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1ЧЫГЫШ ТААНУУНУН МАСЕЛЕЛЕРИ
ВОПРОСЫ ВОСТОКОВЕДЕНИЯ ISSUES OF ORIENTAL STUDIES
e-ISSN: 1694-8653
№1/2023, 90-95
УДК:
DOI: 10.52754/16948653 2023 1 11
IN THE TOPONYMS OF THE FERGANA VALLEY
ФЕРГАНА 0P00HYHYH ТОПОНИМДЕРИНДЕ В ТОПОНИМАХ ФЕРГАНСКОЙ ДОЛИНЫ
Мусаев Давлатбек
Мусаев Даелатбек Musaev Davlatbek
Улук окутуу, Андижан мамлекеттик университети
Старший преподаватель, Андижанский государственныйуниверситет Senior lecturer, Andijan State University
Чыгыш таануунун маселелери, №1/2023
IN THE TOPONYMS OF THE FERGANA VALLEY
Annotation
The prosperous village built in this land has identified cities, districts, regions and lands, and called them by their names, which correspond to their unique nature, population and lifestyle, as well as the appearance of the places where they live. For example, on the world map and globes, the largest continent in terms of the Earth's surface is marked as 'Osiyo' or 'Asia', and its central part is marked as Central Asia. Our country, which is famous in the world as Uzbekistan, has long been located in the central region of Central Asia.
Keywords: Macrotoponym, toponym, Asia, Central Asia, Os, Az, Iya, Iyo, Fergana, harxona, parkhana, Fragana, Faragana, Dayyuan, Dovan, Khushkad, Khushkand, Ershi, Axsi.
ФЕРГАНА вРввНУНУН ТОПОНИМДЕРИНДЕ Аннотация
Бул жерге курулган берекелуу айыл шаарларды, райондорду, аймактарды, жерлерди, жерлерди аныктап, алардын езгече жаратылышына, калкына, жашоо образына, жашаган жеринин сырткы керунушуне дал келген аттары менен атаган. Мисалы, дуйнелук картада жана глобустарда жердин бети боюнча эц чоц континент Азия же Азия, ал эми борбордук белугу Борбордук Азия деп белгиленген. взбекстан деген ат менен дуйнеге таанымал елкебуз эбак эле Борбор Азиянын борбордук челкемунде жайгашкан.
В ТОПОНИМАХ ФЕРГАНСКОЙДОЛИНЫ Аннотация
Зажиточный поселок, построенный на этой земле, обозначил города, районы, районы, земли и угодья и назвал их своими именами, которые соответствуют их уникальной природе, населению и образу жизни, а также внешнему виду мест, где они живут. Например, на карте мира и глобусах самый большой по площади земной поверхности континент обозначен как Азия или Азия, а его центральная часть отмечена как Средняя Азия. Наша страна, известная в мире как Узбекистан, издавна располагалась в центральном регионе Средней Азии.
Ачкыч свздвр: макротопоним, топоним, Азия, Азия, Орто Азия, Ос, Аз, Ия, Иё, Фергана, хархона, паркхана, Фрагана, Фарагана, Дайюан, Дован, Хушкад, Хушканд, Эрши, Акси.
Ключевые слова: Макротопоним, топоним, Азия, Азия, Средняя Азия, Ос, Аз, Ия, Иё, Фергана, хархона, пархана, Фрагана, Фарагана, Дайюань, Дован, Хушкад, Хушканд, Ерши, Ахси.
Introduction
Man came into the world and recognized his mind, trying to know the world and to understand himself in comparison to it. After all, he had a certain understanding of the various mysterious phenomena that take place in nature and the forces that drive them, as well as the consequences of life, and after trying to find some practical means and try to use them as much as possible. Such a vital passion, no doubt, first of all motivated a person to determine the place where his umbilical cord blood was shed - the Motherland. Then he identified the prosperous villages, towns, districts, regions, lands built in this sacred land and called them by names that correspond to their unique nature, population and the way of life and the places where they live. For example, on a world map and globe, the largest continent in terms of surface area is Asia or Asia, and its central part is Central Asia. Our country, which is famous in the world as Uzbekistan, has long been located in the central region of Central Asia [1,77].
If the above-mentioned Asian, Asian, and Central Asian macrotoponyms are phonetically analyzed, each of these lexemes is divided into two separate independent syllables. Their first paragraph is represented by separate lexemes in the pronunciation of "os" or "az", and the second paragraph is pronounced "iyo" or "iya". The terms "os" and "az", in turn, can be interpreted as the basis of the macrotoponym, ie the substrate, and the phrases in the second syllable in the forms "iyo" and "iya" as the noun-forming suffix, ie morpheme of the toponym. In this interpretation, the terms "os" and "az" define the meaning of the macrotoponym and embody its historical geographical appearance, while compound morphemes such as "iyo" or "iya" indicate that the macrotoponym is a geographical location or region. If some of these initial ideas and comments are broadly interpreted from a historical point of view, the process of formation of the Asian macrotoponym will become clearer. There is no doubt that in the past, ancient ancestors such as the Sak, Scythians, or Massagets, who formed Asia or Central Asia on the basis of 'os' or 'az' and their combination, assimilated the land and honored it with its name.
Nevertheless, the historically huge country is honored with the names of Asia and Asia on the basis of what factors in life. The relief of Asia, which was formed on the basis of the most complex stages of development that took place over millions of years in ancient times, has changed several times since then. Although its nature has adapted to it to a great extent, and all its creatures have settled in the form of new species, the reflection of its ancient historical landscape on its overgrown surface has been somewhat sealed in some oronyms and hydronyms. For example, the Turan lowland, which lies in the central part of Central Asia; in ancient times the Great Steppe, then the Flat Steppe - the Steppe Kipchak; Yassi - Ahmad Yassavi's hometown (Turkestan); Peshkok - (now Bishkek) -water of meadows; Yassikul (now Issyk-Kul); Bare - open plains [1,78]. In terms such as gray land or reserve, not only some part of the landscape or water sources, but also their expressive forms, the ancient glare of the Central Asian surface is reflected in a unique image.
At the stage when the most complex natural geography of Central Asia was formed, man did not live in the river valleys at all. In the vast steppes and lowlands of Asia, nomadic pastoralism has developed and a vast country with separate pastures has been created.
The river valleys were turned into pastures, and villages and fortresses were built. They have a very diverse population of farmers and artisans. Both productive farms and rural communities and nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoral tribes have established economic and cultural ties, and trade relations have been stabilized, such as the exchange of products. It is known from the linguistic bases
Hbisbim maanyyuyH Macenenepu, №1/2023
of some settlements that the cattle-breeding tribes in northern Asia from the 2nd to the 1st millennium BC were mainly Turkic-speaking and the ancient Otrok communities living in its south and southwest were Persian-Iranian. Turkic tribes and clans have their origins - ongon-totems: "az", "ash", "os", "uz", "uz", "ush" and "mang" (thousand). rural communities, on the other hand, in the form of analysis of the natural features of their settlements, such as the Bakhtar-Akar (foot) water; Sogdian -towards goru-gut (ungur); Surkhan - red (muddy) river; Khorezm - khush - is expressed in the form of names such as good (mustahdam) fortified lands [4, 20].
Evidence of the earliest nomenclature of the most ancient lands and districts marked on a geographical map of Asia. In the process of defining the territorial boundaries of settlements and the strict settlement of well-known names, cognate horses as a name-forming morpheme formed well-known names in the form of the main basis of macro and microtoponyms.
In the second half of the second millennium BC and the first half of the first millennium BC, animal husbandry expanded. It is divided into three independent branches: cattle-breeding, horse-breeding and sheep-breeding, and consists of professional branches in animal husbandry. As a result, in the eastern part of the vast grassland, mainly in the eastern part of the country, there are large herds of cattle (cows, oxen and buffaloes), and in the western part, almost annual herds (horses, tulpars and argumaks). and goats) grazed. The three categories of the Otrok population are called by the same names as "os", "az" and "mang" or "thousand" [4, 31]. Phrases such as "iyo" and "iya" meaning "guest" are attached to these professional horses, and the names of summer camps in the pastures of landowners are marked. As a result, the eastern part of the largest continent on the globe is called "Asia", meaning the land of the Assyrians, and the western part is called by two forms of macrotoponyms, meaning "Asia" or the land of the Assyrians. Due to the fact that the pastures in the south-eastern part of Asia are mainly grazed by sheep-mang herds, this region is called "Manglu", ie pasture for sheep and goats. Later, the area from Asia to the south of the Amu Darya, which occupied most of the Assyrians, became known as Khorasan (Kharosan), which means the Great Assyrians, and the lands of the Saks, who settled in southeastern Iran, as Sakistan (now Seyistan).
The names of places mentioned in the pages of history are undoubtedly directly related to the image of the ancient ancestors who lived centuries before the formation of fraternal peoples and were the first to name this land and do good deeds such as its beautification.
In summary, the evidence from the sources suggests that Asia and Asia are concentrated in its central part. The landscape of Central Asia is an eternal symbol of great power, and the names of historically famous cities of the great continent symbolize the blessed, blessed honor of human life.
Fergana is a valley famous in history as the pearl of the Turkestan-Uzbekistan land, which is the name of a beautiful basin built by Andijan, Namangan and Fergana regions in this beautiful country.
The Fergana Valley, which stretches for about 300 km from west to east and 150 km wide, is bounded on the north, on the north-east by Qurama and Chatkol, on the east by Fergana and on the south by Alay mountain ranges. The world's longest (2,220 km) wetland Syrdarya, the historic Sayhun, flows through the confluence of the Naryn and Karadarya rivers [3, 54].
The landscape of the valley is formed from the mountain ridges surrounding the valley and the tributaries of the rivers and streams flowing from them.
Archaeological excavations have revealed that this land has been inhabited by humans since ancient times. 3-3.5 thousand years ago, the creation of farms, animal husbandry and handicrafts, which idolized the life of mankind, radically changed the way of life and labor. First settlements, then villages and towns were built. Agricultural oases and cattle-breeding lands were formed, and districts, regions and countries were formed.
The rise and naming of historical sites such as Andijan, Izbaskan, Margilan, Namangan, Fergana, Kuva and Kokand, along with all the villages and towns that have been important in the Fergana Valley in the past, is undoubtedly due to the hard work and intelligence of its people over the centuries. harmonized with the nature and qualities of the structures. Historical sources give various narrations and legends about the origin of the term "Fergana" and its meaning. For example, in the book "History of Fergana" by the historian of Turakurgan Ishakhan Junaydullohoja oglu Ibrat, it is said that during the reign of Alexander the Great, Fergana was founded by a man named Bahodir. He took people from every household in every city and placed them in this area. Therefore, this place was first called "harxona", then "parxona" and "pargana", and later became known as "Fergana". According to the book "Ajoyib ul-buldon", most of Fergana was built during the reign of the Sassanid ruler Khisrav Anushirvan (Nushirvan) (531-579) [3,67]. The place names mentioned in such narrations and their meanings are, without a doubt, merely the etymology of the people.
Fergana is one of the most ancient historical names. This toponym was first mentioned as a country name in the Sogdian documents of the VIII century, in the books of Tarihi Tabari, Hudud ul-Alam and in the works of Arab geographers Ibn Khawkal, Istakhri, Muqaddas and Samani. Researchers of Sogdian documents have found that the ancient form of this hydrotoponym was "Fragana" or "Faragana". Atokli ethnologist orientalist M.S. According to Andreev, the term is pronounced in Persian-Tajik as "parkan or parkana", which means "closed valley". In the works of medieval Arab authors, it is recorded in the form of "Fergana", ie "Valley".
In ancient and medieval Chinese chronicles, the term Fergana was translated into Chinese as "Dayuan" and later abbreviated as "Davan". Chinese scholar A. Abdurasul's son and A. According to the Khojaevs, the term meant not only the names of the country or city, but also the state and its rulers. For example, the term "Dayyuan" means "Great Buston"; "Dayyuan Gu" - "Fergana State"; "Yuancheng" means "Yuan city" and "Yuanwan cheng" means "royal residence, ie the capital city".
A. According to Khodjaev, the hieroglyphs "da", "day" or - "dat" mean "big, great, huge", and "Yuan", "Yun" and "Yu" - "basin surrounded by mountains and hills". According to Chinese written sources, the territory of the Fergana Valley in ancient times was 10,000 li (500 km) long and was surrounded on four sides by mountains. So, according to Chinese sources, the term "Yuan" is Fergana, and the term "Dayuan" is spelled "Greater Fergana" in two ways [2, 112].
The capital of Fergana, Khushkand, written in Chinese chronicles in the form of Ershi, was destroyed by the Chinese emperor in 104-102 BC, and the capital was moved to Guyshan, or Kawabat-Kaybod (Quva). These terms meant the ruler's residence, ie the capital.
The ruins of this historic city have been preserved to the present day. This archeological monument is called Old Axis. Excavations and excavations have been carried out in the ruins of Axsikat since the 1960s. As a result, the long-running controversy over the location of the capital of the Fergana state has been clarified. The hypotheses of the researchers on the issue of "Ershi" -
Чыгыш таануунун маселелери, №1/2023
"Akhsi" and "Gushan" - "Kuva", which expressed their views and opinions in this regard, were confirmed by the compatibility of toponymic, linguistic and historical research. Yuanchen -Toponyms in the forms Khushkat, Axsikat and Kawabat were popular in the past with the qualities of 'good, delicate and beautiful'. This means that the Fergana Valley and its capitals are known in history as "the delicate cities of the beautiful valley."
References
1. Валидий. A. 3. Некоторые данные по истории Ферганы XVIII столетия. - Тошкент, 1916.
2. Заднепровский.Ю.ДревнеземледельческаякультураФерганы. -Москва, 1962.
3. Матбобоев. Б. Машрабов. 3. Андижон тарихи. - Тошкент, 2014.
4. Мухдммаджонов. А. Тарих фалсафаси маънавият кузгуси. -Тошкент, 2011.
5. Шамсиддин Камолиддин. Урта Осиёнинг кддимги туркий топонимияси. - Тошкент, 2006.
6. Каримова, Д.Ш. Некоторые комментарии к языковым и неязыковым средствам категорий "уважение", "достоинство", "признание", "поминовение", "прославление" и "почесть" в концепции "смерть" в узбекском языке / Д.Ш. Каримова // Вестник Ошского государственного университета. - 2021. - Т. 4, № 4. - С. 182-187. - DOI 10.52754/16947452 2021 4 4 182. - EDN: CRYAFX.
