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0лов Е.В., Бурков Н.В., Осипенко Г.Е. Заявка: 2012115070/13, 16.04.2012; МПК В02С13/14; опубл. 20.12.2012. Бюл. № ? Заявитель и Патентообладатель(и): Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Южно-Российский государственный университет экономики и сервиса» (ФГБОУ ВПО «ЮРГУЭС»).
11. Пат. на полезную модель №122912. Российская Федерация. Двухдвигательный двухкаскадный измельчитель динамического самоизмельчения. Заявка: 2012124859/13, 14.06.2012. МПК В02С13/14 / Дровников А.Н., Остановский А. А, Никитин Е. В., Маслов Е. В., Бурков Н. В., Агафонов И. Н., Туркеничева Л. А. / Заявитель и Патентообладатель: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Южно - Российский государственный университет экономики и сервиса» (ФГБОУ ВПО «ЮРГУЭС»); опубл.
20.12.2012, Бюл. №17
12. Пат. на изобретение № 2577631. МПК В02С13/14 . заявка: 2014144581/13, 05.11.2014, Остановский А. А., Дровников А. Н., Маслов Е. В., Диброва Г. Д, Мицик М.Ф., Осипенко Л. А., Лозовой А.В. Патентообладатель : федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Донской государственный технический университет» (ДГТУ) ; опубл. 20.03. 2016. Бюл. №8. - 4с.
13. Классификация вертикальных мельниц динамического самоизмельчения как основа создания измельчительного оборудования нового поколения. Дровников А. Н., Оста-новский А. А., Маслов Е. В. «Известия высших учебных заведений. Северо-Кавказский регион», № 6. декабрь 2014 . С. - 12-17 .
Piskunov I.V.
PhD student, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas,
LITASCO SA
Glagoleva O.F.
Doctor of Technical science, professor, Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas
Vrzi M.
ISAB refinery.
IMPROVEMENT OF REFINERY PROFITABILITY BY SYNERGY WITH
COLLOIDAL CHEMISTRY SCIENCE
ABSTRACT
Article is dedicated to the issues of crude oil blending. Blending of components in optimum concentration, utilization of effective additives and reasonable treatment can regulate balance ofintermolecular interactions and give a stable mix with maximum distillate yields. Otherwise crude blending in non-optimum proportions can cause incompatibility problems. Correlation ofphysical-chemical properties of crude oil blends and distillates yields vs component content is not linear and has polyextreme form due to impact of colloidal disperse structure.
Keywords: Crude oil, crude oil blending, colloidal chemistry, oil disperse systems, intermolecular interaction, crude incompatibility, optimization of colloidal structure.
Crude oil is a complex multicomponent and multiphase mixture, which include more than one thousand of different chemical compounds. The whole of their chemical properties, structure, intensity of intermolecular interaction in combination with particular environmental conditions determines macroscopic phisico-chemical properties of each unique sample. These systems stay in a delicate balance and in some cases even slight external influence (like change of temperature, pressure, blending) can change properties dramatically. It was defined that reorganizations of the matter starts from molecules - in "micro world", where alteration of bonds intensity, regrouping lead to evident change of matter properties. "If you want to understand function, study structure" - said Francis Crick, a Nobel laureate who discovered structure of DNA, and it is also applicable for crude oils. So and purposeful management of intermolecular interactions (as per conception of nanotechnology) can allow to regulate properties of the matters with minimal energy consumption. The bright peculiarity of oil systems is their polymicrodispersity. Microscopic size of disperse particles in crude oil (1-100 nm) give them high dispersity and surface area, that causes strong influence of surface phenomena to the total properties of matter and high sensibility to the external factors
[1].
These phenomena are in the area of interest of scientific and pedagogical school founded in 70th by professor Z.I. Syunyaev on the Refining technology department of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas. He dedicated his life to the colloidal sciences and had been widely regarded as one of the pioneers in dealing with petroleum systems using colloidal dispersion concept [2]. His theories were based mainly on ideas of academician P. A. Rebinder - inventor of new part of science - "physical-chemical mechanics", and studies of L.G. Gurvich (1920) and M.M. Kusakov (1935), where oils were described as colloidal systems with variable properties dependent on external parameters. Syunyaev initiated research related to analysis and regulation of intermolecular interaction, dispersity and dependent properties in order to influence the results of the processes of preparation and processing of crude oil, as well as the quality of the products.
Under his leadership has been collected big amount of experimental material confirming nonlinear behavior of the oil systems at mixing as well as under the influence of external factors - additives, electric and magnetic fields, ultrasound, etc. He created a theory of "controlled phase transitions" and
concept of "physical-chemical technology of oil processing". According to this theory technological processes and products qualities can be optimized via influence to genesis and kinetics of development of new phases (vapor bubbles, solid crystals and etc.) and phase transitions during technological processes -preparation, transportation, blending, refining of crude oils and
products.
Blending of crude oils and products can lead to both desirable and undesirable effects, wherein some properties may be changed according to additive rule, however most of the parameters varies nonlinearly. This applies to viscosity, rheological properties, stability, distillate yields, etc. (chart 1).
55 SO 45 40
Actual
calculated
■2,2%
20 AO 60
Content of frudfi B, %
BO
74 72 70 63 66
100
Actual /'
calculated
20 AO 60
Content of trmfe K
30
100
Chart 1. Example of non-lenear correlation between distillate yields and component content.[3].
Bright example of undesirable effects are incompatibility issues, that can take a form of "shrinkage effect" or in case of significant incompatibility - as colloidal instability, phase separation (stratification), deposits of asphaltenes. Except for processes based on separation (dewatering, deasphalting, separation) it can have a negative consciences or even can be dangerous for refinery due to: generalized fouling,
plugging of pipelines, preheater trains of heat exchangers and bottom of distillation columns,
desalters upsets with entrainment of oil and solids into brine water with consequent overload of water waste treatment systems,
difficulties to meet HFT specification in the fuel oil formulated with visbreaker tar.
Ultimately this can be a reason of unplanned shut down of units with significant economic and environmental damage.
From colloidal chemistry point of view incompatibility issues suggests that structure of oil disperse systems became non-optimal. This limits the potential of raw materials, reduces the yields of distillates, degrades the quality of the products due to lack of separation, reduces the depth of refining. Part of the light distillates (7-8%) can entrained in heavy oil, part of the vacuum distillates (10-12%) - in the tar [3].
Problem of crude oil incompatibility is becoming increasingly important due to the growing interest in processing of non-standard opportunistic crudes. First of all this concerns the high viscosity heavy oil, shale oil, natural bitumen, diluted bitumen (DilBit, SynBit), etc. [4]. Their deposits are giant and 5-6 times exceed available resources of traditional crudes. Main reserves are concentrated in Canada, Venezuela and Russia [5]. Opportunistic crudes usually can have high density and asphaltene content, high sulfur, high content of heavy paraffins, metals (Va, Ni, Ca), TAN and etc. This leads to their low stability for sedimentation, poor distillates content, high corrosion activity and toxic effect to the catalyst. All of these limits their application - generally processing is possible only when diluted
Several methods of crude oil mi)
in a mixture with conventional oils, under rigorous control to the process and in the presence of anti-corrosion additives. An important criterion for the admissibility of their processing is also reasonable level of refinery flexibility with a high capacity of conversion and hydrogenation units and a large capacity of tank farm.
From economical point of view opportunistic crudes are interesting for processing due to big price discount (up to -10$/ bbl vs standard grade) that are proposed on the market for their low quality. And since purchases of oil reach for about 85% of all refinery costs [6], reduction of oil prices can significantly improve the economic efficiency of asset (by additional +1-2$/ bbl of processes feed).
The mixing causes a change in the structure of the colloidal oil that can lead to unexpected effects. For example, when mixing light paraffinic oil (like CPC, Tengiz, etc.) or condensates with heavy oils (Basrah heavy) or residual M100 in certain proportions can be observed precipitation of asphaltene. According to the concepts of «oil disperse systems», stated by Z.I. Syunyaev [7], an increase in the content of paraffinic hydrocarbons results in worse solubility of asphaltene in dispersion medium, reduction of solvate layer thickness and asphaltene aggregation into supramolecular structures that eventually finishes with their flocculation and sedimentation. An important role is also played by the conditions of the mixing process, velocity, sequence of additivation and etc.
Review of the literature showed that there are many different methods to estimate the propensity oil mixture to the incompatibility. Mainly they can be divided into experimental methods based on titration of oils with precipitators of asphaltenes, and calculated - according to the component composition (Table 1). Also there is a method of indirect estimation of stability, based on the determination of optimal and non-optimal states of systems by identifying extreme values of express physico-chemical properties (viscosity, optical and electrical properties, etc.), according to the concept of «Physico-Chemical Technology of crude oil «[7].
Table 1
s incompatibility assessment [8-10].
Parameter / analysis Method Criteria of compati-bility Criteria of incompatibility
Spot method Visually (ASTM 4740-02, OST 31.27.03-95) Regular spot Spot bundle on multiple rings
SBN - «solubility blending number», IN - « insolubilityblending number» Oil + toluene + + n-heptane titration (SBN)BLEND < (IN)MAX *
notes:
* (SBN)BLEND = X(Vi SBN i) / £(Vi); (IN)MAX - max from IN of components; ** %Asph - content of Asphaltenes, %Res - Resins, %Sat - Saturates, %Ar - Aromatics;
e - the dielectric constant of component.
ASI - «Asphaltene Stability Index» Oil + n-pentene titration (by the graph of the absorption of infrared radiation) > 2,5 0 - 1,5
P-value oil + xylol (4:1, 4:2, 4:3) + n-heptane titration > 4 < 2
Toluene equivalent Oil + toluene (1:5) + n-heptane titration
Xylene equivalent Oil + xylol (1:5) + n-heptane titration
Rate «Asph/Resins» calc: =(% Asphaltenes A(**))/ (% Resins) > 0,35
FI - «Fouling Index» calc: =(% Aromatics A(**))/ (% Asphaltenes) < 15 - 17
Ic (or CII) - «Colloidal Instability Index» calc: =(%Asph.+%Satur. A(**))/(%Resins+%Arom.) < 0,7 > 0,9
«New colloidal Instability Index» (%Asph-eAasp+%Sat.-eAS A ( * * ) ) / (%Res-eAres+%Arom-eAArom ) < 0,9 > 1,0
SP - «Solvent power»;CSP -«Critical Solvent Power» n-heptane titration + calc. via avr boiling point SPBLEND > 1,15-CSPMAX
RIN - relative instability index; RCS - relative chemical stability index Oil + n-heptane titration, comparison with etalon crude.
As the issue of the crude incompatibility is becoming more urgent because of the variety of composition and properties of oils and raw materials, requirement for their mixing and regulation of colloidal-chemical properties, work in this direction is ongoing. Nonlinear behavior of oil disperse systems, the unique properties of each batch of raw materials does not allow to develop any complete model of mixing and behavior and requires a more universal approach. This complicates the process of the refinery production planning, which is currently widely used methods of linear programming (LP).
The colloidal disperse structure and properties plays also an important role in the production of black products, mainly fuel oils. Major factors here are feed slate and feed quality (crudes), used solvents (gasoil fractions, FCC components, etc.), as well as the severity of the unit (visbreaking, hydrocracking) [11]. Deviation of oil quality in terms of the stability vs standard specifications lead to significant discounts in product pricing.
This work should be continued not only in direction of establishment the most suitable criteria for forecasting of components incompatibility (for imposing restrictions on their processing), but also finding ways to improve the stability of the mixtures. One possible way to solve is to introduce aromatic additives - semifinished products (lube distillates and extracts, heavy FCC gasoils, etc.), surfactant and demulsifier additives for improvement the solubility of the dispersion medium with respect to asphaltene associates, to prevent asphaltene coalescence, facilitate their peptization and better dispersion in the system [1,3,7].
Resolving of incompatibilities issues will increase the potential for improving the efficiency of refineries by optimizing raw material colloidal structure. This can maximize the yields
of light and vacuum distillates above the values obtained by calculation on the additivity rule. It is necessary to continue research in this direction to improve knowledge of the impact of external influences on the oil system of a certain chemical and component composition, development of criteria of a scientific approach for solving specific problems that arise in the preparation of crudes and other raw material for the transportation, during processing, storage and use of oil disperse systems.
References
1. Safieva R.Z. Physicochemistry of crude oil. Physico-chemical bases of oil processing technology. - Moscow: Chimiya, 1998. (in Russian) - 448 p.
2. Sheu E. Y. Petroleum research - Past, Present and the Future // Phisical-chemical properties of oil disperse systems and oil and gas technologies, Izhevsk: Regular and chaotic dynamic, 2007. - 580 p.
3. Glagoleva O.F. PhD dissertation (Technology): Regulation of phases transitions in oil systems for improvement of "depths of refining" (on examples of distillations and coking processes) - Moscow, 1992. (in Russian). - 327 p.
4. Baker Petrolite. Planning ahead for effective canadian crude processing / Baker Petrolite. Sugar land, USA, 2010.
5. Petrukhina N.N. PhD dissertation (Technology): Regulation of component transformations in highviscous crude oil during their preparation for transport and processing -Moscow, 2014 (in Russian) - 2005 p.
6. Dion M. Challenges and Solutions for Processing Opportunity Crudes / M. Dion. Orlando, FL: GE Water & Process, 23-25 March, 2014, - 11 p.
7. Syunaev Z.I. Oil disperse systems - Moscow: Chimiya, 1990. (in Russian). - 226 p.
8. Evdokimov I.N. Problems of crude incompatibility on blending - Moscow: Gubkin state university, 2008 (in Russian) - 93 p.
9. Likhatsky V.V. PhD dissertation (Technology): Study of dielectrical and structural properties of asphaltenic disperse systems. - Moscow, 2010 (in Russian) - 108 p.
10. Wiehe I.A. Crude oil compatibility / I.A. Wiehe // Crude oil quality group meeting, Houston, October 2. 2003.
11. D. Stratiev. Impact of oil compatibility on quality of produced fuel oil during start-up operations of the new residue ebullated bed H-Oil hydrocracking unit in the LUKOIL Neftohim Burgas refinery / D. Stratiev, I. Shishkova, A. Nedelchev and oth. // Fuel Processing Technology, 143 (2016), pp 213-218.
Фионова Л.Р.
Профессор, декан факультета вычислительной техники, Пензенский государственный университет
КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТЬ ГОССЛУЖАЩИХ В ОБЛАСТИ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И ЕЁ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ДЛЯ
УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ОБУЧЕНИЕМ
COMPETENCE OF CIVIL SERVANTS IN THE FIELD OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS USING FOR TRAINING CONTROL
Fionova L.R., Professor, Dean of the faculty of computer engineering, Penza state University
АННОТАЦИЯ
Обосновывается необходимость освоения госслужащими новых информационных технологий (ИТ) для работы в электронном правительстве. Рассматривается программа подготовки по ИТ, реализованная в Пензенском госуниверситете. Описана структура образовательных результатов как набор компетенций. Введено понятие дорожной карты компетенции. Предложена модель компетентности обучаемого в виде модели предметной ИТ области. Описан компетентност-ный подход к управлению процессом обучения.
ABSTRACT
The necessity of development among the civil servants of new information technologies (it) to work in e-government is justified. The training program it implemented in Penza state University is discussed. The structure of educational results as a set of competencies is described. The notion of a roadmap of competence is proposed. The proposed model of student's competences as a model subject IT-region. Describes The competence approach to the management of the learning process is described.
Ключевые слова: информационные технологии, компетентность госслужащего, компетенция, результат обучения, модель компетентности, управление процессом обучения
Keywords: information technologies, the competence of civil servants, competence, training result, model of competence, control of training process
«Стратегия развития информационного общества в России» была сформулирована ещё в 2008 году [5]. В ней указаны цели, принципы и основные направления государственной политики в области использования и развития информационных и телекоммуникационных технологий, науки, образования и культуры для продвижения страны на пути к информационному обществу [4]. В период перехода к информационному обществу необходима подготовка госслужащих к быстрому восприятию и обработке больших объемов информации, овладению современными средствами, методами и технологией работы, современными информационными технологиями (ИТ). Только в этом случае можно обеспечить информационную открытость органов власти, перевод максимального количества электронных услуг в электронный вид и как итог обеспечить функционирование электронного правительства.
Любой госслужащий должен быть специалистом по информационному обеспечению управления. Он должен обладать профессиональной компетентностью. Причем в соответствии с Болонской декларацией вопрос о компетенциях и квалификациях - это вопрос о целях образования [1].
Компетентный госслужащий должен не только знать суть проблемы, над решением которой он работает, но и уметь решать ее практически, с применением действующей нормативной законодательной базы и наиболее подходящих ИТ. Он должен иметь представления: об информации, методах ее хранения, обработки и передачи, о правовом регули-
ровании отношений в сфере защиты информации [3].
Подготовка и повышение квалификации госслужащих по ИТ в Учебном плане Пензенского государственного университета базируется кроме [3,4,5] на следующих программных и нормативных документах:
1. Федеральный закон от 27.07.2010 г. № 210-ФЗ «Об организации предоставления государственных и муниципальных услуг»;
2. Федеральный закон от 06.04.2011 № 63-ФЗ «Об электронной подписи».
3. Постановление Правительства РФ от 08.09.2010 № 697 «О единой системе межведомственного электронного взаимодействия»;
4. Постановление Правительства РФ от 08.06.2011 № 451 «Об инфраструктуре, обеспечивающей информационно-технологическое взаимодействие информационных систем, используемых для предоставления государственных и муниципальных услуг в электронной форме»;
5. Постановление Правительства РФ от 07.07.2011 №
552 «О порядке предоставления федеральными органами исполнительной власти и государственными внебюджетными фондами доступа к своим информационным системам в части информации, необходимой для выпуска, выдачи и обслуживания универсальных электронных карт»;
6. Постановление Правительства РФ от 07.07.2011 №
553 «О порядке оформления и представления заявлений и иных документов, необходимых для предоставления госу-
