27Original Scientific Paper UDC: 338.485:39(497.11)
338.48-611(497.11) 78.091.4(497.11) doi: 10.5937/menhottur2101073D
Impacts of the music festival Lovefest on the attitudes of the local population in Vrnjacka Banja
Natasa DordeviC1*, Milena Podovac1, Snezana Milicevic1, Dorde Stojanovic2
1 University ofKragujevac, Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia
2 Academy of Vocational Studies, College of Hotel Management, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract: The electronic music festival Lovefest, which has been held in Vrnjacka Banja since 2007, gathers a great number ofdomestic and international visitors. In addition to the positive impacts, which are primarily reflected in the generation of income that is important for the tourism economy and to the local population of Vrnjacka Banja, this event creates numerous negative impacts as well. The purpose ofthis study is to examine the differences in the local population's attitudes to the positive and the negative impacts of Lovefest based on their age, gender, educational level, occupation, and the relation between their job and tourism. To process the primary data descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, and ANOVA are used. The results indicate that the local population's attitudes to some positive and negative impacts of Lovefest differ regarding their socio-demographic characteristics.
Keywords: tourism impacts, local population, music festival, Lovefest, Vrnjacka Banja JEL classification: L83, Z30, Z32
Uticaji muzickog festivala Lovefest na stavove lokalnog stanovnistva Vrnjacke Banje
Sazetak: Festival elektronske muzike Lovefest odrzava se u Vrnjackoj Banji od 2007. godine i okuplja veliki broj domacih i medunarodnih posetilaca. Pored pozitivnih uticaja, koji se pre svega ogledaju u stvaranju prihoda vaznih za turisticka preduzeca i za lokalno stanovnistvo Vrnjacke Banje, ovaj dogadaj dovodi i do brojnih negativnih uticaja. Cilj ove studije je da utvrdi razlike u stavovima lokalnog stanovnistva prema pozitivnim, kao i negativnim uticajima Lovefest-a na osnovu starosti, pola, nivoa obrazovanja, zanimanja i na osnovu povezanosti njihovog posla sa turizmom. Za obradu primarnih podataka upotrebljene su deskriptivna statisticka analiza, t -test i ANOVA. Prema rezultatima studije, stavovi lokalnog stanovnistva o pojedinim pozitivnim i negativnim uticajima Lovefest-a razlikuju se u pogledu njihovih socio-demografskih karakteristika.
* natasa.djordjevic@kg.ac.rs
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http ://creativecommons .org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Kljucne reci: uticaji turizma, lokalno stanovnistvo, muzicki festival, Lovefest, Vrnjacka Banja
JEL klasifikacija: L83, Z30, Z32 1. Introduction
Managers in tourism try to make a positive destination image (Marie et al., 2020), and such actions must be constant and careful to reach the market value of a brand (Brzakovic et al., 2020). In order to attract more domestic and international tourists, many destinations organize festivals that represent their local traditional culture (Woosnam & Aleshinloye, 2018). According to Novello and Fernández (2016), the important role in increasing destination competitiveness has tourism festivals, as they are an important element of destination brand (Novakovic & Mandaric, 2019). However, Pranic et al. (2012) state that festivals in destinations bring positive and negative outcomes for the local community. Those impacts are linked and usually classified as economic, environmental, and socio-cultural (Mendes et al., 2017). Nevertheless, according to Woosnam et al. (2013), the socio-cultural impacts of festivals on host communities are ignored in scientific studies.
Since the sustainable development of tourism destinations depends on stakeholders' involvement and support, where the local population has an important role in tourism development (Lopez et al., 2018; Olya & Gavilyan, 2017; Podovac et al., 2019), this paper focuses on the impacts ofthe electronic music festival Lovefest (Lovefest) in Vrnjacka Banja and local population's attitudes towards them The aim is to determine the differences in the local population's attitudes to the positive and negative impacts of Lovefest based on their socio-demographic characteristics. Lovefest is a music festival organized by a group of local youth, aiming to promote the music, art, and urban culture ofyouth. It is held every summer for 3 day s in August in the park Jezero, Vrnjacka Banja, and has an average daily number of 20,000 visitors (Lovefest, 2020).
In view of the aim of the study, several hypotheses are set:
H: Based on the socio-democraphic characteristics there are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the impacts of Lovefest.
Hj: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the positive impacts of Lovefest, considering their gender.
H2: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the negative impacts of Lovefest, considering their gender.
H3: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the positive impacts of Lovefest, considering their age.
H4: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the negative impacts of Lovefest, considering their age.
H5: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the positive impacts of Lovefest, considering their education level.
H6: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the negative impacts of Lovefest, considering their education level.
H7: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the positive impacts of Lovefest, considering their occupation.
H8: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the negative impacts of Lovefest, considering their occupation.
H9: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the positive impacts of Lovefest, considering the relation between their job and tourism. H10: There are significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the negative impacts of Lovefest, considering the relation between their job and tourism.
2. Literature review
Tourism development can stimulate the local economy and local business (Lopez et al., 2018), i.e. can attract great investments and new business chances for the local market (Hernández & de la Santísima Trinidad Mercader, 2015; Pocuca & Matijasevic-Obradovic, 2020). Also, tourism has enabled the survival of the local population in small destinations (Vujko et al., 2021). On the other hand, tourism development and increased number of tourists can lead to higher prices ofproducts and services, create greater costs of living for the local population, increased crime and conflicts, as well as negative environmental impacts such as crowding and traffic jams, greater litter and waste, pollution ofwater and air, and deterioration ofnatural goods, and damaging natural landmarks (MacKenzie & Gannon, 2019; Rasoolimanesh & Jaffar, 2017; Zdravkovic & Pekovic, 2020). According to Fredline et al. (2003), the negative impacts of tourism usually cause some changes in the daily life of the local population (e.g. behaviors and their habits). There are also a lot ofnegative changes in the local culture (e.g. customs) and local population's beliefs due to tourism development (Brida et al., 2011; Yun & Zhang, 2017). Various studies showed that the local population's attitudes to tourism, and the local population's subjective well-being generally depend on the net benefit of tourism (cost and benefits difference) and on the even allocation of those benefits among the local population (Bimonte & D'Agostino, 2020).
In tourism development, the local population has a role of a crucial stakeholder. Their attitude towards tourism must be observed and taken into consideration while tourism planning because the local population's support for tourism development depends on it (Papastathopoulos et al., 2020). According to Olya and Gavilyan (2017), the extent of the local population's support for tourism depends on the balance between benefits and costs of tourism development. The same authors state that iftourism planners in destinations pay no attention to the local population's attitudes in making decisions probably the antagonistic attitudes and behavior towards tourism will emerge. Considering this, of great importance for tourism development is to know whether and how tourism impacts the well-being of the local population (Sharpley, 2014).
The local population's socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. age, gender, professional status, education, earnings) are usually used as determining factors ofthe local population's attitudes towards tourism development (Sinclair-Maragh, 2017). For instance, the study results of Papastathopoulos et al. (2020) indicate that age and length ofresidency do not have a significant influence on the local population's attitudes and their support for tourism, while nationality, education, and gender, have an effect on them. Alrwajfah et al. (2019) found that determining factors ofthe local population's attitudes towards tourism are their gender and distance from tourism zones. Some authors indicate that members of the local population who live near popular attractions have less favorable attitudes about tourism in a destination. According to Harrill (2004) negative attitudes of the local population on tourism are increased if their living area is close to the central tourism zones in the destinations. However, Haley et al. (2005) revealed that a more positive perception of tourism have members ofthe local population who live closer to the tourism zones. Regarding gender, Jani (2018) states that male members of the local population in Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, support tourism development more than females. Similarly, Nunkoo and Gursoy (2012) state that women support tourism less because they may have a negative perception of tourism. Regarding the age, some authors find that younger members of the local population in Kusadasi, Turkey, have more positive attitudes about tourism comparing to older members of the local population (Cavus & Tanrisevdi, 2003). Also, Bagri and Kala (2016) point out that because oftraditional understandings and unwillingness to accept social changes, older residents in India had more negative attitudes towards tourism development. Some prior
researches indicated that more educated residents have more positive attitudes and that they support more tourism development than lower educated residents (Long & Kayat, 2011; Tatoglu et al., 2002; Teye et al., 2002). Some studies have reported that the local population's attitudes towards tourism in a destination are affected by their length of residency. According to some authors, the local population tends to be less supportive of tourism and have negative attitudes towards it if they live for long in the destination (Banks, 2003; Haley et al., 2005).
Among numerous studies about impacts of tourism on the local population, the studies focusing on tourist events' impacts on the local population's attitudes have attracted special attention (Chen, 2011; Gursoy & Kendall, 2006; Weaver & Lawton, 2013). The results ofthe research by Milicevic et al. (2020) indicate that the local population has positive attitudes about tourism events, and their socio-demographic characteristics are not determining factors for their attitudes. According to Jackson (2008), tourism events may have economic and social benefits for the destination, which is why the local population generally s upports them The local population tends to tolerate the negative impacts of tourism events as long as the perceived benefits exceed them. According to Getz (2010), although tourism festivals have different sorts of impacts on tourism destinations and the local population, in scientific studies, economic impacts are the most observed ones. Especially this is the case in small destinations when a great number of visitors come when festivals occur.
3. Research methodology
In order to investigate the local population's attitudes towards the impacts of Lovefest the survey method is used. The questionnaire used in the survey is divided into two parts, where one part consists ofthe questions about the basic information of the respondents (gender, age, educational level, and occupation) as well as the question about the relation between their job and tourism. The next part consists of eighteen statements, which refer to the positive and negative impacts of Lovefest. Respondents used the Likert scale (1-strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree) to evaluate the degree of agreement with the proposed statements. The questionnaire was developed on the basis ofthe research with the purpose to analyze the influence of socio-demographic characteristics ofthe local population on their attitudes about the impacts of the Carnival of Vrnjci (Milicevic et al., 2020). Also, the authors based their research on similar empirical studies (Blesic et al., 2014a; Blesic et al., 2014b; Pivac et al., 2020; Tepavcevic et al., 2019).
The survey was conducted from August until September 2019. The questionnaire, made by Google questionnaire form, was sent in the electronic form to the respondents with residence on the territory of the Vrnjacka Banja municipality. The convenience sample is used. In order to provide a representative sample of respondents, who meet the defined criteria regarding the place ofresidence, a question of elimination character was set about whether the respondents live in the study area. In case the answer to this question was negative, the questionnaire was no longer available for completion. In this way, it was determined with certainty that the research sample consists of the local population of the mentioned municipality. A total of272 members of the local population completed the questionnaire.
The collected data were processed in the SPSS, version 26.0. The reliability analysis was performed by using the Cronbach's coefficient. Descriptive statistical analysis, t-test of independent samples, and analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) were used in the paper. In order to describe the research sample, descriptive statistical analysis was used (frequency and percentages). Measures of variability, from which the arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used to show the average scores ofthe respondents' answers and the average deviations ofthe respondents' answers from the arithmetic mean of the set. Using the t-test
and ANOVA, the statistically significant differences in local population's attitudes towards the positive, as well as to the negative impacts of Lovefest based on their age, gender, educational level, and occupation, and whether their job is tourism-related was examined.
4. Results
4.1. Sample description
Female respondents have a higher percentage share in the sample (62.5%) compared to male respondents (37.5%). The most represented respondents in the sample are aged 20-30 years (41.2%). According to the educational level, 35.3% of respondents had completed faculty. When asked about their occupation, 72.4% of respondents declared that they were employed. Out of the total number of respondents, 65.4% stated that their job was connected with tourism (Table 1).
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (n=272)
Variable N %
Gender
Male 102 37.5
Female 170 62.5
Age
20-30 112 41.2
31-40 91 33.5
41-50 47 17.3
51-60 16 5.9
> 60 6 2.2
Level of education
Secondary school 76 27.9
College 39 14.3
Faculty 96 35.3
M.Sc. 56 20.6
PhD 5 1.8
Occupation
Employed 197 72.4
Unemployed 32 11.8
Student 37 13.6
Retired 6 2.2
Tourism-related job
Yes 178 65.4
No 94 34.6
Total 272 100.0
Source: Author's research
The analysis of the reliability showed that the statements, that refer to the positive and negative impacts of Lovefest, are reliable. The obtained values are acceptable having in mind that they are greater than 0.7 (Pallant, 2009). The Cronbach's coefficient (a) is 0.918 for positive and 0.893 for negative impacts of Lovefest. Table 2 also shows the average values of respondents' responses to the positive and negative impacts of Lovefest. The average values of respondents' answers on positive impacts of Lovefest range from 2.91 for statement p-9: The location at which Lovefest is held is adequate to 4.19 for statement p-7:
Local population may have additional earnings due to Lovefest. The average values of respondents' answers on the negative impacts of Lovefest range from 3.10 for statements n-6: During Lovefest cultural and historical values ofthe destination are endangered and n-7: Lovefest affects the local population to change negatively their moral principles and behaviour, to 4.28 for statement n-4: Huge crowds in the whole destination occur during Lovefest (in restaurants, cafes, stores, markets, etc).
Table 2: Descriptive statistics for impacts of Lovefest and analysis of the questionnaire reliability
Statements - Positive impacts (p) Mean SD a
3.57 1.039 0.918
p-1 : Lovefest contributes to the destination having a rich and diverse tourism offer 3.24 1.460
p-2: Lovefest contributes to the local population to feel very proud 3.13 1.388
p-3: Lovefest contributes to a better image ofthe destination 3.81 1.362
p-4: Just like tourists and visitors, the local population also may be present and enjoy Lovefest 3.88 1.264
p-5: During the Lovefest, the local population have more opportunities for fun, as well as to meet and socialize with new people of different cultures 3.99 1.159
p-6: Lovefest brings opportunities for the local population to present and promote their talents (music, acting, art) 3.35 1.377
p-7: Local population may have additional earnings due to Lovefest 4.19 1.089
p-8: Lovefest brings economic utility to the local population 3.63 1.349
p-9: The location at which Lovefest is held is adequate 2.91 1.534
Statements - Negative impacts (n) Mean SD a
3.71 0.89 0.893
n-1: A huge number of Lovefest visitors annoy the local population 3.12 1.385
n-2: During Lovefest, huge traffic crowds are created and there are insufficient parking places in the destination 4.25 0.967
n-3: During Lovefest, the noise level is higher in the destination 4.24 1.048
n-4: Huge crowds in the whole destination occur during Lovefest (in restaurants, cafes, stores, markets, etc) 4.28 0.976
n-5: During Lovefest there is a huge waste throughout the destination and natural values are endangered 4.07 1.217
n-6: During Lovefest cultural and historical values ofthe destination are endangered 3.10 1.389
n-7: Lovefest affects the local population to change negatively their moral principles and behavior 3.10 1.302
n-8: Lovefest affects the growth in local population costs of living, because of increasing prices in the destination during the festival 3.75 1.256
n-9: Unlawful, immoral, and promiscuous activities occur during Lovefest 3.53 1.366
Source: Author's research
4.2. T-test results by gender and occupation of respondents
Differences between respondents' attitudes about the impacts of Lovefest considering their gender were examined by using the t-test. The results showed that there are significant differences in the responses ofrespondents of a different gender for the following po sitive impacts:p-4: Just like tourists and visitors, the local population also may be present and enjoy Lovefest; p-5: During the Lovefest, the local population have more opportunities for fun, as well as to meet and socialize with new people of different cultures and p-6: Lovefest brings opportunities for the local population to present and promote their talents (music, acting, art) at significance level p<0.05 (Table 3). It can be concluded that females rated higher positive impacts than male respondents. The results ofthe t-test pointed that there are no significant differences between respondents' attitudes with respect to gender about the negative impacts of Lovefest.
Table 3: Results of the t-test according to the gender of respondents
Positive impacts Arithmetic mean t-test
Male (n=102) Female (n=170)
P-1 3.13 3.31 0.330
P-2 3.04 3.18 0.431
P-3 3.64 3.91 0.126
p-4 3.67 4.01 0.032*
p-5 3.77 4.12 0.022*
p-6 3.04 3.54 0.004*
P-7 4.15 4.21 0.636
p-8 3.51 3.71 0.267
p-9 2.77 2.99 0.254
Note: * p<0.05
Source: Author's research
T-test was also used with the aim of comparing the arithmetic value of respondents' answers depending on the relation between their job with tourism about the positive and negative impacts of Lovefest. The applied statistical analysis indicated that there are statistically significant differences in the respondents' answers according to the relation of their job with tourism for statement p-7: Local population may have additional earnings due to Lovefest at significance level p<0.05. This statement is rated higher by the respondents whose job is tourism-related (Table 4). When it comes to the negative impacts of Lovefest, according to the t-test there are no significant differences in the attitudes of respondents depending on the relation of their job to tourism.
Table 4: Results of the t-test according to the relation between the job of respondents and tourism
Positive impacts Arithmetic mean Relation between the job of respondents and tourism t-test
Yes (n=178) No (n=94)
P-1 3.33 3.07 0.177
P-2 3.21 2.97 0.176
P-3 3.79 3.83 0.829
P-4 3.90 3.83 0.644
P-5 4.08 3.83 0.092
P-6 3.39 3.29 0.568
P-7 4.29 4.00 0.039*
P-8 3.74 3.44 0.094
P-9 2.99 2.76 0.222
Note: * p<0.05
Source: Author's research
4.3. Results of ANOVA and discussion
ANOVA was applied in order to analyze significant differences in respondents' attitudes about the impacts of Lovefest. The dependent variables are statements referring to the positive and negative impacts of Lovefest and the independent variables are socio -demographic characteristics of respondents (age, educational level, and occupation). Considering that the smaller number ofrespondents are represented in certain categories in the case of age, educational level and occupation, the analysis included those categories of respondents who have a percentage share in the sample of 10% and more. The results of ANOVA indicate that are no significant differences between the respondents' attitudes of different age about the positive impacts of Lovefest for any of the nine offered statements. The results of the applied statistical analysis indicated that there are significant differences in attitudes of the respondents of different age about the statements, which are related to the negative impacts of Lovefest for six out of nine statements at a significance level p<0.05 (Table 5).
Table 5: ANOVA according to the age of respondents
Negative impacts Middle value F p
group 1 (20-30) group 2 (31-40) group 3 (41-50)
n-1 3.51 2.78 2.96 7.751 0.001*
n-2 4.42 4.09 4.26 3.004 0.051
n-3 4.40 4.00 4.26 3.648 0.027*
n-4 4.45 4.11 4.28 2.983 0.052
n-5 4.37 3.88 3.85 5.392 0.005*
n-6 3.34 2.99 2.98 1.939 0.146
n-7 3.44 2.93 2.79 5.919 0.003*
n-8 4.01 3.62 3.55 3.439 0.034*
n-9 4.03 3.12 3.19 14.255 0.000*
Note: * p<0.05
Source: Author's research
Tukey post-hoc test is used in order to determine among which groups statistically significant differences exist. The results indicated that there are significant differences in attitudes of the respondents aged 20 to 30 and 31 to 40 for the statements: n-1: A huge number of Lovefest visitors annoy the local population (p=0.001<0.05); n-3: During Lovefest, the noise level is higher in the destination (p=0.021<0.05); n-5: During Lovefest there is a huge waste throughout the destination and natural values are endangered (p=0.011<0.05); n-7: Lovefest affects the local population to change negatively their moral principles and behavior (p=0.016<0.05); n-9: Unlawful, immoral, and promiscuous activities occur during Lovefest. (p=0.000<0.05). The results of Tukey post-hoc test showed that there are significant differences in attitudes ofthe respondents aged 20 to 30 and 41 to 50 for the statements: n-5: During Lovefest there is a huge waste throughout the destination and natural values are endangered (p=0.036<0.05); n-7: Lovefest affects the local population to change negatively their moral principles and behavior (p=0.011<0.05) and n-9: Unlawful, immoral, and promiscuous activities occur during Lovefest (p=0.001<0.05).
Table 6: ANOVA according to the educational level of respondents
Positive impacts Middle value F p
group 1 (Secondary school) group 2 (College) group 3 (Faculty) group 4 (M.Sc.)
P-1 3.49 3.38 3.02 3.20 1.611 0.187
p-2 3.54 3.10 2.89 3.04 3.413 0.018*
P-3 3.95 3.90 3.65 3.86 0.801 0.494
p-4 3.84 3.97 3.71 4.09 1.176 0.319
P-5 4.05 4.00 3.89 4.04 0.353 0.787
p-6 3.33 3.36 3.23 3.54 0.586 0.625
_p-7 4.28 4.15 4.15 4.14 0.254 0.859
p-8 3.86 3.54 3.54 3.61 0.903 0.440
p-9 3.24 2.72 2.91 2.73 1.584 0.194
Note: * p<0.05 Source: Author's research
Applying the mentioned analysis, it has been found that there are significant differences in the attitudes ofrespondents regarding their different educational levels for the statement p-2: Lovefest contributes to the local population to feel very proud at significance level p<0.05. It is determined that significant differences exist-in attitudes ofthe respondents who completed secondary school and those who completed faculty (p=0.011<0.05) (Table 6). According to the ANOVA results, there are no significant differences in the respondents' attitudes with respect to their educational levels when it comes to negative impacts of Lovefest for any of the nine offered statements.
Table 7: ANOVA according to the occupation of respondents
Positive impacts Middle value F p
group 1 (Employed) group 2 (Unemployed) group 3 (Student) group 4 (Retired)
n-1 3.06 3.03 3.70 2.17 3.530 0.031*
n-2 4.24 4.06 4.57 3.83 2.686 0.070
n-3 4.22 3.91 4.59 4.50 3.798 0.024*
n-4 4.31 3.88 4.49 4.00 3.759 0.025*
n-5 4.03 3.84 4.54 3.83 3.532 0.031*
n-6 3.02 3.03 3.70 2.50 3.864 0.022*
n-7 3.00 3.09 3.78 2.00 5.846 0.003*
n-8 3.66 3.69 4.30 3.33 4.084 0.018*
n-9 3.41 3.44 4.27 3.33 6.531 0.002*
Note: * p<0.05 Source: Author's research
The results of the ANOVA showed that occupation does not influence the respondents ' attitudes about the positive impacts ofLovefest. Using the mentioned analysis, it has been proved that there are significant differences in respondents ' attitudes of different occupation about statements, which are related to the negative impacts ofLovefest for eight out of nine statements at a significance level p<0.05 (Table 7). The Tukey post-hoc test indicated that there are significant differences in the attitudes of employed respondents and students for the following statements n-1: A huge number of Lovefest visitors annoy the local population (p=0.026<0.05); n-5: During Lovefest there is a huge waste throughout the destination and
natural values are endangered (p=0.046<0.05); n-6: During Lovefest cultural and historical values of the destination are endangered (p=0.017<0.05); n-7: Lovefest affects the local population to change negatively their moral principles and behavior (p=0.002<0.05) and n-8: Lovefest affects the growth in local population costs of living, because of increasing prices in the destination during the festival (p=0.001<0.05). The results of the mentioned test also showed there are significant differences in the attitudes of unemployed respondents and students for the following statements: n-3: During Lovefest, the noise level is higher in the destination (p=0.019<0.05); n-4: Huge crowds in the whole destination occur during Lovefest (in restaurants, cafes, stores, markets, etc) (p=0.025<0.05); n-5: During Lovefest there is a huge waste throughout the destination and natural values are endangered (p=0.045<0.05) and n-9: Unlawful, immoral, and promiscuous activities occur during Lovefest (p=0.029<0.05)
5. Discussion
So far, a large number of authors have examined the local population's attitudes about the tourism impacts in their researches (Bastias-Perez & Var, 1995; Dordevic & Milicevic, 2021; Eusebio et al., 2018; Gursoy & Kendall, 2006; Hadinejad et al., 2019; Ling et al., 2011; Milicevic et al., 2020; Woosnam et al., 2018). In the era of mass tourism, it is very important to analyze the local population's attitudes, bearing in mind that they are a very important interest group in tourism development. Also, the quality of the local population's life is greatly under the influence not only by the tourism development but also by the impacts that arise from it. Despite a large number of scientific researches on the local population's attitudes about positive and negative tourism impacts, this topic is still not sufficiently examined when it comes to spa destinations and music festivals. Therefore, the authors of this paper examined the local population's attitudes of the Vrnjacka Banja as one of the most visited spas in the Republic of Serbia where the Lovefest is held, according to its characteristics is not typical for this type of destination. The purpose of this paper was to determine the differences in the local population's attitudes towards the positive, as well as to the negative impacts of Lovefest based on their socio -demographic characteristics (gender, age, occupation, and education) and whether their job is tourism-related.
Referring to the research results, which were obtained with statistical processing of primary data, it can be concluded that the local population's attitudes to some positive and negative impacts of Lovefest differ regarding their socio-demographic characteristics. When it comes to the influence of gender on the local population's attitudes about the impacts of Lovefest, the statistically significant differences are present in only a few positive impacts of Lovefest whereby female respondents rated higher this impacts than male respondents. These results are inconsistent with the results obtained in the studies of Nunkoo and Gursoy (2012) and Jani (2018) who concluded that male members of the local population express a greater degree of agreement with the positive tourism impacts in relation to women. However, in some other studies, it has been established that women have more positive attitudes about tourism impacts (Sinclair-Maragh, 2017). Based on the research results, the hypotheses Hi and H2 have not been proven. Results of this study showed that members of the local population, whose job is tourism-related, expressed a greater degree of agreement with the statement that the local population may have additional earnings due to Lovefest compared to those who do not engage in a job related to tourism. Involvement of the local population in the tourism development through their job influence their attitudes about the tourism impacts as well as their support oftourism development (Yuan et al., 2019). Based on this study, H9 and H10 have not been proven.
When it comes to age, the obtained results showed the existence of statistically significant differences between local population's attitudes of different age about the six out of nine negative impacts of Lovefest, which are related to a huge number of visitors, the higher noise level, huge waste and natural values endangering, changes in moral principles and behaviour oflocal population higher costs ofliving and increased prices in the destination as well as to unlawful, immoral, and promiscuous activities in the destination. Some studies showed that the age of the local population influences their attitudes about tourism impacts (Bagri & Kala, 2016). Results of conducted research indicate that statistically significant differences are present in most cases between the local population's attitudes aged 20 to 30 and 31 to 40 as well between the local population's attitudes aged 20 to 30 and 41 to 50. The results ofthis study have not provided the support for hypothesis H3 while hypothesis H4 about the existence of the significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the negative impacts of Lovefest, considering their age has been proven. Some studies showed that educational level influences the local population's attitudes on the tourism impacts (Almeida-Garcia et al., 2016; Latkova & Vogt, 2012; Papastathopoulos et al., 2020). In this study, the authors concluded that educational level has an influence on the local population's attitudes towards the statement, which is related to the positive impact of the contribution of Lovefest to creating a sense of pride in the local population. This is very pronounced in the case ofthose who completed secondary school and those who completed faculty. Although, hypotheses H5 and H6 have not been proven. The most important conclusion of statistical analysis is that occupation influence the local population's attitudes about the negative impacts of Lovefest for seven out of nine statements. Significant differences exist in the attitudes of employed respondents and students as well as between the attitudes of unemployed respondents and students. One of the few studies, which included occupation as one ofthe socio-demographic characteristics, showed that occupation influences the local population's attitudes about tourism impacts (Foroni et al., 2019). Based on the results ofthis study, hypothesis H7 has notbeen proven but hypothesis H8 about the existence of the significant differences in the local population's attitudes towards the negative impacts ofLovefest considering their occupation has been supported by research results.
6. Conclusion
Tourism impacts have been one of the most represented topics in empirical researches for many years. Recognizing the important role of the local population in tourism development, it is necessary to examine their attitudes to tourism impacts. Bearing in mind that tourism creates a large number ofnegative impacts on the local community, the involvement of the local population in the tourism development can contribute to more intensive sustainable tourism and better quality oftheir life The purpose of this research was to examine if there are differences in the local population's attitudes towards positive and negative impacts of Lovefest, which is organized in Vrnjacka Banja, based on their age, gender, educational level, occupation, and the relation between their job and tourism. This research confirms that there are statistical differences in the local population's attitudes regarding certain positive and negative impacts of Lovefest based on their socio-demographic characteristics. Regarding some of the positive impacts ofLovefest, the local population's attitudes statistically differ concerning the local population's gender, their level of education and whether their job is tourism-related. When it comes to the negative impacts of Lovefest, the local population's attitudes differ regarding their age and occupation. Out of 10 special hypotheses, which were set in the paper, only two hypotheses were proved by the research results, while the others were rejected.
This research has certain limitations. Those are the small sample size, lack of interest of the local population to participate in the survey, and level of sample representativeness, considering the fact that a convenience sample is used in this study. Therefore, the period of conducting the data should be longer in future studies. In order to motivate the local population to participate, authors should use the combined method of data collection, which would involve the online distribution of questionnaires and the face -to-face technique. Future studies should look for statistical differences in their attitudes regarding their socio-demographic characteristics towards festival impacts, which should be presented, not only as positive and negative impacts but also as economic, environmental, and socio-cultural. The results ofthis study are of practical importance because they can be used by the festival management for future planning. Also, the results have practical implication for tourism destination management, because it gives the insights about the local population attitudes towards the impacts of Lovefest, that are generally part of overall tourism impacts in Vrnjacka Banja. Therefore, such insight s are crucial for developing and planing sustainable tourism strategies in Vrnjacka Banja. On the other hand, the scientific significance is that besides the economic impacts ofthe festival, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts are also included. Moreover, there have been no research studies on the festival impacts depending on the basic characteristics of the local population in spa destinations.
Acknowle dge me nt
The paper is the result ofthe research within Project no. III 46006 - "Sustainable agriculture and rural development in the function of accomplishing strategic objectives of the Republic of Serbia in the Danube region", financed by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
1. Almeida-García, F., Peláez-Fernández, M. Á., Balbuena-Vázquez, A., & Cortés-Macias, R. (2016). Residents' perceptions of tourism development in Benalmádena (Spain). Tourism Management, 54, 259-274. https://doi.org/10.10167j.tourman.2015.11.007
2. Alrwajfah, M. M., Almeida-García, F., & Cortés-Macías, R. (2019). Residents' perceptions and satisfaction toward tourism development: A case study of Petra Region, Jordan. Sustainability, 11(7), 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071907
3. Bagri, S. C., & Kala, D. (2016). Residents' attitudes toward tourism development and impacts in Koti-Kanasar, Indroli, Pattyur tourism circuit of Uttarakhand state, India. PASOS Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 14(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.25145Zj.pasos.2016.14.002
4. Banks, S. K. (2003). Tourism related impacts as perceived by three resident typology groups in San Pedro, Belize. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. North Carolina State University.
5. Bastias-Perez, P., & Var, T. (1995). Perceived impacts oftourismby residents. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 208-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)90067-5
6. Bimonte, S., & D'Agostino, A. (2020). Tourism development and residents' well-being: Comparing two seaside destinations in Italy. Tourism Economics, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620916962
7. Blesic, I., Pivac, T., Besermenji, S., Ivkov-Dzigurski, A., & Kosic, K. (2014a). Residents' attitudes and perception towards tourism development: A case study of rural tourism in Dragacevo, Serbia. Eastern European Countryside, 20(1), 151-165. https://doi.org/10.2478/eec-2014-0007
8. Blesic, I., Pivac, T., Dordevic, J., Stamenkovic, I., & Janicevic, S. (2014b). Cultural events as part of cultural tourism development. Case study: Sombor and Apatin (Serbia). Acta Geographica Slovenica, 54(2), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS54406
9. Brida, J. G., Osti, L., & Faccioli, M. (2011). Residents' perception and attitudes towards tourism impacts. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 18(3), 359-385. https ://doi.org/10.1108/14635771111137769
10. Brzakovic, A., Brzakovic, T., & Brzakovic, P. (2020). Creating brand market value. Anali Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Subotici, 55(42), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.5937/AnEkSub1942017B
11. Cavus, S., & Tanrisevdi, A. (2003). Residents' attitudes toward tourism development: A case study in Kusadasi, Turkey. Tourism Analysis, 7(3-4), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354203108750102
12. Chen, S. C. (2011). Residents' perceptions ofthe impact ofmajor annual tourism events in Macao: Cluster analysis. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 12, 106-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15470148.2011.569877
13. Dordevic, N., & Milicevic, S. (2021). Residents' Perceptions of Economic Impacts of Tourism Development in Vrnjacka Banja. The 3rd International Conference on Resources Economics and Bioeconomy in Competitive Societies (RebCos '20) "EnvironmentalChallenges, Innovative Technologies andRural Areas in Digital Era ". Belgrade, Serbia. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219501006
14. Eusébio, C., Vieira, A. L., & Lima, S. (2018). Place attachment, host-tourist interactions, and residents' attitudes towards tourism development: The case of Boa Vista Island in Cape Verde. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 890-909. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1425695
15. Foroni, I., Modica, P., & Zenga, M. (2019). Residents' satisfaction with tourism and the European tourism indicator system in South Sardinia. Sustainability, 11(8), 2243. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082243
16. Fredline, L., Jago, L., & Deery, M. (2003). The development of a generic scale to measure the social impacts of events. Event Management, 8(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599503108751676
17. Getz, D. (2010). The nature and scope offestival studies. International Journal ofEvent Management Research, 5(1), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1108/17852951011029298
18. Gursoy, D., & Kendall, K. W. (2006). Hosting mega events: Modeling locals' support. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 603-623. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.annals.2006.01.005
19. Hadinejad, A., Moyle, B. D., Scott, N., Kralj, A., & Nunkoo, R (2019). Residents' attitudes to tourism: A review. Tourism Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2018-0003
20. Haley, A. J., Snaith, T., & Miller. G. (2005). The social impacts oftourism: A case study of Bath, UK. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 647-668. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals .2004.10.009
21. Harrill, R. (2004). Residents' attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implications for tourism planning. JournalofPlanning Literature, 18(3), 251-266. https ://doi.org/10.1177/0885412203260306
22. Hernández, F. A., & de la Santísima Trinidad Mercader, S. (2015). Perceived impact of tourism by the resident population in Torrevieja: National versus non-national residents. European Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 120-126.
23. Jackson, L. A. (2008). Residents ' perceptions of the impacts of special event tourism. Journal of Place Management and Development, 1(3), 240-255. https ://doi.org/10.1108/17538330810911244
24. Jani, D. (2018). Residents ' perception of tourism impacts and involvement: A cluster analysis ofKilimanjaro residents, Tanzania. Business Management Review, 20(2), 60-71.
25. Látková, P., & Vogt, C. A. (2012). Residents ' attitudes toward existing and future tourism development in rural communities. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287510394193
26. Ling, L., Jakpar, S., Johari, A., Abdul Rani, N., & Myint, K. (2011). An evaluation on the attitudes of residents in Georgetown towards the impacts of tourism development. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(1), 264-277.
27. Long, P. H., & Kayat, K. (2011). Residents ' perceptions of tourism impact and their support for tourism development: The case study of Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh province, Vietnam. European Journal of Tourism Research, 4(2), 123-146.
28. Lopez, M. F., Virto, N. R., Manzano, J. A., & Miranda. J. G. (2018). Residents ' attitude as determinant of tourism sustainability: The case of Trujillo. Journal ofHospitality and Tourism Management, 35, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjhtm.2018.02.002
29. Lovefest (2020). Retrieved June 6, 2020 from https://www.tickets .rs/program/lovefest-2020-1735
30. MacKenzie, N., & Gannon, M. J. (2019). Exploring the Antecedents of Sustainable Tourism Development. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 31(6), 2411-2427. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2018-0384
31. Marie, D., Lekovic, K., & Tomic, S. (2020). E-WOM through the prism of socio-demographic analysis of users of tourist services. Ekonomika, 66(4), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika2004001M
32. Mendes, R., Vareiro, L., & Ferreira, A. R. (2017). Residents' perceptions of film-induced tourism: A Portuguese case study. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(4), 424-433. https ://doi.org/10.1177/1467358416646624
33. Milicevic, S., Podovac, M., & Dordevic, N. (2020). Local residents ' attitudes towards tourism events: A case study ofthe Carnival ofVrnjci, Serbia. Ekonomika, 66(2), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika2002075M
34. Novakovic, D. J., & Mandaric, M. (2019). Do events contribute to the brand of Novi Sad? A millennials perspective. Hotel and Tourism Management, 7(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.5937/menhottur1901047J
35. Novello, S., & Fernández, P. M. (2016). The influence of event authenticity and quality attributes on behavioral intentions. Journal ofHospitality & Tourism Research, 40(6), 685-714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348013515914
36. Nunkoo, R., & Gursoy, D. (2012). Residents' support for tourism an identity perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 243-268. https ://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals .2011.05.006
37. Olya, H. G. T., & Gavilyan, Y. (2017). Configurational models to predict residents ' support for tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 56(7), 893-912. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516667850
38. Pallant, J. (2009). SPSS prirucnikzaprezivljavanje [SPSS Survival Manual]. Beograd: Mikroknjiga.
39. Papastathopoulos, A., Ahmad, S. Z., Al Sabri, N., & Kaminakis, K. (2020). Demographic analysis ofresidents' support for tourism development in the UAE: A Bayesian structural equation modeling multigroup approach. Journal of Travel Research, 59(6), 1119-1139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519874131
40. Pivac, T., Blesic, I., Besermenji, S., & Gavrilovic, D. (2020). Attitudes of local population on the importance of events nourishing culture and tradition of Croats in Vojvodina. Turizam, 24(1), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.5937/turizam24-25376_
41. Pocuca, M., & Matijasevic-Obradovic, J. (2020). Medusobna uslovljenost zivotne sredine i turizma: Znacaj monitoringa kvaliteta vazduha Grada Novog Sada u razvoju i unapredenju turizma [Mutual conditionality of the environment and tourism: The importance of monitoring the air quality of the City of Novi Sad in the development and improvement of tourism]. Pravo-teorija i Praksa, 37(2), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.5937/ptp2002017P
42. Podovac, M., Dordevic, N., & Milicevic, S. (2019). Rural tourism in the function of life quality improvement of rural population on Goc mountain. Economics of Agriculture, 66(1), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj1901205P
43. Pranic, Lj., Petric, L., & Cetinic, L. (2012). Host population perceptions of the social impacts of sport tourism events in transition countries: Evidence from Croatia. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 3, 236-256. https ://doi.org/10.1108/17582951211262684
44. Rasoolimanesh, S. M., & Jaafar, M. (2017). Sustainable tourism development and residents' perceptions in world heritage site destinations. Asia PacificJournal ofTourism Research, 22(1), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1175491
45. Sharpley, R. (2014). Host perceptions of tourism: a review of the research. Tourism Management, 42, 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.tourman.2013.10.007
46. Sinclair-Maragh, G. (2017). Demographic analysis of residents ' support for tourism development in Jamaica. Journal ofDestinationMarketing & Management, 6(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjdmm.2016.03.005
47. Tatoglu, E., Erdal, F., Ozgur, H., & Azakli, S. (2002). Resident attitudes toward tourism impacts. InternationalJournal ofHospitality & Tourism Administration, 3(3), 79-100. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v03n03_07
48. Tepavcevic, J., Blesic, I., Bradic, M., & Ivkov, M. (2019). Attitudes of local residents towards tourism development in Vrbas. TIMS Acta, 13(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.5937/timsact13-18166
49. Teye, V., Sonmez, S. F., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). Residents ' attitudes toward tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 668-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00074-3
50. Vujko, A., Stanojevic, O. Z., Zecevic, L., Nedeljkovic, D., & Zecevic, M. (2021). Rural residents ' perceptions on economic impacts of cultural and promotional aspects of tourism. Economics of Agriculture, 68(1), 155-172. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj2101155V
51. Weaver, D. B., & Lawton, L. J. (2013). Resident perceptions of a contentious tourism event. Tourism Management, 37, 165-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.01.017
52. Woosnam, K. M., Draper, J., Jiang, J. K., Aleshinloye, K. D., & Erul, E. (2018). Applying self-perception theory to explain residents ' attitudes about tourism development through travel histories. Tourism Management, 64, 357-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.015
53. Woosnam, K. M., Van Winkle, C. M., & An, S. (2013). Confirming the festival social impact attitude scale in the context of a rural Texas cultural festival. Event Management, 17, 257-270. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599513X13708863377917
54. Woosnam, K. M., & Aleshinloye, K.D. (2018). Residents ' emotional solidarity with tourists: Explaining perceived impacts of a cultural heritage festival. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(4), 587-605. https ://doi.org/10.1177/1096348015584440
55. Yuan, Q., Song, H., Chen, N., & Shang, W. (2019). Roles of tourism involvement and place attachment in determining residents ' attitudes toward industrial heritage tourism in a resource-exhausted city in China. Sustainability, 11(19), 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195151_
56. Yun, H. J., & Zhang, X. (2017). Cultural conservation and residents ' attitudes about ethnic minority tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2), 165-175. https ://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415610624
57. Zdravkovic, S., & Pekovic, J. (2020). The analysis offactors influencing tourists ' choice of green hotels. Hotel and Tourism Management, 8(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.5937/menhottur2001069Z
Received: 18 February 2021; Sent for revision: 25 March 2021; Accepted: 16 April 2021
