46ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
IMPROVEMENT OF CLASSIFICATION OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN MODERN UZBEK MORPHOLOGY
Fazliddin Galievich Sharipov
Gulistan State University
ABSTRACT
In this article, one of the most important issues in Uzbek linguistics is the different views of Uzbek scientists on the division of parts of words into categories. We witness the work of our scientists that scientific research has been carried out on the basis of the theme from simplicity to complexity in the separation of categories. It is recognized that the influence of European and Russian linguists on the improvement of Uzbek modern morphology and parts of speech is also significant. However, we can assume that the development of science as a result of the influence of fraternal and lateral languages has been a process that has been proven for several centuries.
Keywords: Parts of speech, lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, independent parts of speech, auxiliary parts of speech, separately derived parts of speech.
INTRODUCTION
Today, a new era in the study of the morphological system of the Uzbek language, that is, analysis and description based on the criterion of European linguistics, began in the second half of the 20th century, the first in this direction was the "Textbook the Chigatoy Language", published in German by Herman Wamberi, but its influence in the interpretation of the morphological system of the Uzbek, as in modern Uzbekistan has strong influence of Russia, criteria of German linguist had negative influence on interpretation of Uzbek morphological system.
Therefore, on the basis of the achievements of European linguistics in the morphological system of the Uzbek language, it is worthwhile to divide the interpretation into several internal stages, 1900-1924s, 1925-1940s, 1940-1990s, from 1990 to the present... So, each stage that is allocated has its own characteristics. In 1900-1924y, in the interpretation and description of the morphological system of the Uzbek language, two directions can be distinguished. The first one is devoted to the description of the morphological features of the Russian Turkologists in Uzbekistan, mainly in terms of linguistic features, in the XIV-XIX century Qarluq-based written
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
literary language - of nomadic inhabitants (according to the terminology of that period, sart, sort)., which continues the old Uzbek tradition, and aims the acquaintance of Russian speaking representative with local language [1;5]. We can bring as an example the work devoted to introductory work to the general features of Uzbek and military such as non-commissioned officer Efremov, researcher M.A.Terentev, V. Nalivkin, M. Nalivkina, N. Ostroumav, N. Budzinsky, P.E. Kuznesov, N.N. Pantusov.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
As an object of the research, there were selected scientific literature reflecting the scientific views of scientists of the European and Russian linguistics, their impact on Uzbek linguistics. In addition, we have presented the work of Uzbek scientists on improvement of classification of parts of speech in Uzbek modern morphology. In the light of the research topic, there were used the methods of describing, classifying, historical-comparative analysis methods.
In the introduction part of the article, we gave the results of the influence of European and Russian linguistics as a partial reference to Uzbek linguistics. The book "Uzbek linguistics", published in the 70-ies of the last century in Uzbek linguistics, is studied as part of the science of linguistics, and it is said that it examines the grammatic construction of the language. Because it examines the formal-grammatical sides of the word and sentence in each language - such problems as the change in the form of the word, the addition of words, different manifestations of word combinations, the means and structure, types of speech. But the term grammatics is also used in the sense of the grammatical construction of the language, which, when used in the next sense, expresses the object of verification of grammatics science. Language differences are reflected in its phonetic, lexical and grammatic structure, all form a single whole system, which means that the grammatic construction of language is associated with the phonetic construction of it and with its lexical system: the fact that the language consists of the integrity of interrelated parts is understood by the words in our language that is in contact with phonetics and it follows that all sides of the language are interrelated, mutually conditioned, and grammatic construction is felt to be part of the language system. In general, grammatics manifests itself in the function of the system is to form words, combines, the means of expressing their meanings.
Hence, the grammatic construction of each language has certain norms, laws. Indeed, in the Uzbek language: the coming of the attribute before the determination,
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
the absence of inversion in it, when the genitive and the attribute are in a distant state, the usual part of the sentence belongs to genitive, subordinate clause often comes before the main clause or the dominant in the main clause comes before element, the adaptation of the genitive and the attribute. Or in thinking through the language, in the phenomenon of communication-interference, in speech, language materials are used on the basis of the same laws, with which the realization of language, clear manifestations of the use of language, the formation of speech are indisputable. Because it is clear that the use of language, on the basis of principles, norms, there is in this language structure itself, rules, regulations are laid down in a certain order. For example, Мен бордим (I went). Бола югурди (A boy ran). Циз куйлади (A girl sang). Бедана сайради (quail piped). Фильм бошланди (A film started), are all the sentences regarded as sentences structured in a single rule — Model [3].
From the point of view of linguistics, we can see that there are similarities in the grammatic construction of many languages, but, on the other hand, there are also certain differences between languages that belong to the same family. Similarity in this is relatively noticeable in syntax, differentiation, and declension is considered strong in word forms.
Grammatics describes the laws, norms inherent in the grammatical construction of the language, examines its various features. For example, we can recall some phenomena related to the grammatic construction of the Uzbek language: subject as being in nominative (case), the adaptation in terms of a person (such as мен бораман (I will go), сен борасан (You will go), the inner harmony in the composition of words (coinciding in meaning, such compatibility, in general, in all languages will be: the laws of thought have an international character) - compatibility. For example - the word that receives - inqira affix means "weakness, lack, lowness from the norm" in the occurrence of the action, accordingly, this word semantically acquires unity with the words "sal", "bir oz" (a little, a few), respectively (such as ранги сал оцаринциради (the color slightly paled)), the word that receives -roq (-er, more) affix is also so (as such as ранги сал оцаринциради (the color slightly paled)), these can not be combined with a superimposing element of the type "Juda" ("Very"), because the inner side, does not correspond to the meaning. In the 54-55 pages of the book "Uzbek linguistics", the norms of the language's grammatical construction, as in the lexical and phonetic systems of the language, it is based on the fact that language changes and differs according to different periods of development. For example: 1. The main feature of the Navoi's period in the Uzbek language, in the old Uzbek language, -roq (-er, more) affix (also in the soft variant), was the meaning of
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
analogy, which was associated with the expansion (...барчадин яхшироцдир уаёт гули. Навоий... (better than all flowers of life. Navoi), in the Uzbek language of the present time, this suffix is characterized by a minus, denoting the weakness of the sign from the norm (ундан яхши: (better than that: the usual, comparative, relative excess of the sign, яхшироц (better): slightly better — the excess itself from the usual, weak from the norm: the meaning of "Insignificant"). 2. If the predicate is expressed by the verb in the passive voice, then the subject of the same sentence is represented by a word that denotes the logical object (the object of the action understood from that verb-predicate), then the logical subject, as a rule, is not expressed. Where it is necessary to represent a logical subject, the construction of the sentence goes from passive to active. In the modern Uzbek language there are several different ways of expressing a logical subject without changing the passive structure of the sentence. This phenomenon is one of the manifestations of the development of the sentence structure. 3. In the old Uzbek language -gu affix (with phonetic variants), can be seen in the phenomenon of indicating that the same word is an adverb, like to the noun -m,- ng. Like in the type Мен кургум (I want to see you). In such a construction of the sentence, such as -m,- ng affixes come in the function of the indicator of predictability (hence, possessive affix are genetically related to conjugation). This phenomena does not belong to the grammatical in the modern Uzbek. Like in complexes such as Кургим келди (I wanted to see), кургинг келди (You wanted to see) [3. p.54-55].
So the fact that the changes in the structure of the language over the years come across both in syntax and morphology is considered a natural process, confirms the idea that the structure of speech - the types of structure of speech - can have a different tone in relation to the periods of language development - "the history of language should give several definitions" [3. p.55].
1. In the old Uzbek language, бу сенинг (this is your) (in the current language: this is сени-ки (this is yours) type construction of the sentence is also met (in the current language, the indicator of the genitive case accent does not apply to the function -niki affix). 2. Personal pronouns in the old Uzbek language such as бирлан (with), учун (for) come sometimes with auxiliary elements, they usually used for genitive forms (сенинг бирлан (with you), сенинг учун for you. Compare with: сенингдек (like you)). These are applied in accordance with the current norms, in nominative case (сен билан (with you), сен учун (for you), сендек (like you)). The phonetic state of these pronouns in which the word is taken by alternating vowels also has a difference. In the old Uzbek language: ul (nominative case, singular) -alar
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
(nominative case, plural), andin (prepositional case), anga (instrumental case), anda (locative case) - in the modern Uzbek language: у (he/she), улар (they), ундан from him/her), унга (him/her), унда (him/his). 3. The old Uzbek type of "ва (and) - лекин (but)" does not apply in today's language poetry either (compare: sometimes in the form of "лекин-аммо" (but) is not met in the dialectal form). 4. The harmony of the instrument in the ancient language (-н with the indicator: кузун куриб - кузи билан куриб (seeing his/her eye - seeing in the eye...) in today's language is not meet. 5. Анинг бирла яяц келмиш (walking with him/her on foot) (in old Uzbek) - у билан яёв келган (walking with him/her on foot) (in modern Uzbek). 5. ^иёсланг: улчак -улчов). Compare: Compare: such changes are also met in the field of phonetics: фу:ло+д (from the original Tajik) is in the tone of пулат (steel) in the modern language, here it is unchanged, without taking into account the hard-softness, л is consonant: length of the vowels ф^ п ^ missing, it is у: ^ у, о: ^ а, д ^ т (but in the case of д^ т has difference: пулат — Ащад, цанд — цант) [3. P. 55].
It means that changes in language are realized on the basis of the object laws of the development of society, as a result of demand. Because the process of describing events, in connection with this, the structure, norms, rules of the current language, is associated with a historical approach to languages. Such an approach makes it possible to achieve "accurate, understandable and obvious the material and form of the mother tongue by observing the birth and evolutionary development" of language phenomena, "the identification of historical links" between phenomena, and this examination reveals new phenomena in the language, progress [3.p.56].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Each phenomenon of the language is associated with its, the sound side of the language, the sound representation of each grammatic phenomenon by the sound of grammaticism and phonetics' relationship: a) one of the characteristic signs of the sentence is that it has intonational endings b) the logical-grammatial integrity in syntagms and word combinations is also known from the intonational integrity inherent in this phenomenon; c) lexical emphasis gives gram predicts the other of the predicate; in words, through another-other suffocation of lexical unity, in some cases, under certain conditions, the meaning of the word, in which lexical-grammatical category it enters, and the type of morphemes in the suffix is differentiated. For example, йигитча (young man): when the root is in the last syllable— noun, here -cha affix means a diminutive: a young man: a person who is not married: when the root in this word is in the head syllable - an adverb, the affix -cha means an analogy.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
Guy: like a guy, as a guy. So in this place, the adverb with the noun through the lexical accent is different, etc.
Each word in the language is considered its lexical unit and is considered the basis of the doctrine of morphological and syntactic features of the word. Because the lexical-grammatical features, similarities of this word serve as the basis for the separation of groups, such as noun, verb. Another phenomenon is that the word enters into a relationship with another word in speech and is formed from the grammatically, enters a certain form in the combination, the material of word combinations, language and word combinations are words that have been learned over the years by our linguists. However, if these phenomena express the relationship of the grammatic construction of the language with the lexical, then the fact that the objects of lexical and grammatics are very close, the relationship between each other is determined by the norms of the language. So, despite the fact that the word is checked in lexicology, it is also related to mathematics with certain aspects, it is worthwhile if the word is evaluated as a unit of language in general.
Uzbek grammatics is the sum of the rules for word modification and word addition-combination of the language, it examines the forms of the word, the categories of words, the features of word combinations and sentence formation. The basement of the grammar is always shows that it consists of two parts - morphology and syntax, forming the doctrine of the parts of the speech and the sentence.
Hence, the object of morphology is the grammatic side of the word: it examines the word from the point of view of the grammatic system of the language: the morphemic structure of the word - morphemes, morphological categories, the system of forms of the word, the ways of the formation of word forms, means, the lexical-grammatic categories of words are reflected.The basis of morphology is the formation of a form in a broad sense, from the grammatical point of view it means that morphology is a grammatical doctrine of the word. And the basis of phonetics is formed by phonetic oppositions, such as vowel-consonant, sonorous-voiceless, the basis of morphology consists of oppositions that contradict each other, but are interconnected, conditioned gram.
In general, morphology and syntax are inextricably linked: the grammatic construction of the language is a holistic system, indicating the phraseology from morphology and syntactic phenomena, from which parts are interrelated, forming a single system, an phraseology. For example, words can be used in different forms, as a result of a syntactic feature, with the desire to interrelate: мактабнинг биноси (building of the school), мактабга бормоц (to go to school), мактабдан келмоц
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
(come from school). Such a form change is a whole system, each specific form of the word is evaluated as an appearance of the same system.
The close relationship of these two parts of speech grammatics is evident in many phenomena: a) their objects are close and related; b) the grammatic categories of words, there is a connection between the Word Series and the parts of speech the connection of the sentence and the word indicates the connection of morphology with the syntax; c) the methods of connecting words in the sentence; d) the form of the word (syntactic form)denotes its combination with another word, indicates the character of the same combination: the function of the word alternating vowels is syntactic, the same is the case with auxiliary and connecting consonants; d) the syntactic function of the word with the form substitution is interrelated; e) some word additions serve to indicate the form of the; z) with the nominative function of the word, we can see such aspects that the communicative functions of the language are inextricably linked.
In the book of the current Uzbek language (phonetics, lexicology, morphology), the analysis of the theoretical data for the separation of the parts of speech categories is carried out. Here originally "complex of independent and auxiliary words" [6. p.195] given the name of science, we can witness that in addition, the exclamations that make up a separate gang divided into pictorial and modal words.
Noun category refers to the categories of verbs from the categories of the adjective, the number, the verb most often encountered in the categories, as well as about the syntactic functions performed in the sentence. He also noted that in verbs there are categories of the most important of the categories of the person-number, division-without, time, declination, degree-style, transitive-transitive, personality-impersonation. And the adverb word category is analyzed by the fact that it denotes a characteristic sign of the adjective, does not accept derivative and conjugating suffixes such as adjectives, does not change, does not adapt to the word in which they are connected and does not manage them.
It is scientifically based on the fact that modal words, which express a different attitude to the opinion of the speaker, are expressed in the sentence with the help of nouns or pronouns after pronouns, assistants connecting words and phrases, additional meaning giving predicates and word form. Exclamation words last while giving in the style of emotion and command exclamation. Imitation learned the category known as words "imitating under the name of the illustrative word, as types like light and depicting actions". Another case is emphasized by the fact that the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
transfer of words from the category to the category occurs due to the need for speech.
In the book which was published in 1975 by U. Tursunov, J. Mukhtorov, Sh. Rahmatullaev "The current Uzbek literary language" is intended to be divided into groups depending on the meaning-grammatic signs of the word, and the series is divided into 5 groups: a) independent words; 2) auxiliary words; 3) modal words; 4) exclamation words; 5) imitation brings such types as words. The fact that the independent understands the meaning of words lesik, it is necessary to come up with the task of a sentence and indicate the number of the main signs of ownership of the features of word-building, form-building, word-changing, word-building.
In addition, Sh. Shoabdurakhmonov, M. Askarova, A. Khodiev, I. Rasulov, H. Doniyorovs in their textbook "The current Uzbek literary language", parts of the speech are divided into 12 types, independent words - noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb; auxiliary words - assistant, connecting, particles; in addition, we see that they are studied in the form of modal words, exclamation and imitation words.
In the book "Practicum of Uzbek language" [4], they divided the parts of the speech into four large groups and categories.
5. Independent words-noun, adjective, number, pronoun, adverb.
6. Auxiliary words-assistant, connecting, particle.
7. Exclamation and imitation words.
8. Modal words.
Words according to their morphological signs and syntactic function in the sentence, also interrelation is mentioned, expressing the concept of the predicate words - if there are categories of nouns-nouns, possessive, possessive, suffix, the action or circumstance is indicated by the fact that the words expressed have categories of transitive-transitive, declination, modern, person-suffix. Other words are given that they do not have such a feature.
Let's draw your attention to another textbook, A.Sadigov, A.Abduazizav, M. Irisqulov's textbook "Introduction to linguistics", published in 1981, is aimed at studying the vocabulary in comparison with other languages - English, German and French, with a greater emphasis on the essence.
It is noted that there are three legalities of distributing the parts of the words:
4. Categorical signs of the parts of words.
5. Principles of dividing of the parts of speech.
6. Parts of the words in different languages.
Man is accustomed to dividing all that he sees, hears and feels into groups of
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
types. Comparison is a basic method based on human experience. But one of the main conditions of separation into groups should be at least two things or subject to separation. So the thing is that in order to divide the subject, predicate into categories, it is necessary to be based on certain dimensions, conditions, criteria. Scientists have also found out the criteria, signs, the basis of which will be the basis for dividing words into categories into 3 types:
4. The period before structuralism.
5. The period of structuralism.
6. The period after structuralism.
After the emergence of a stream of structuralism in linguistics, up to 30th s the parts of speech divided the series by three main signs:
4. Lexical meaning of words.
5. Morphological signs of words, that is, the grammatical form of the word.
6. The syntactic function of words in a sentence.
In the book quoted Charles Frieze said that in English there are 4 independent, 15 auxiliary parts of speech.
In the middle of the last century, having studied the parts of the speech of all languages, he developed the categorical signs of the series:
e) the parts of speech are a semantic sign of the series;
f) morphological signs of the parts of speech;
d) the syntactic sign of the parts of speech;
h) word punctuation mark in the parts of speech.
When saying the semantic sign of the parts of speech, their generalized meaning (building intended for living); morphological sign - grammatic categories inherent in this or that word, forming a specific form of these words, the word substitutingiksalical morphemes; syntactic sign-the possibility of words to take communion with other words in the sentence, and when saying the word-building knowledge, it is understood that
The parts of speech firstly became independent and auxiliary words of two types. An independent word expresses a certain concept, denoting the name of a predicate, a sign, an action, in a sentence it becomes a part of speech. The auxiliary series of words does not express consciousness, but simply serves to establish the relationship of words in the sentence by expressing the grammatical meaning. So they differ in functional-grammatical signs. In auxiliary words, a sign of affinity for morphemes is a functional sign.
Published in 1992 year H. Abdurakhmanov, A. Rafiev, D. Shodmonkulovs
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ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
book "Practical grammar of the Uzbek language" emphasize that the adaptation of words to one common meaning, specific conjugation, form-building and the performance of the same syntactic functions of speech consists of independent, auxiliary and modal words, exclamation words, imitation words that do not fall into these two types.
Professor Yo. Tadjiev in his manual names "Uzbek morphemics", published in 1992, describes the grammatic construction of the language, which is divided into two parts, which he examines in terms of parts of speech, their concrete meanings and grammatic structure, as well as in terms of the exact connotation and grammatic structure of parts of speech and sentences [2].
It is said that the grammatic system of the linguistic language can always be checked from the point of view of the attitude of the word to another word, that is, if one part expresses the concept of a predicate, the other part expresses the concept of a sign, another action, quantity and so on. Again, it is emphasized that the state of entering words into a relationship with other words, that is, to evaluate the word categories, depending on their specific semantic-grammatical features.
Separate sphere grammatics says that the language, which is considered to be an attribute of linguistics, is also densely associated with the word-building system. This link is included in the list of such cases as word-building in the form of conjugation and composition, reduction, alternation of words, the loss of syntactic connection between the components (without knowing language), as well as the imperceptibility of the relationship between the parts of the word in the genitive case.
CONCLUSION
Well, the definition of morphology as a grammatical teaching about the word allows to include in the circle of the objects of its verification the division of words into lexical-grammatical categories - also the classification of words. The basis of the grammatic signs in the classification of words is clearly felt by the features of those groups. That is, if we take morphology in a narrow sense and look at it as a science about the system of word forms - paradigmatics, then this is evidenced by the fact that the sphere is limited.
We have compared the data from many scientific sources in the same field. In particular, in the textbooks "Practicum of Uzbek Grammar" and "Modern Uzbek language", we witnessed that scientific conclusions were given in this area. But for the prosperity of Uzbek linguistics, we tried to take into account the opinions of scientists conducting scientific research and make a comparative analysis. [1;2;5; 7]
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ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-455-465
in addition, the results of the influence of European and Russian linguists on the prosperity of Uzbek linguistics are also given in the introductory part of the article.
REFERENCES
1. Ashirboev S. From the history of studying the grammatical structure of the Uzbek language (according to the works of Russian Turkologists 1875-1917). Dissertation of the Candidate of Sciences. - Toshkent, 1975.
2.Tajiev Yo. Morphemic of the Uzbek language. Tashkent: Teacher, 1992.
3. Uzbek language grammatics.Tashkent: Science, 1976.
4. Practicum of Uzbek language. Tashkent: Teacher, 1981.
5. Fazylov E. I., Chichulina L. G. Russian Turkologists and Uzbek linguistics. Tashkent: Fan, 1979 - - p. 216;
6.The current Uzbek language. - Tashkent: Science, 1966.
7.Sharipov F. Attitude to the plural suffix in the Uzbek language. Bukhara. 2021
