CC BY
35
DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2017-11.60
IMPROVING QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ONIONS YIELDS IN MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTION SOIL WITH VARIOUS SOURCES OF POTASSIUM AND SULFUR
Astiningrum Murti*, Suprapto Agus, Historiawati
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tidar, Indonesia *E-mail: murti [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted on post-eruption land area near Mount Merapi in Central Java Indonesia with the addition of goat manure of 30 tons/ha using factorial experiment prepared in Randomized Block Design (RAKL), with two treatment factors, and the treatment was repeated three times. The first factor was the source of potassium: no potassium, KCl, KNO3. Second factor source was Sulfur: without sulfur, ZA, Petro-Cas. The data were analyzed by variance, if there is real difference followed by LSD test 1%. The results show that (1) Fertilization of KNO3 and ZA(NH4)2SO4 in onion plants shows the highest yield on fresh weight of onion tubers per clump and per square meter; (2) Fertilization of KNO3 without the addition of sulfur to obtain dry weight of the lowest weight of onion tubers per clump and per square meter; (3) Fertilization of KCl and ZA (NH4)2SO4 on onion plant causes the highest water content on dried onion tubers; and (4) Fertilization of KCl and Petro-Cas (CaSO4) 2H2O on onion plants yields the highest number of essential oil.
KEY WORDS
Onions, sulfur, potassium, yield, soil.
Production of food crops and horticulture is a primary need for the Indonesian society so that this is necessary to strived in order to meet domestic production. The conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural land, however, obviously reduces the planting area in Indonesia. Despite the Spatial Plan (RPLW) or a Regional Regulation occur in managing land use, including the land conversion, the decrease of planting area cannot be avoided due to vast national development. Therefore, one of possible effort is to improve the quality of existing agricultural land with a variety of engineering in order to produce food with a better quality and quantity, as well as with high economic value.
This study focuses on land near Sawangan sub-district, Central Java, affected by eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010. Most of the land has been reforested with various food crops and horticulture, but the production of food crops and horticulture grown by farmers has not been able to prosper their life; the more land are leased to seed entrepreneurs and farmers from outside the region. In order for the landowners to work on their land, special strategies are needed to obtain methods that can increase food production and selection of crops. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one type of commodity that has significance for the community, both seen from the economic value and nutritional content.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
The research was conducted in post-eruption land near Mount Merapi in Central Java with the addition of goat manure 30 tons/ha using factorial experiment prepared in Randomized Completely Randomized Block Design (RAKL) with two treatment factors, and the treatment was repeated three times. The factors were:
Factor 1: Potassium (K) source:
• K0: without potassium
• K1: KCl
• K2: KNO3
Factor 2: Sulfur (S) source:
• S0: without sulfur
• S1: ZA ( NH4)2SO4
• S2: Petro-Cas (CaSO4 )2H2O
Of the factors above, it was obtained nine combinations of treatments, each of which was repeated three times with the following scenario:
Yijk = U + Ak + Bi + Tj + Eijk
Where:
Yijk : observation score on the treatment number i and j and group to k;
U: general median;
Ak: the influence of treatment number k;
Bi : the influence of treatment number I;
Tj : the influence of treatment number j;
Eijk : trial error on the treatments of i, j, and group number k;
The data obtained were analyzed by using variance, and the treatment was continued to LSD if the significance level is 1%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows that the results of analysis of fertilization treatments from various sources of potassium and sulfur which do not show the difference on the parameters of both fresh weight and dry weight of tubers per square meter, fresh weight and dry weight per square meter, the essential oil content. On the other hand, the parameter of water content of dry onion tubers is very distinct on the block.
Table 1 - Analysis results of observation on onion plants
Observation parameters Block Treatments
1 Fresh weight of tuber per clump 1.1550ns 0.4690ns
2 Dry weight of stored onion tubers per clump 1.3060ns 0.7210ns
3 Fresh weight of tubers per square meter 1.7898ns 0.8112ns
4 Dry weight of stored onion tubers per square meter 2.3900ns 1.1180ns
5 Water content of dried tubers 4.0554 1.5612ns
6 Essential oil content of onions 1.411 ns 1.118 ns
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Figure 1 - Diagram of average weight of fresh onion tubers per clump
In Figure 1, the average weight of fresh onion tubers per clump on the treatment with K2S1 (the addition of KNO3 and ZA (NH4)2SO4) shows the highest yield, i.e. 36 grams.
Weight of fresh onion per clump
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
35,6
36
K0S0 K0S1 K0S2 K1S0 K1S1 K1S2 K2S0 K2S1 K2S2 Treatment
Similarly in Figure 2, the diagram of weight of fresh onion tubers per square meter, weighing 1,044.5 grams.
The high weight of fresh onion tubers on the K2S1 treatment is caused the nitrogen uptake in the form of nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4) from the treatment. Nitrate is the most preferred substance for most plant's growth. The ammonium uptake occurs best on neutral medium and decreases as the decreasing pH. On the other hand, nitrate uptake is faster at lower pH, and the higher uptake occurs if both N forms are in soil solution. The changes of nitrate into N form are reduced after being inside the plant tissue and require energy, and the energy conservation occurs during the absorption process of N as ammonium which is used in metabolic processes, including for ion absorption and plant growth, increasing the weight of fresh onion tubers either per clump or per square meter.
Fresh weight per meter square 1200 -
K0S0 K0S1 K0S2 K1S0 K1S1 K1S2 K2S0 K2S1 K2S2
Treatment
Figure 2 - Diagram of the average weight of fresh onion square meter
The sufficiency of potassium in plants will facilitate photosynthesis since the potassium in the plant body has some functions, namely: a) as an activator of some enzymes, b) related to the regulation of water and energy, c) playing a role in protein and starch synthesis, and d) photosynthate removal. Photosynthate as a result of photosynthesis will be transported from the leaf to the places where it is needed, either for the use or storage. The potassium element is essential in photosynthesis process as it is involved in the synthesis of ATP, the production in the activity of photosynthetic enzymes, the absorption of CO2 through the mouth of the leaves and maintaining the electrical balance during photophosphorylation in chloroplasts, besides potassium is also involved in transporting photosynthesis results from leaves through phloem to tissues of reproduction and storage organs (fruit, seeds, and tubers). In fruit and vegetable crops (oranges, bananas, tomatoes, potatoes, and onions), potassium supply can improve the size, color, taste and fruit skin, which is important for storage and transport, this also causes the addition of potassium from fertilization of KNO3 can increase fresh weight of onion tubers.
Plants with high sulfur content are legume and Lileaceae (including onions). Sulfur is an important constituent of all proteins, some plant hormones, vitamins and enzymes, oil-mustard glycosides and glutathione and essential for the formation of chlorophyll, so that the addition of sulfur can activate the process of photosynthesis, which in turn will increase the weight of onions either per clump or per square meter.
Figures 3 and 4 show that the treatments with K2S0 (with the addition of KNO3 without the addition of sulfur) obtained the lowest stored weight of dry onions, namely 16.375 grams per clump and 452.17 grams per square meter.
Weight of dry onion per clump
30,000 -27,985
K0S0 K0S1 K0S2 K1S0 K1S1 K1S2 K2S0 K2S1 K2S2
Treatment
Figure 3 - Diagram of the average of stored weight of dry onions per clump
Potassium heightens the movement of photosynthate out of the leaves to the roots, and it will increase the provision of energy for the root growth and the development of fruits in terms of size and quality. In addition, the provision of potassium in large number increases the amount of stomata per unit of leaf area. In short, the increased supply of potassium supported with the favorable moisture conditions will increase the opening of stomata, thus affecting photosynthesis which will ultimately boost adequate results.
Plants require sulfur as much as phosphate elements, about 0.1% to 0.5% distributed to all parts of the plant. High sulfur content can be found in plants that produce mustard oil with distinctive odors and flavors in plant species of the Cruciferae family, such as cabbage, cabbage and Lileaceae family plants, such as onions, garlic, and asparagus. Typical flavors and odors in both plant families are due to the presence of volatile S compounds. Even though the compound is not the constituent, S also affects the formation of chlorophyll and the synthesis of carbohydrates, so the S deficiency influences the color of the leaves (turning into yellow color) and the dry weight of the onions becomes lower.
Weight of dry onion per meter square 900 -
K0S0 K0S1 K0S2 K1S0 K1S1 K1S2 K2S0 K2S1 K2S2
Treatment
Figure 4 - Diagram of the average weight of dry onions per square meter
Figure 5 shows that treatment with K1S1 (with the addition of KCl and ZA (NH4)2SO4) affects the stored weight of dry onions tubers containing the highest water content of 90.51%.
Figure 5 - Diagram of water content in the stored dry onion tubers
Fertilization of N in the form of nitrate causes the absorption of Cl decreased since both are negative, while fertilization of N in the form of ammonium causes Cl uptake increasing. Chlor acts as a plant nutrient, Cl- ion has a role of protoplasm bubbling and increasing cell permeability. The role of cell turgor is almost the same as the K ion, which increases the osmoses pressure of the cell. Chlor also plays a role in the cell's water system, preventing unbalanced water loss and causing the addition of ammonium from ZA fertilizer plus KCl fertilization which cause an increase of Cl in plants and increase water content in onions.
Figure 6 shows that the treatment with K1S2 (with the addition of KCl and Petro-Cas (CaSO4)2H2O fertilizer on onion plants) yields the highest essential oil content (which is often called mustard oil) of 13.133%, which means there is an increase of more than 100% of essential oil content of the planted seeds (6.2%).
Loss of sulfur from the soil is partly due to overlapping as sulfate, especially on sandy soil. The land area used for the study is typical sandy soil that allows sulfate removal. Onion plants require considerable sulfur, comparable to phosphate requirements so as to be highly responsive to sulfur fertilization derived from Petro-Cas. This is indicated by the highest increase in essential oil content, and in accordance with the opinion of Havlin et al (2005) who states that the high S content found in plants produces mustard oil with distinctive smells and flavors.
Essential oil content
14,000 -
12,000 -
10,000 -
§ 8,000 6,733
I 6,000
4,000 2,000 0,000
13,133
12,133
11,733
5,767
I
K0S0 K0S1 K0S2 K1S0 K1S1 K1S2 K2S0 K2S1 K2S2
Treatment
Figure 6 - Diagram of essential oil content in onion tubers (%)
The roles of sulfur in plant growth and metabolism are namely (1) for the synthesis of amino acids containing S, such as Cystine, Cysteine and Methonine and also for protein synthesis, so that S deficiency can lead to inhibition of protein preparation, which is amino acids; (2) activating certain proteolytic enzymes such as papainase, papain, bromelin and ficin; (3) being part of certain vitamins, coenzym A and glutathione; (4) increasing in-plant oil content such as soybeans; and (5) also available in oils of some plans such as spices and onions (Havlin et al, 2005).
CONCLUSION
Corroborating the analysis of all relevant parameters, it is concluded that: By looking at the analysis of all parameters, it is concluded:
Fertilization of KNO3 and ZA (NH4)2SO4 in onion plants shows the highest yield on fresh weight of onion tubers per clump and per square meter;
Fertilization of KNO3 without the addition of sulfur is to obtain the lowest dry weight of onion tubers, both in terms of weight per clump and per square meter;
Fertilization of KCl and ZA (NH4)2SO4 on onion plants causes the highest water content on dry weight of stored onion tubers; and
The fertilization of KCl and Petro-Cas (CaSO4)2H2O on onion plants yields the highest essential oil.
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