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INBOUND TOURISM AS A FACTOR OF ACCELERATION OF SOCIALLY - ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
A. N. Shaimova, A. S. Omarova
L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana
Abstract. This article analyzes the development of inbound tourism in Kazakhstan. The article describes the role of tourism in the development of socio-economic welfare of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Particularly, analysis of tourist market of Kazakhstan, identification of share of tourism in GDP of the country, positive and negative aspects of tourism, offers to solutions to the identified problems. Key words: tourism, GDP, factor, effect, profit, socio-economic development, tax.
In the modern world, tourism is one of the most progressive developing fields of human activity, and occupies a special place due to its social, economic and cultural influences on society. Meeting the needs of the population to travel for various purposes, tourism has become a global economic phenomenon, representing a major part of modern business. In many countries tourism has an important role in the formation of gross domestic product, employment, replenishment of the budget at various levels, contributes to the inflow of foreign currency, promotes the development of related industries such as construction, communications, transportation, agriculture, production of consumer goods. A significant contribution to the development of tourism contributes to international tourism exchange, where special attention is given to inbound tourism. Worldwide tourism is considered to be one of the most profitable areas of business.
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Figure 1. Direct contribution of tourism to GDP of Kazakhstan since 2006 to 2016 (billions tenge) *Note: compiled by the author based on the source [2]
According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), share of tourism in the world GDP, taking into account the multiplier effect, is 9.4%, while in Kazakhstan it is about 0.8% (2014). This figure is fairly low, as in the process of analysis the share of tourism in the world GDP revealed that the rate of growth in neighbouring countries is much higher. For instance, the share of tourism in GDP of Kyrgyzstan is 4.8% (2012), in Georgia 5.9% (2016), in Armenia and Azerbaijan 4% (2016) [8,4]. Despite these indicators, revenues from tourism in Kazakhstan are growing in general.
According to the data given in Figure 1, the income from tourism in the Republic of Kazakhstan the last 10 years has increased by 300 billions tenge. According to forecasts of The World Travel & Tourism Council by 2026 this index will increase by almost 2 times.
Attracting foreign tourists is primarily a substantial income for the country. The more they spend money in the host country, the better it is for the economy of this country, the higher the national income.
Table 1
Number of visitors on inbound and outbound tourism in Kazakhstan since
2010 to 2014 (Persons)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Number of visitors on outbound tourism, overall 6019171 8020400 9065579 10143710 10449972
CIS countries 5270466 7 031 721 7834651 9037804 9375785
Outside of CIS 748705 988679 1 230928 1 105906 1074187
Number of visitors on inbound tourism, overall 4097387 5685132 6163204 6841085 6332734
CIS countries 3642311 5195043 5542447 6213390 5655246
Outside of CIS 455076 490089 620757 627695 677488
* Note: compiled by the author based on the source [7]
Thus, a positive trend in outbound and inbound tourism is observed in the table. It should be noted that 89% of Kazakhstanis prefer to stay in the CIS, and 90% of all tourists who use the services of Kazakhstan, are the residents of post-Soviet countries. However, the number of incoming tourists to Kazakhstan is negligible compared to the tourist-developed countries. For example, the results of the research of the world tourism organization (UNWTO), cited by The Telegraph in 2015, France has been recognized the world's most visited country. (Figure 2)
100
France USA Spain China Italy Turkey Germany UK Mexico Russia Kazakhstan
Figure 2. The ranking of the most popular countries among tourists for 2015 *Note: compiled by the author based on the source [6]
The creation of new jobs, i. e. increasing of employment is an important consequence of tourism development. The industry currently accounts for about 11% of total employment. In 2016, the number of people employed in the industry totaled 150500 people. This includes staff of hotels, travel agencies,
transportation services (excluding commuter), restaurants, leisure industry, i. e. directly employed in the service of tourists. [2]
Figure 3. The number of people employed in tourism of Kazakhstan * Note: compiled by the author based on the source [2]
There are also other aspects of the impact of tourism on the economy. Besides the already mentioned growth of foreign exchange earnings by increasing of foreign tourists number, there are other factors that can contribute to the economic improvement of the country. Primarily, this is due to taxation, more precisely, this a consequence of the growth of the tax revenues directly related to tourism. Therefore, tourism can become a source of income through taxes.
Firstly, tourism helps to create jobs. Accordingly, the standard of living increases, wages grow, hence, revenues from taxes levied on the increased income of people also rise.
Secondly, the state at the expense of the importation of goods of foreign production necessary for the consumption of tourists and the further development of tourism may impose customs duties on imported goods.
Thirdly, there is a taxation for rendering services to tourists.
Fourth, taxes can be levied on income, both local and foreign firms with the right to engage in tourism business in the country.
There is a common practice in international tourism to levy taxes from tourists while entering the country. Thus, for example, on April 1, 2014, the Moroccan authorities imposed a tax on all passengers arriving in this East African country. Tax amount for the bought tickets in business class will be 400 Moroccan dirhams, or 36 euros, those who have used economy class, will pay 100 dirhams, or € 9. [55] This kind of tax can only be used in those countries which are popular among tourists. Kazakhstan is unfortunately not included in their ranks.
Furthermore, there is another kind of tax in the services sector, like a bed tax. Bed tax is used in European countries, and as international practice shows, this kind of tax is effective in the development of the economy of the country. The authorities of Barcelona has introduced environmental taxes on tourists in amount of € 1. This tax, in contrast to France, will be charged per night at the hotel, and once for all time of stay irrespective of its duration. Money is directed to the security of the city and street cleaning. In conditions of economic crisis, this type of tax would be the most appropriate for Kazakhstan.
After analyzing the above stated facts we can conclude that tourism is one of the main factors of socio — economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The development of tourism in Kazakhstan will not only reach the goals of the individual entrepreneurs associated with obtaining profit, but to enrich the country's economy, by attracting foreign financial flows, generate income in the form of additional customs duties on imported goods and services, introduce new taxes such as environmental taxes, bed tax, and create new jobs, increase country's prestige at the international level.
Bibliogaphy and notes
1. Resolution of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 28, 2013 No. 192 // On approving the concept of development of tourist branch of the Republic of Kazakhstan up to 2020.
2. The Authority on World Travel & Tourism. // wttc.org/research/economic-data-search-tool.
3. Raoul V. Bianchi, Marcus L. Stephenson. Deciphering tourism and citizenship in a globalized world. Original Research ArticleTourism Management // Volume 39, December 2012. — Pages 10-20.
4. Victoria M. Waligo, Jackie Clarke, Rebecca Hawkins. Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework. Original Research Article Tourism Management, Volume 36, June 2013. — Pages 342-353.
5. http://kabar.kg/
6. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/fastest-growing-travel-destinations/
7. http://www.stat.gov.kz/
8. http://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries
9. [Business-Georgia /www.bizzone.info/
