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PULSED KGd(WO4)2 RAMAN LASER: TOWARDS EMISSION LINEWIDTH NARROWING
Savitski V.G.
Institute of Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom e-mail: vasili [email protected]
The linewidth of a KGd(WO4)2 pulsed Raman laser is analysed experimentally for different configurations of the Raman and pump resonators: with narrow and broadband pump emission profiles, with and without linewidth narrowing elements in the Raman laser resonator, with and without injection seeding into the Raman cavity. The benefits of a narrow linewidth pump source in combination with linewidth narrowing elements in the Raman laser cavity for the efficient linewidth narrowing of the Raman emission are explained. 20 kW peak-power pulses at 1156 nm with 0,43 cm-1 emission linewidth are demonstratedfrom an injection seeded KGWRaman laser.
Keywords: Raman laser, Q-switching, emission linewidth.
Introduction
High average power pulsed lasers with a narrow (ideally - transform-limited) emission linewidth are essential for LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) applications [1, 2]. For LIDAR, better range and velocity resolution require shorter pulses and narrower emission linewidths respectively [1]. Simultaneous shortening of laser pulse duration and narrowing of the corresponding emission linewidth require generation of transform-limited pulses. A system with a high signal to noise ratio requires high average power [1], and, hence, high pulse energies or repetition rates. Higher pulse energies are usually preferable since a high repetition rate limits the range of the LIDAR system [1].
Narrow linewidth high power lasers suitable for LIDAR applications are usually based on fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) technology [3-5]. On the other hand, conversion of the pump wavelength via stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) [6] in crystalline media adds more flexibility in terms of output wavelength [7-14]. However, less work has been reported on emission linewidth narrowing in solid-state (non-fiber) Raman lasers. To the best of our knowledge there is no research targeting Raman linewidth narrowing in solid-state Raman lasers emitting in pulsed regime.
Only recently, the effect of broadening of the fundamental emission linewidth on the effective Raman gain in Raman lasers was studied [15].
In this paper a proof of concept demonstration of a narrow linewidth crystalline Raman laser operating in pulsed mode with high peak power is reported. The effect of narrow linewidth injection seeding at the Raman laser wavelength on the performance of the Raman laser is studied.
Experimental setup
The Raman laser was built around a Ng-cut KGd(WO4)2 (KGW) crystal, giving a positive thermal lens [16, 17] which simplifies the Raman laser cavity design. The crystal was 30 mm in length. The end faces were anti-reflection (AR) coated for 1 and 1,15 ^m (R < 0,1 %). The source of fundamental laser emission was a diode side-pumped Nd:LiYF4 (Nd:YLF) module emitting at 1047 nm and described in detail in [14]. The Raman shift of 901 cm-1 (which corresponds to a shift of the fundamental wavelength from 1047 nm to 1156 nm) was selected by appropriate choice of the coatings of Raman laser mirrors. An intracavity Raman laser configuration [18-20], shown in Figure 1a, for wavelength conversion from 1 to 1,15 ^m was chosen.
The cavities of the Nd:YLF laser and the KGW Raman laser were coupled using dichroic mirrors (DM: highly reflective (HR) at 1,11,25 ^m, highly transmissive (HT) at 1 ^m). Mirrors M1 (radius of curvature (ROC) 500 mm, HR at 1 ^m) and M2 (plane, either HR at 1 ^m or
a Volume Bragg Grating (VBG, OptiGrate)) formed the cavity of the Nd:YLF laser, as shown in Figure 1a. The KGW Raman laser cavity was formed by the output coupler M3 (ROC 200 mm, reflectivity of 81 % at 1,15 ^m dichroic mirrors
DM and mirror M4 (ROC 250 mm, HR at 1,15 ^m). The total cavity length was 340 mm. The KGW crystal was wrapped into indium foil and mounted in a brass mount. No water-cooling was provided to the crystal.
Figure 1: a - The KGW Raman laser set-up. M1: HR@1047 nm, R0C=500 mm; M2: plane, HR@1047 nm or VBG; M3: R@1156 nm 81 %, R0C=200 mm; M4: HR@1156 nm, R0C=250 mm; DM: HR@1156 nm, HT@1047 nm; FP: Fabry-Perot etalon; b - Calculated double-pass transmittance (T2) of the FP as a function of wavelength
at the angle of incidence of 7°
The Nd:YLF laser cavity (the total length of 290 mm) was designed to be stable against a thermal lens in the Nd:YLF rod with a focal length of —150 mm or longer (the manufacturer specifies a focal length of -750 mm at maximum diode pump power), and, simultaneously, against a thermal lens in the KGW of 200 mm focal length or longer. The thermal lens in the KGW crystal results from the inelastic nature of Raman scattering [21]. Our calculations indicate that the main factor, influencing the fundamental (TEM00) mode size of 1047 nm field in the Nd:YLF and KGW crystals is the thermal lens in the KGW. When the focal length of the thermal lens in the KGW crystal increases from 200 to 1000 mm, the TEM00 beam radius of the 1047 nm field increases from 190 to 345 ^m in the Nd:YLF and decreases from 375 to 345 ^m in the KGW. The TEM00 beam radii of the 1156 nm field in the KGW crystal varies from 213 to 203 ^m when the focal length of thermal lens in the KGW crystal increases from 200 to 1000 mm.
The acousto-optic Q-switch (AOM) was 50 mm long and its faces were AR coated for 1047 nm (R < 0,2 %). The VBG had reflectivity of 99,9 % at the central wavelength of 1047,4 nm and reflectivity linewidth at full-width half-maximum (FMHW) of 0,29 nm. A 0,5 mm thick fused-silica Fabry-Perot (FP) etalon was inserted into the KGW Raman cavity during the experiments on linewidth
narrowing. Its angle with respect to the cavity axis was ~7° and was finely tuned to maximise the Raman laser output power. Transmittance of the etalon as a function of wavelength after double passing of the laser beam (T), which was calculated using the equation in [22] is shown in Figure 1b.
The narrow linewidth (< 4 MHz FWHM) dis-tributed-feedback (DFB) laser diode (Toptica photonics) emitted a single transverse and longitudinal mode at 1156,6 nm was used to injection-seed [23] the Raman laser via the reflection from the Fabry-Perot etalon. It has a maximum power of 12 mW (being attenuated down to 3 mW after passing through the isolator and waveplates, see Figure 1a), and could be tuned from 1155-1157 nm. Emission from this laser diode was launched into the Raman cavity via an optical isolator. Injection seeding was not attempted without the FP etalon as it provided the only way to inject the seed emission into the Raman cavity. Despite the fact that the calculated transmittance peak of the FP etalon is at 1156,6 nm (Figure 1a), about 2 % of the seed emission could still be injected into the Raman cavity thanks to some divergence of the beam.
Emission spectra were measured by the optical spectrum analyzer (OSA, Agilent 86142B). The FWHM linewidth of the seed emission was measured to be Avr = 0,06 nm (0,45 cm-1) and is instrument-limited by the spectral resolution of the
OSA. Therefore, the FWHM linewidths Av of the Raman and fundamental (1047 nm) emission presented below are obtained after deconvolution of the measured values Avm: Av = ^Av2 -Av2 , taking into account Gaussian shapes of the instrument-limited response and measured spectra.
Experimental results
The Q-switching repetition rate (frequency) of the Nd:YLF laser giving the highest Raman laser pulse energy was assessed first. The output pulses energies at 1047 nm and 1156 nm were measured for repetition rates between 1 and 10 kHz. The output at 1047 nm was measured without the KGW crystal in the cavity and with an output coupler reflectivity of 80 % (mirror M2 in Figure 1a). The output at 1156 nm was measured with the M2 mirror being HR@1047 nm. The Raman laser pulse energy was maximized at a Q-switching frequency of 2 kHz, as shown in Figure 2. All the results presented below were obtained at this frequency. The reduced pulse energy of the Nd:YLF laser at frequencies below ~3 kHz is probably due to either amplified spontaneous emission or parasitic lasing [24].
Figure 2 - Output energies of fundamental (1047 nm) and Raman (1156 nm) lasers as a function of Q-switching frequency
The performance of the KGW Raman laser was analyzed in five configurations:
i) No linewidth control of the fundamental or Raman emission (VBG-, FP-);
ii) Fundamental emission linewidth control with a VBG, no Raman emission linewidth narrowing (VBG+, FP-);
iii) No fundamental emission linewidth control, Raman emission linewidth control with an intracavity etalon (VBG-, FP+);
iv) Linewidth control of both the fundamental and Raman emission (VBG+, FP+);
v) Linewidth control of both the fundamental and Raman emission (VBG+, FP+), with additional injection seeding of the Raman laser.
The average output power of the KGW Raman laser as a function of diode pump power launched into the Nd:YLF laser module is shown in Figure 3 for all 5 configurations. The highest output power of 1500 mW (pulse energy of 0,75 mJ) was observed for configuration i) (VBG-, FP-). Optical damage of the dichroic mirrors, which occurred at Raman output energies of ~ 0,7-0,75 mJ, prevented any further increase in output power.
The slope efficiencies of the Raman laser with respect to incident diode laser pump power were estimated 3,3; 3,3; 3; 2,4; and 2,4 % for Raman laser configurations i) to v) respectively. These values are lower than for systems based on end-pumped neodymium lasers due to the side-pumping scheme of the Nd:YLF laser system used in this study. The corresponding Raman laser thresholds were 26, 35, 36, 35 and 33 W.
It should be noticed that the values of the diode pump powers are given based on the manufacturer's calibration of the diode pump power with respect to diode current, and could be slightly lower due to the ageing effect of the diodes. The output power of the KGW Raman laser in configuration v), with injection seeding, was consistently higher than that in configuration iv) (i.e. with the same linewidth narrowing elements but without injection seeding).
The linewidth of the 1156 nm emission mon-otonically decreased in moving from configuration i) to v), as shown in Figure 4.
The minimum Raman emission linewidth at the maximum pump power of 82,5 W was 0,06 nm (0,43 cm-1) for configuration v) with injection seeding. The corresponding Raman laser average output power was 1,33 W (pulse energy 0,67 mJ). This Raman laser linewidth was about 30 % narrower in comparison with the one measured for laser configuration iv), i.e. without injection seeding. Moreover, as it was already mentioned above, with the injection seeding the output power was higher (for ~ 5 %) than that in configuration iv) within the entire pump power range.
Figure 3 - Raman laser output power as functions of diode incident pump power for different cavity configurations
The 1156 nm Raman linewidth measurements together with those of the fundamental emission at 1047 nm are presented in Figure 4. The linewidth of the fundamental emission demonstrates some abnormality in its behavior: the linewidth goes up and down as a function on the diode pump power.
This can be due to a complex mechanism of formation and interplay of both Raman and fundamental emissions in resonators. However, a complex study of the dynamics of fundamental emission linewidth is beyond the scope of this paper.
When no special narrowing elements are put in both fundamental and Raman laser cavities, the Raman laser emission linewidth at Raman threshold is close to that of the fundamental emission (Figure 4a). The presence of the VBG in the fundamental laser cavity narrows the 1047 nm linewidth, as shown in Figure 4b. Raman emission linewidth demonstrates some narrowing with the FP element in the Raman resonator (Figure 4c), but substantial narrowing of the Raman emission linewidth is observed only in configurations iv) and v) (Figure 4d), when linewidth narrowing elements are present in both the fundamental and Raman laser cavities. The fundamental laser emission linewidth at 1047 nm for configuration v) (VBG+, FP+, with seed) was identical to that for configuration iv).
The wavelengths of the fundamental laser for the different configurations are shown in Figure 5a. The fundamental wavelength varied by 0,04-0,06 nm around the average value of ~ 1047,28 nm without the VBG and at ~ 1047,42 nm with the VBG element.
Figure 4 - Linewidths of fundamental and Raman laser emissions as function of incident diode pump power for
different cavity configurations
The presence of the VBG in the fundamental laser cavity (configuration ii)) does not stabilize the Raman wavelength either, as can be seen from Figure 5b, and the magnitude of the variation with the pump power was similar with and without the VBG (configuration i)). The only difference is the average wavelength: ~ 1156,35 nm for configuration i) and ~ 1156,6 for configuration ii), set by the Raman shift of the VBG defined fundamental wavelength. In all cases the Stokes shift between the fundamental and Raman wavelengths was ~ 901 cm-1. Improved stabilization of the Raman laser wavelength (0,01 nm around the average value of 1156,6 nm) is observed when the etalon (FP) is inserted into the Raman laser cavity (configurations ii)-v)), see Figure 5b.The pulse duration of the Raman laser output did not depend on the configuration, decreasing from 36 to 32 ns as the incident pump power increased from 35 to 85 W.
Figure 5 - Fundamental (a) and Raman (b) lasers wavelengths as functions of incident diode pump power for the different cavity configurations
Discussion
The presence of the VBG in the fundamental laser cavity moves the emission peak towards longer wavelengths, as shown in Figure 5a. The gain bandwidth in Nd:YLF crystal is ~ 1,35 nm [25, 26]. Therefore, it may be that the pulse energy at 1047 nm is lower with the VBG in the cavity due to a shift of the laser emission wavelength away from the Nd:YLF gain peak. Besides, the lower reflectivity of the VBG element (99,9 % at 1047 nm) compared to the HR mirror (< 99,99 %) is likely to have further decreased the intracavity pulse energy at 1047 nm wavelength. Lower pulse energy at 1047 nm for the same pump power is the main reason why the Raman laser threshold of 35 W in configuration ii) is higher than that in configuration i) (26 W), i.e. without VBG (Figure 3). The slope efficiency of the Raman laser, nevertheless, remains the same (3,3 %) as it is mainly determined by the Raman laser output coupler reflectivity and passive losses in the Raman cavity [27]. This in turn explains the slightly lower slope efficiency of 3 % and higher threshold (36 W) for the Raman laser in configuration iii) (VBG-, FP+), where the FP filter introduces additional losses to the Raman cavity. On the other hand, the fundamental cavity did not contain the VBG element in this case but the Raman threshold was ~ 38 % higher than that in the case of configuration i) (VBG-, FP-). This can be explained in addition by the stabilization of the Raman laser wavelength by the FP filter (see Figure 5b, black triangles), while the fundamental wavelength changes with the pump power (see Figure 5a, black triangles), thus inducing a reduction in the Raman gain in the Raman laser due to the mismatch of the fundamental and Raman wavelengths.
The lower Raman laser slope efficiency of 2,4 % for configurations iv) and v) (i.e. VBG+, FP+, with and without injection seeding) can be explained by the combined effect of the linewidth narrowing elements in both fundamental (VBG) and Raman (FP) cavities. The VBG reduces the intracavity pulse energy at the fundamental wavelength of 1047 nm, thus reducing the overall Raman gain in the Raman laser (which is proportional to a product of the Raman gain, pump intensity and the Raman crystal length [28]), while FP filter in the Raman cavity introduces additional losses for the Raman emission, similar to the configuration iii). The lower threshold of the Raman laser (33 W) in configuration v) (VBG+, FP+ with injection
seeding) compared to configuration iv) without seeding (35 W) results from the fact that the Raman field need no longer build up from noise [28]. Without the seed, the Raman noise originates from the spontaneous Raman scattering and its intensity is significantly lower than that of the seed.
The higher stability of the Raman wavelength in the configurations with the FP etalon (0,010,02 nm) in comparison with that without the etalon and only with the VBG in the fundamental laser cavity (0,06 nm), Figure 5b, can be explained by the narrower filter function of the FP than that of the VBG, and the higher sensitivity of the Raman laser to losses due to lower gain in comparison with the fundamental laser.
The theory of SRS [29-32] predicts that in the case of a single-mode (monochromatic) fundamental, where the fundamental linewidth is significantly narrower than the spontaneous Raman linewidth of a crystal (i.e. tends to zero), one should observe so-called gain-narrowing of the Raman laser linewidth with respect to the spontaneous Raman linewidth. This narrowing is inversely proportional to the square root of the fundamental intensity and can be as high as 6 at the threshold for SRS [28, 29, 33]. In contrast, when the fundamental linewidth is significantly broader than the spontaneous Raman linewidth of a crystal, the linewidth of the Stokes emission of the Raman laser will tend to be as broad as that of the fundamental [30, 34].
The latter case can be illustrated by a practical example [35] where intracavity pumping of a BaWO4 Raman crystal (with the narrow Raman linewidth of 1,6 cm-1) with a fundamental laser of linewidth of 1,77 cm-1 led to a Raman laser emission linewidth of 1,12 cm-1 at the Raman threshold (increasing to 3,74 cm-1 at higher pump powers).
The present experimental research deals with the intermediate case, when the pump linewidth is not significantly narrower than the Raman li-newidth (which is 5,4 cm-1 in KGW crystal at 901 cm-1 Raman frequency [36]). Experimental data indicate that in this case, when no special narrowing elements are put in both fundamental and Raman laser cavities, the Raman laser emission linewidth at Raman threshold is close to that of the fundamental emission (Figure 4a) similar to experimental results in [35]. Separate insertion of the emission linewidth narrowing element into either only the fundamental laser cavity or only the Raman laser cavity, in case of a KGW crystal, does not lead to any substantial narrowing of the Raman emission linewidth,
especially at pump powers above the threshold (Figure 4). The mechanism which allows the Raman laser linewidth to broaden in the presence of a broadband pump emission despite the presence of the FP etalon in the Raman cavity at high pump powers could be due to the broadening of the effective double-pass transmittance spectrum of the FP etalon (Figure 1b). This broadening will happen when the Raman laser starts to oscillate in multi-transverse mode regime at high pump powers, thus leading to increased angle of incident of the Raman beam into the FP etalon due to the increased divergence of the Raman laser beam. Raman laser in this case oscillate on adjacent etalon modes, corresponding to different angles of incident to the FP filter [37], which results in broadening of the Raman emission.
In the case of a KGW Raman crystal one should aim for linewidth narrowing elements being put into both fundamental and Raman laser cavities in order to observe substantial narrowing of the Raman laser emission, even at high pump powers. Locking of the Raman resonator oscillation frequency to that of the seed laser by controlling the resonator length would significantly narrow the Raman laser emission further.
Conclusion
The use of an Ng-cut KGW crystal in an in-tracavity pumped pulsed Raman laser was demonstrated. The peak power of the pulses was 20 kW and the emission linewidth was narrowed to 0,43 cm-1 at 1156 nm using linewidth narrowing elements in both the fundamental and Raman cavities as well as injection seeding of the Raman resonator. Linewidth narrowing of the Raman emission was studied for different configurations of both the fundamental and Raman cavities. The analysis performed shows that narrow linewidth emission in an intracavity pumped Raman laser can be achieved efficiently by the combination of narrow linewidth pump source and linewidth narrowing elements in the Raman laser cavity. Injection seeding of Raman cavity was shown to be an effective tool for further linewidth narrowing in pulsed Raman lasers analogous to solid-state ones.
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ИМПУЛЬСНЫЙ ВКР-ЛАЗЕР НА KGd(WO4)2: СУЖЕНИЕ ШИРИНЫ ЛИНИИ ИСПУСКАНИЯ
Савицкий В.Г.
Институт фотоники, университет Страфклайд, г. Глазго, Великобритания e-mail: [email protected]
Ширина линии испускания импульсного ВКР-лазера на KGd(WO4)2 экспериментально проанализирована для различных конфигураций резонаторов ВКР-лазера и лазера накачки: при узкой и широкой ширине линии испускания лазера накачки; в присутствии и отсутствии элементов, сужающих линию испускания, в резонаторе ВКР-лазера; в присутствии и отсутствии затравочного излучения в резонаторе ВКР-лазера. Объяснены преимущества использования лазера накачки с узкой шириной линии испускания в комбинации с элементами, сужающими линию испускания в резонаторе ВКР-лазера, для эффективного сужения ширины линии ВКР-излучения. Продемонстрированы импульсы с пиковой мощностью 20 кВт на длине волны 1156 нм с шириной линии излучения 0,43 см"1 в ВКР-лазере на кристалле KGW с затравочным излучением.
Ключевые слова: ВКР-лазер, модуляция добротности, ширина линии излучения.
Поступила в редакцию 09.10.2014.
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