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6ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
IMPROVEMENT OF THERMAL CRACKING UNITS OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS
Abubakarova Zareta Shaaevna
candidate of technique, associate professor, Chechen State Pedagogical Institute Grozny
СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ УСТАНОВОК ТЕРМИЧЕСКОГО КРЕКИНГА РАЗЛИЧНЫХ СИСТЕМ
Абубакарова Зарета Шааевна, кандидат технических наук, доцент, Чеченский государственный педагогический институт, г. Грозный ABSTRACT
The article presents a theoretical study of thermal cracking in Russia shows that the development of the automotive industry the basic directions of development of oil refining. Given analytical characterization of the most important of pilot crackers
Key words: gasoline; cracking distillate; thermal cracking; oil products. АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье представлены материалы теоретического обоснования термического крекинга в России, показано, что развитие автомобильной промышленности определило основное направление развития нефтепереработки. Дана аналитическая характеристика наиболее важных опытно-промышленных крекинг-установок. Ключевые слова: бензин; крекинг-дистиллят; термический крекинг; нефтепродукты.
The basis Back in 1911 russian engineer S.k. Kvitko filed an application by which it June 30, 1912 has been given a privilege for No. 21963 "Way of making gasoline and other oil products, oil residue".
Cracking installation Kvitko was a many-cubed battery, continuous working under pressure with the use of recycled raw materials and heat recovery. This was the scheme, which took the average between the steam and liquid thermal cracking techniques. Installing Kvitko technical principles put it, was to install continuous G.v. Alekseeva.
Mountain Department released in 1917 funds and approved the project for the construction of the Baku-cracking plant by S.k. Kvitko under his leadership. However, the author's death and the subsequent political developments overshadowed the introduction of domestic industry in the cracking process.
In 1924 "Azneft" in Baku began design and construction of the first Russian cracking installation of Kvitko.
At the same time "Azneft" making to Soviet assumed privilege S.k. Kvitko No. 21963 on Soviet patent, under the same name and with the same content as was described in the old privileges was issued April 30, 1925 No. 211 addressed to the author's heirs.
Installation system for cracking of petroleum products in the original form in which was designed by the firm, was commissioned July 19, 1927.
January 26, 1929 the start was carried out on the road, on the right of the section. Uninterrupted period of work amounted to 13 days when skipping around 130 tones of fuel oil per day for the Surakhani method return cracking, again through recycling of about 40% of phlegm on one fuel oil. Thus, through the furnace of all raw materials saw about 170180 tons per day. Depth cracking was 25-26% of the gasoline distillate.
Technological scheme of the installation in relation to the introduction of separate cracking evolved. Three sections
of fresh raw materials-cracking black solar, getting as a byproduct the cracking gas oil. Cracking-gas oil, in turn, has been separately again cracking at the fourth section. When cracking was not recycling, phlegm and mucus secondary cracking here appearing to drop in.
The rapid growth of the cracking production in 1930-ies in the USSR, demanded a detailed study of the various ways cracking to determine further development in the field of oil refining. At that time, construction proceeded through liquid-phase cracking, working at high pressure-from 40 to 50 at and at temperatures of up to 490° c. In the same vapor-phase cracking had done too little. Was only the first Soviet installation of vapor-phase cracking of Shukhov.
Given the importance of the development problems of vapor-phase cracking in the Soviet Union, 1931-1932 in Grozny were carried out experiments on cracking in the vapour phase at Vickers in the factory. Cracking was kerosene distillate, obtained at the Winkler-Koha as phlegm from evaporating and phlegm from the distillation column installation Jenkins.
We will stop only on the details that distinguish groz-nensky installation from Baku. The product groznensky oven was as follows: raw materials were reported in the top row of the upper section of the pipe, after which, it was reported in the top row of the middle section; from the penultimate series final, it was in the lower range of the lower section, took place from the bottom up, the bottom row in the lower section, it should come from the bottom up, then the bottom row, middle section and from there went into the reaction Chamber. The second distinctive ability of the furnace was the presence of Grozny air channels in the hearth furnace for cooling; they were made after becoming experience excessive heating hearth and bottom of side walls. Finally, the third difference was slightly greater length, and hence the greater the length of the pipes.
Installation worked roughly the same temperature conditions.
Cracking installation of three dual-Jenkins units were purchased for the contract agreement at the end of 1928, the "Amtorgom" of the American company "Grever Corporation". One of them was put into Grozny in 1930, to process 90 thousand tones of crude oil a year, and the other two are Azneftu in Batumi. Cracking: on installations of Jenkins was in a mixed (vapor-liquid) phase at temperatures of 415-420° c and a pressure of from 8 to 12 at with continuous withdrawal of vaporous products of cracking reactions that differed from the typical liquid-phase systems.
Installation has two significant differences from related systems: 1) to the cracking raw add calcium hydroxide and 2) raw materials in cracking the cube was subjected to forced circulation under the influence of the propeller in the cube. These features significantly have extended life cycle of the installation.
The cycle of installations with cracking oil ranged from 3 to 6 days and on the treatment of Coke have gone up to 5 days. Thus, a useful use of equipment amounted to 45-59%. Since downtime for cleaning of coke in addition to a reduction of the target product required additional labour costs, air, vapor and etcetera, it becomes clear that such work was done noekonomichna.
The American firm Winkler-Koh in 1927-1928 Gg. a cracking, which is different from the Vickers system, lacks the unheated reaction Chamber, which was replaced by a large number of tubes in ovens dedicated to the special reaction unit (the so-called sokking-section).
The advantage of the latter is that the speed of movement of the product in the pipes is so great that formed part of the coke deposited on the walls of pipes to a lesser degree than in the reaction Chamber, and go with the product in the expansion Chamber (evaparator), from where Coke along with cracking-residue is removed continuously. In practice, a single tube cameras do, and combined it with an oven to heat the product, consequently extending the coil furnaces.
The main features of the installation were: cracking the distillate of raw materials derived from oil residue in the plant using thermal pairs-distillates and waste heat cracking. Then extension reaction chamber inner tube the reaction Chamber, the heated flue gases in the furnace, determined the nature of the insulated cracking in contrast to the adia-batic process of the extension reaction cells, resulting in the possibility of the device sokinga.
In addition to these basic fundamental signs, installing Winkler-Koha the best characterized as constructive and technological design, making the installation independent of the quality of raw materials and very flexible.
It's been a great progress in the technique of cracking process. It was very important that the installation was not patented. This led to the purchase of equipment.
In 1935, the "Nefteproekt" ("Grozgiproneftehim") was developed by the technological scheme of dvuhpecnogo cracking on the time represented a major step forward in the improvement of domestic krekingov. Seeking to ease the task of constructing new cracking plants, "Nefteproekt" used much of the basic equipment installations Winkler-Koha by entering some additions and changes.
for the design of a new type of cracking -"Nefteproektom" is guided by the following changes:
- increased productivity by increasing the size of the installation of equipment and the thermal power furnaces;
- introduction of the principle of separation of cracking light and heavy materials;
- availability of flashing for a more complete selection of distillates from cracking-residue, to receive the remainder of all qualities;
- reduction of fuel consumption through the use of heat. The first two-stove cracking installation (No. 13) was
built in Grozny cracking plant and commissioned August 7, 1936.
Unlike the cracking installation Winkler-Koha installations of two-stove cracking light oil cracking was introduced. Cracking part of the installation was technologically is specified with a press of the distillate and the absorption of the gas. The installation of stabilization to significantly reduce losses during storage and transport, the press of distillate in the dissolved gas and part easily volatile gasoline hydrocarbons are removed from the physical stabilization. For stabilization of recoverable heat phlegm used columns No 2 own cracking installation.
Thus, recreated the complete historical painting origin, formation and improvement of installations, thermal cracking of experimental-industrial installation. Kvitko (1925) to two-stove installations of system "Nefteproekt". Of the items purchased abroad during the industrialization of the economy the cracking plants best were the installation of Winkler-Koch. Volume cracking with launch of these installations has increased 2.3 times.
Volume cracking with launch of these installations has increased 2.3 times. Experience of installation, start-up and operation played a major role in the subsequent development of domestic industrial design of the cracking process.
Analysis of the development of the thermal cracking had shown that a large role in the improvement of the cracking units, increasing their productivity, improving the quality of products has been manufacturing innovative creative enthusiasm of Stakhanov movement.
References
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3. Kvitko S.v.//Russ. Privilege No. 21963 (1912, Appl., 1911).
4. Kostrin K.//Oil. -1930. No. 7-8. -P. 12-15.
5. Parkhomenko I.//Oil industry. -1950. - No.9. -P. 53-59.
6. Seals I.//Azerbaijan Proces. Hawes. -1926. No. 10. -P. 29-31.
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