^ ^mjJmUm-^np^mb t ^hsm^mU-JmuUm^np qnpbpU^h-pnipjmJp (mjunihhs ^U^)20: SUshum^mU U pmqmpm^mU 2pgm^m^JmU ^mpmqmjniJ, mnUh^n^ 1988p.-^g hhsn mn^m Jmp-smhpm^hpUhpp21 U J^gmqqmj^U ^^UmUum-^mU ^mnnijgUhp^ mgm^gnipjmU mUhpmdh2-snipjniUU22 ni ^hpg^UUhp^u ^^UmUum^mU U sh^U^m^mU mgm^gnipjmU ^mjJmUp23, JmuUm^np^ Uhpqpm^niJp, ^mpbhu ph mU-
Cum ^(im^mqpnipjmU gpmj^U bmnm]nlp]nlUUkp^ JmuUm^npUgJmJp ZmjmusmUp mnmgmsmp q^pp t qpmqhgUniJ UnpmU^m^ ^kmnlp]nlUUkp^ 2mppmJ,
J^gngn^ u^mump^nq pUm^jnipjmU (Jns 75%) hppnpqp: Sh u (Harutyunyan, 2014, p. 1617), (Harutyunyan, 2015, p. 581):
21 ZUmgmb kUpm^mnnlg4mbpUkpp, hnum^npnlumUkpp, pUqUmUniJUUpn^ gpmJmsm^mpmpniJp, gp^ npm^p U mjjh: U^hlh JmUpmJmuU sh u (World Bank, 2017, pp. xiii, xv, 5-6), (Mkhitaryan, 2009, p. 4) U (Harutyunyan, 2012, p. 621):
22 U'mpmmhpm4kpUkp^ LnibniJp ^mhmUgniJ tp ^^UmUum^mU J^gngUUp^ Ukpqpm4nlJ, ^u^ npn2 ^Uq^pUUp JmuUm^np^ ^mpnqnlp]nlUUkp^ UhpqpniJ: Sh 'u (World Bank, 2017, p. 6):
23 JmUpmJmuU shu (Harutyunyan, 2014, p. 1619), (Harutyunyan, 2016, pp. 9-10): ZZ gpmj^U n^npsniJ ^U^ ^^pmnJmU mjL nidhp^ 4kpmpkp]mL sh u (Harutyunyan, 2014, pp. 1612-1613):
^ишшфЬф tp: ^UQ- ü^gngn^ Цп^^ш^ bm-nmjnipjniüühph Цmnm^mpnlüp hüpmqpniü tp mpqjniüph ^.pm h^üü^mb Цmnm^mpnlü Цш-smpnцmЦmünlpJmü Цmnm^mpnlü, hhsUm-pшp üщmsmЦühph umhümüniü, Чô-ühph Ц^-pmnniü24 U phü^ümpp^üqh hpшЦшüшgпLJ qümhmshini hmümp SZ-ühp^ ni SUS bmnm-jnipjniüühph ümuüm^np o^hpmsnp-
ühph ЦmsmpnцmЦmünlpJnlüp: U^h^ü Jmu-üm^np^ ühpqpm^niüp рпщ Цsmp pmpÀpmg-üh^ &mnmjnipjniüühph npmЦü nL mpqjniüm^h-snipjniüp ünpmpmpmЦmü Цmnm^mpümü U шЬ^й^ЦшЦшй Цпüцhшhüghшühph ühpqpümü ühgngn^25,26:
bpUmüp gpmümsmЦmpmpümü pmphjm^-ümü йцшшшЦп^ Цйр^шЬ Цmnm^mpümü imjümümqp^ (mjunihhs Ч^) h^üpniü 93 Чô-ühphg 4-p ^hpmphpniü t^ü pnüniuüh-p^ü/sniqmüpühp^ü: ^mjümümqp^ Цmsmp-ümü mpqjniüpniü pmphjm^hg qnp&mnümЦmü U ф^йшйишЦшй ЦmsmpnцmЦmünlpjnlüp, um-Цш]й ф^йшйишЦшй mpqjniüpühpp qhnüu müpm^mpmp t^ü, ¿hm2^mn^nq gp^ gni-gmüfy?ü püqhmüpm^hu ^tp pmphjm^hi27: UJL ^ü^pühp Цшц^шЬ t^ü ЧÔ-ühp¿ ühb рф28, umhümüümü U qpmüg hmümp husmЦ pmqm-j^ü rn^jm^ühph pmgmhmjsümü hhs29 30:
bpUmüp Ч^-^ mpqjniüpühp^g h^üh^n^ ^UQ- hpm4mümgnLÜp 2mpnlümЦ^hg hpЦnl niqqnipjmüp: U^ qhipniü ümuüm^nphgniüü m^h^ ^npmgm^ U bpUmüp Ч^-ü фn^mp^ü-^hg ^mpÀ.mЦmlnlpjmü imjümümqpn^ (mjunihhs 4^), üjniu qhipniü ümuüm^nph-gniüü püqimjü^hg püqqpЦhln^ ümU üjniu gpüniq püЦhpnlpjnlüühpp31,32: bpUmüp
24 Sh u (Mkhitaryan, 2QQ9, p. 9)
25 Sh'u (Harutyunyan, 2Q12, p. 62Q)
26 Ь цЬщ gpmj^ü nLnprnnLJ Jmuüm^nphgniüp mühüm-
hmpgü t: Cms hp^ühp^J mjü hmüqhgphi_ t mju^hu Цп^шЬ «gpmj^ü imshpmqJühp^», uшЦшqü^ pшüЦшglшü, ün-jü^^ "ÏÏUQ imjJmümqp^ JuqJmü: U^hlh imüpmümuü sh u (Harutyunyan, 2Q16, p. 9), (Harutyunyan, 2Q12, pp. 62Q-621), U (World Bank, 2Q17, p. 49):
27 ^msámnühpp sh 'u (World Bank, 2Q17, pp. xv, 15):
28 U^h^ JmüpmJmuü sh 'u (World Bank, 2Q17, p. 16):
29 Sh 'u (Harutyunyan, 2Q14, p. 1614)
3Q bpUmüp Ч^-^ ^hpmphpjmL m^h^ JmüpmJmuü sh u
(World Bank, 2Q17, pp. 11-17):
31 Sh 'u (Harutyunyan, 2Q14, p. 1614) U (Harutyunyan, 2Q15, p.
581):
mpqjniüpniü pmph]_m^hg^ü qnp&mnüm^ü U ф^ümüumЦmü ЦmsmpnцmЦmünlpjnlüp, um-ЦmJÜ ^hm2^mn^nq gp^ mnniün^ npUt pmph-l_m^niü ^mpámümqp^hg, ni2mqpnipjniü^g qnipu üümg ümU Цhцsmgphp^ hm^mpniüü ni ümppniüp33:
1^smpЦhüp bpümü^ SZ-^ npn2 gnigmü^2-ühp (2pmümшmЦmpmpümü ЬmЬЦnlJp, gpmp-smqpnipjniü, gpu^mnniü, ^hm2^mn^nq gnip, ^münis, 2mhmqnpbümü Ьm^umЬmЬЦnlü, U^qmp gnigmü^2) U, oqs^h^n^ IBNET-^ pm-qmj^g ni qnpb^pühphg, hmümqmsmu^mü hmpgniüühph A.Um^npümü ü^gngn^ bpUmüp hmühümshüp ühbmümumüp smpmbm2pgmüh mjL gpüniqühph hhs hpmЦmümgühLn^ ü^gmq-qmj^ü phü^ümpp^üq, ^uk npn2 qh^pniü Zm-jmusmüniü qnpbnq mjL gpüniqühph hhs ^pm-kmümgüh^n^ mqqmj^ü phü^ümpp^üq: Usmg-^mb mp^jniüpühpp ühpkmjmgühüp qbm^ms-khph shupn^: ßmü^ np IBNET-niü bpUmüp püqqpk^mb t b^pn^mjh U ЧhüspnüшЦшü Uu-^mjh smpmbm2pgmüniü, ü^gmqqmjhü phü^-ümpp^üqh qh^pniü hmühümsnipjniüp Цш-smp^niü t mjq smpmbm2pgmüh IBNET-niü шпЦш 2pifni_qtihpli h hui:
ЛИ VI ЛЧ
tpLuili гтл
um
ULrtilpltb 1Я%
Qàmiqmmljhp 1. Spmümmmljmpmpifmh àmàljmjp-р inmpmàm2pgmhmjph hmifhifmumLpjmh (Uhipjmpp: IB-NET.org)
Cus qbmimskhp 1-^ bpUmü gnipp püq-hmünip mnümüp pmpA.p mpqjniüpühp t qpmü-gh^ gpmümsmkmpmpümü Ьш^Цп^р^ gnigm-mnniün^ smsmü^h^n^ smpmbm2pgm-
32 ¿2Ч U üjniu gpJniiühp^ Ч^-ühp^, umhJmü^mb Ч0-ühp^ ^hpmphpjmL JmüpmJmuü sh u (World Bank, 2Q17, pp. 29-45) U (Harutyunyan, 2Q14, pp. 1615-1617):
33 bpUmüp 4tpшptpJШL m^hi^ JmüpmJmuü sh u
(World Bank, 2Q17, pp. 19-28) U (Harutyunyan, 2Q14, p. 1614):
йш]^й i^g^ü^ 2Пф2 U фnpp hs ййш^п^ шшpшbш2pgшü^ шnш^hlшqnLjü шpdhp^g:
SpшpшшIpnLp]шü шппъип^ (sh u qb. 2), bpUшü gnLpp qhpшqшügnLf t ünLjü^ul шш-pшbш2pgшüш;фü mnm^himqnLjü gntgmü^2p U ш^ф pmü 50%-n^ qhpmqmhgntJ smpmbm-2pgmüm]^ü i^g^üp: ^hpmphpntJ t gpp-u^mnimüp (sh u qb. 3), шщш bpUmünttf ^pm^mümg^mb ühpIpnLfш;фü bpшqphp^ i^-gngn^ hшüшЦшpq^ pшphLш^üшü U gpш¿ш-фпър]шй шpIJnLÜpnLÜ 1990^^üühp^ ^hpg^ü gnLgшü^2P prnphLrn^hL t, ^u^ 2002p.-^g ^q-tfh]_ ш^ф gшbp, ршй шшpшbш2pgшü^ i^g^üü t: ZшfшIphln^ gpшшшIpnLp]nLÜü nL gp^ uщшпnLfp щшpq t ^nünLi, np ¿ürnjrnb bpUшü gnLpp qhpшqшüдnLÜ t gpшpшшIpnL-p^ü шшpшbш2pgшüш]^ü шnш^hLшqnL]ü gnL-gшü^2P, ш]ünLшfhüш]üЭД uщшпnp^ü ^шшш-^rnprnp^hi_ t ^пш 2-3 шüqшf rn^h^ gntp, pшü шшpшbш2pgшü^ шnш^hl_шqnLjü gpuщш-nnLiü t: Тш щшJfшüш^np^шb t hшpnLuш gpш]^ü щш2шpühpnф hrntfrn^rnpq^ шh^ü^-^^ü ^^шЦп^ nL hnuшЦnpnLuшühpnф Чш-jntü qшpqшдfшü шhuшü^jnLÜ^g nhunLpuühp^ шpIJnLÜш^hш oqшшqnpbfшü U SZ-ühp^ rnpq-]nLÜш^hш lшпш^шpfшü hшfшp шühpшdh2ш t i^gngühp A.hnüшpЦhL ü^шqhgühlnL gpшpшш-IpnLpjnLüp U ш^hLшдühLnL gpuщшпnLfp in-шhдühln^ шшpшbш2pgшü^ шnш^hLшqnL]ü gpuщшпfшüp:
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cíbшщшlnllhp 2. SpшpшшIpпLpJшll lnшpшbш2P2шhшJph hшfhfшшпLpJПLÜ (Uppjmpp: IB-NET.org)
UÜIpшIшnüшLn^ ^ш2^шп^пр gp^ü шq-qш]^ü üшlшpIшln^ ^h u qb. 4) шhuünLf hüp, np ulqpüшlшü 2PgшünLÜ ш]ü hphi t ^пш
25%, npp qürnjn^ ш^^ t qhpшqшüдhln^ 70%-p: U^ü^U 2000^^üühpp ^ш2^шп^пр gp^ grnbp üшlшpIшlp щшJfшüш^np^шb t gpш-^rn^nLpjrnü U hшJшщшшшu^шü шфшLÜhp^ pшдшlш]nLp]шüp: U]ünLhhшU, ühpipnLiühp^ ^pшlшüшgfшüü nL gpшfшшшlшpшpfшü шUnpnLp]шü pшphLШ^üшüp qnLqpüpшд шд gnLgшü^2Ü rnáh]_ t: Тш щшJfшüш^np^шb t ürn^ ф^üшüuшlшü i^gngühp^ up^p^ü щшш^шпп^ bpUrnü^ РШ]РШ]^ШЬ SZ-^ ^u-üшl^ ^hpшlшüqüfшfp, ^ü^hu üшU ш]ü hшüqшfшüpnф np щш]üшüшqpш]^ü h^füш-^ü 4ô hrnüi^urngnp gpшfшшшlшpшpfшü шUnpnLp]шü ш^hLшдüшüp SZ-ü rn^h^ hp^p dшüшüшlnLÜ t qшü^hL áü2tfrnü шшЦ, npü ti hшüqhgphL t ^hrn2^rnn^np gp^ дnLдшü^2^ qqшL^ rná^ü: b^ pшü^ np hnuшlnpnLuшühp^ prnphi_rn^nLtfp шnLqшüpühpn^ щш]üшüш^np-^ШЬ hphi, ш2^шшшüpühp ^hü шшp^hL ^hp-g^ü^u pшphLШ^üшü nLppnLp]шüp: ^h-
prnphpnLtf t шшpphp gpinLpühp^ uщшuшpl-tfrnü шшpшbpühpnLÜ hnuшlnpnLuш^ дnLдш-ü^2^ hшühüшшnLp]шüp, шщш ^ü¿щhu gnLjg t шш!^ qpшф^lp, щшшlhpü pÜIhшünLp шп-tfrntfp ünLjüü t, 2016p. IpnLp]шüp iprnüp шш-шшü^nLÜ hü 70-90% urnhtfrnüühpnLtf:
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cíbшщшlnlhp S. CÜIhшüпLp g>puщшnlfшü
lnшpшàш2P2шüшJpü hшfhfшшпLpJПLÜ (Uppjmpp: IB-NET.org)
LnLjü gnLgrnüfy?fr шшpшbш2pgшüш]^ü hrn-fhfшшnLp]шü hшfшA.ш]ü (шh u qb. 5) 2000-2013pp. bpUшü gnLpp qhpшqшüдnLf t шшpш-bш2Pgшü^ ünLjü^ul 10% шfhüшpшpA.p дnLдш-ü^2ü nLühgnp gpinLpühp^ü, i^ü^qhn i^UünLjü шшpшbш2pgшünLf 10% шfhüшдшbp gnLgш-ü^2ü nLühgnp gpinLpühp^ щшpшqш]nLf ¿hш2-
imn^nq gpp gnigmüp2p smsmülniü t 2-11% umhümüühpniü: bpUmü gnipp hnumЦnpnius-ühpp mmniünl pmlmЦmüpü hhnni t ümU smpmbm2pgmüp üpgpü gnigmüp2pg (20-30%): ^hihs Zmjmusmüp hmpnius t gpmjpü nh-unipuühpnl, mjünimühümjüpl smpmbm2pgm-ümjpü hmühümsnipjmü mpqjniüpühppg U ЦmJniü qmpqmgümü shumüЦJniüpg h^üh^nl mühpmdh2s hü üpgngühp À.hnüшpЦhl_ gpp Цп-pniusühpp ü^mqhgümü U hhsUmpmp gpmjpü nhunipuühpp mp^jniümlhs oqsmqnpbümü hmümp:
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Qbmimmlihp 4. Qhm2i¡mmilnq gpp mqqmjpü hmilhilmmnipjniü (Uqpjnipp: IB-NET.org)
HC
hpЦpühpp ühg: Um hpüümЦmüniü imjümüm-inp^mb t Zmjmusmüniü SUS bmnmjnipjniü-ühpp gmbp umЦmqünl:
Cmhmqnpbümü bm^umbmbЦümü mnniünl (sh u qb. 7) phU bpUmü gnipp püpümфpümü-um^nplnq t U püqhmünip mnümüp smsmü-iniü t smpmbm2pgmümjpü üpgpüp 2nipg, mj-ünihmüqhpA. mjü hhs t üüniü smpmbm2pgm-ümjpü 10% mühümpmpÄp mpqjniüp qpmügmb gpüniqühppg üns 2 müqmü, npp imjümüm-inplmb t püihu umЦmqünl, mjüihu t]_ Цш-nm^mpümü mpqjniümlhsnipjmü щmЦmunф
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Q-bmimmljhp б. ЬЦшйтр (SUS) mmpmbm2P2mümjpü hmiíhiímmnipjmü (Uqpjnipp: IB-NET.org)
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Qbmimml¡hp 5. Qhm2i¡mmilnq gpp mmpmbm2P2mümjpü hmiíhiímmnipjmü (Uqpjnipp: IB-NET.org)
bü^ ihpmphpniü t SUS bmnmjnipjniüühpp hmümp usmglnq hЦmüspü (sh u qb. 6), шщш bpUmü gnipp, LpühLnl püpümфpümüumlnp-inq, mjünimühümjüpl qsülniü t smpmbm-2pgmüp 10% mühümgmbp hЦmünis niühgnq
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Qbmimmljhp 7. (mhmqnpbifmü bmjuumbmbljümh mmpmbm2pgmümjpü hmiíhiímmnipjm.ü (Uqpjnipp: IB-NET.org)
1psшpЦhlnl püqhmünip mnnqgnipjmü Uiqmp gnigmüp2p (sh u qb. 8 U 10) mqqmjpü üшЦшpqшЦnl bpUmü gnipp 2003-2012pp. Sm-smülh^ t üpgpüp 2nipg, uшЦшJÜ musp^müm-
ршр рЬ^шЬпър шппц^шд^Ши дпъдши^2П рш^шЦшЬ^и ршр^ш^Ъ t ^hpg^U 4 тшрр-Uhp^U hшuUЪln^ 8-р U дршкдЬ^п^ UnijUpu^ шпш^шшшр qppp: Sшpш&Ш2P2шUш]pU hшdЪ-ишшп1р]ш^р (тЪ u qb. 9) ЪрЬшЬр дршкдЬ^ t ^hpg^U шшр^иЬр^и Jp2pU U Jp2pUpg ршрЛр
дпъдшЬ^?: и]ипъшиьиш]и^^, Ъриши gntpp qhnUu щЪтр t J^gngUhp ^ЬпишрЦ^ tl ш^Ьф ршр^ш^Ът pUqhшUnLp шпп^2пър]ши Иц-
qшp дпъдши^2р:
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ЧЬшщштЦЪр 8. ищдшр дтдшЬр2р шqqш]ph Ьш^Ъг/шиии^т-Ь (Uqpjnipp: IB-NET.org)
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(Uqpjnipp: IB-NET.org)
Ц|ищрип^ Ъришир SZ-p qUшhшmnLdp gnijg t тш|ри, np SUS Ьшпш]п1р]пъииърр ршрЪ]ш^Ъ1_ bU, ишЦш|и qbnUu шпЦШ bU pшq-ишрр^ ]UqppUЪp: UUhpшdЪ2ш t 2шpnLUшЦЪL pшpЪфn]nLdUЪpp ршр^ш^Цп^ qpшUg^ш& шpq]nLUpUЪpU nL pшpЛpшgUЪln^ Цшпш^шр-dшU шpq]nLUш^ЪmnLp]nLUp: U^ipU ^jniU
qшpqшgdшU mЪuшUЦJnLUpg 2pш]pU пЪunLpu-UЪpp ¿шqmnmdшU U шpq]nLUш^Ъm oqmш-qnp&dшU UщшmшЦn^ шUhpшdЪ2m t иЪЬ nL2шqpnLp]nLU qшp&UЪL gppU U
ЦЪцшш2рЪрр dшppdшUp34:
2017р. иЪ^шр^шЬ ^UQ- ЪрЦрпр^ фnLLp UщшmшЦ nLUp шUqpшqшпUшL ш]^ ]UqppU^ ppU: иЪЦ dpшuUшЦшU 4^35-nid, npU
pUqqp^nid t Uш]ЦpU pninp 2pdnLqUЪpp ищш-uшpЦdшU шшpшЬpUЪpp, pnUnLuUЪpnфmnL-qшUpUЪpn^ щш]dшUш^np^ш& 4 hpdUшЦшU Ч5-UЪpU ЪU 2pшJшшшЦшpшpJшU mUnqni-pjnLUp36, иштшЦшршр^пц gpp прш^, ^ш2-^шп^пц gnLpp, pшdшUnpqUЪpp рш^шршр^ш-bnLpjniUp, риЦ UЪpppU pЪU^dшpppUqp дтдш-Up2UЪpp ^ЪршрЪрти ЪU ЪUpшЦшпnLд^шЬp-UЪppU, ЦЪцтш2рЪрр hш^шpdшUU nL ишрр-d^Up, &ш]uЪppU U pnqnpUЪppU37: IBNET-nid Unp 4^-p Ч5^Ърр ^ЪршрЪр]ш1 тфш^Ър qЪпUu шпЦШ ^U:
UUqpшqшпUшLn^ дnLдшUp2UЪpp Црршпт-р]шир ЪpUшUp SZ-p qUшhшmdшU ^ЪршрЪр-]ш1 шпЦш hЪшшqnшnLp]nLUUЪppU ЦшрЪр t шuЪL, np nLunLdUшuppnLp]nLUUЪpU pUqhшUnLp шпишир ppшЦшUшg^ЪL ЪU ^jniUnip^U шЪ-uшUЦ]nLUpg hшdшщшmшu]шU gnLgшUp2UЪ-PP dpgngn^ qUшhшmЪln^ ^UQ- шqqЪgnLp-jnLUp ЦшшшpnqшЦшUnLp]шU U ^jniUnip^U ЦшшшpnqшЦшUnLp]шU ^рш: Upq]nLUpUЪpp hшdЪdшm^Ъll ЪU шqqш]pU U dpgшqqш]pU иш-
34 U'шppdшU Цш]шUUЪpp 2шhшqnpЬnLdp ЦdЪЬшдUp 2шhшqnpЬdшU U щшhщшUdшU &ш]]uЪpp, ЬЪшкшршр dшppdшU ЦшJшUUЪpт.d UЪpqpnLdUЪp ppшЦшUшgUЪLpu щЪшр t 2Ъ2sp qp^p ш]Uщpup шшpшЬpUЪppU, пршЪц шqqЪgт.pJт.Up 2р2шЦш ир2ш^ш]рр U hшUpш]pU шпnq2nLp]шU ^рш шdЪUшdЪЬU t, dшUpшdшuU шЪ u (World Bank, 2017, pp. 61-63):
35 linp 4^-U Uш]unpqUЪpp qшpqшgnLdU t U ЪUpшqpnLd t ш^Ъ1р иЪЬ пpuЦЪpp фn]шUgnLd dpшdшdшUшЦ dшuUш4np oщЪpшшnppU U Цшпш4шpnLp]шUp: 2-pq фт!р dшupU ш^Ър dшUpшdшuU шЪ u (World Bank, 2017, pp. 55-61):
36 Ь qЪщ ш]u gnLgшUp2p UщшшшЦш]pU шpdЪpUЪpp pшqшpш]pU, q]nLqшЦшU шшpшЬpUЪpp U ЪpUшUp Ьшишр шшррЪр ЪU: SЪ u (ЧЪщрш Snip ФРС, 2016, p. 167):
37 шпш2pU фт.1т.и шпш2UшhЪpp qpшшpЦ4ЪL ЪU 2pшdшшшЦшpшpdшU ]UqppUЪpp, шЪ u (World Bank, 2017, p. 16), pu^ UЪpЦш]nLdu шUqpшqшp^ t Цшшшр^ти UшU 2pшhЪпшgdшUp: ЧpшUn4 t щш]dшUш4np4шЬ ЦЪцшш2рЪрр ^ЪршрЪр]ш1 gт.gшUp2UЪpp pUqqp^nidp Unp 4^-nid:
^mpqm^ühpnLtf qnp&nq gpUmqühp^ htm qmum^mpqhjn^ gpUmqühpp38:
CüqhmünLp mntfmUp pnjnp nLunL^ümu^-pnLpjnLüühp^ mpqjnLüpühpp ^mjnLÜ hü, np ^UQ- ^pm^mümgnLUp qpm^mü mqqhgnLpjnLü t nLÜhgh]_ Zrnjmurnmü^ gpUmqühp^ ^pm pm-ph]m^hin^ ^msmpnqm^münLpjnLüü nL ^mjnL-ünLpjmü ^msmpnqm^münLpjnLüp:
F hm^hinLÜb ^hpnh^2]mL ^hpU^g ühppU JnshgJmü SUS fcmnmjnLpjnLüühpp qümhms-hü ümU ühppU^g ^hpU JnshgtfmUp ^mpqhjnL hmJmp sümj^ü süshunLpjnLüühp^ pü^mintUühpp SUS bmnmjnLpjntüühp^ ^hpm-phpjmL U qümhmshjnL fcmnmjnLpjmü q^Jmg ^mphpL ^mspmusm^mUmpjnLüü nL gp^
^ümjnqnLpjmüü nLqq^mfc qnp&nqnLpjnLüüh-pp39:
Uju^un^ bpUmü^ SUS fcmnmjnLpjnLüüh-p^ mn^m ^üq^pühpp mnmg hü pm2nLÜ SZ-ühp^ pmph]_m^tfmü, qpmüg mpqjnLüm^hs ^mnm^mptfmü mühpmdh2snLpjnLüp, ^ü^hu ümU hmJmqmmmu^mü gnLgmüfy?ühp^ ^pm-nnLpjmUp SZ-ühp^ mpqjnLüm^hsnLpjmü qüm-hmsJmü U phü^tfmpp^üq^ mühpmdh2snLp-jnLüp:
***
UJ^n^h^n^ bpUmü^ SZ-ühp^ qümhms-Jmü gnLgmüfy?ühpü U qpmüg U^gngn^ ^pm-^mümgpmfc nLunLÜümu^pnLpjnLüühpp hmü-qnLÜ hüp hhsUjmL hqpm^mgnLpjmü.
• bpUmü^ SZ-ü qümhms^h t ^mjnLünL-pjmü shumü^jnLü^g, Jmuüm^npm^hu nLunLUümu^p^h]_ t ^UQ- mqqhgnLpjnLüp SUS fcmnmjnLpjnLüühp^ ^pm: ZhsUmpmp, mühpm-dh2s t nLunLtfümu^ph]_ U npn2m^ gnLgmüfr?-ühp^ U^gngn^ qümhmshL SZ-ü mpqjnLüm^h-snLpjmü shumü^jnLü^g:
• mnühjn^ qpm^münLpjnLünLtf mn^m gnLgmüfy?ühpü nL gnLgmüfy?ühp^ hmJm-^mpqhpp, ^ü^hu ümU bpUmü pmqmp^ mnmü&ümhms^nLpjnLüühpp mühpmdh2s t püsphL mjü gnLgmüfy?ühpp, npnüg U^gngn^ hümpm^np ^L^ü^ SZ-ü qümhmshL mpqjnLüm-^hsnLpjmü shumü^jnLü^g:
38 ZbmmqnmnLpjnLüübp^ ^hpmphpjmL m^h^ JmüpmJmuü sh u (Harutyunyan, 2012, pp. 622-629), (Haratyunyan, 2014, pp. 1618-1620) U (Harutyunyan, 2015, pp. 580-588):
39 U^hlh JmüpmJmuü sh u (Harutyunyan, 2016, pp. 18-19):
• HLunL^ürnu^phin^ bpUmü^ SZ qüm-hmsJmü ü^msm^n^ gnLgmüfr?ühp^ ^pm-nnLpjnLüü nL mn^m ^üq^pühpp U hm2^ mn-ühjn^ s^jm^ühp^ mn^mjnLpjnLüp mnmgmp-^nLÜ hüp nLunLÜümu^pnLpjnLüühp^ hmJmp s^jm^ühp^ h^tfp püqnLühL IBNET-p, U SZ-^
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31. Htnipm 2ntp OPC. (2016). Hmp^m^mintpjmU ^mjtfmUmqpp: ¿m^t^mfc 6. immmpnqm^mU gntgmU^htp. fcphmU.
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