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_МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ «ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ НАУКА» №02-1/2017 ISSN 2410-6070_
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
УДК 330
Georgiev Ы.Р.,
National Military University, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
PhD student
IMPACTS OF ACTIVE SOCIAL PROGRAMS ON LABOR MARKET
Abstract
The paper discusses the main characteristics of the active social programs on the labor market implemented in Bulgaria in periods of active transformations. The active programs' advantages are analyzed and some important considerations on the process of assessment of their effectiveness are made putting an accent on their essence as an instrument of support to the effectively functioning labor market. The key peculiarities of implemented so far programs in the country are revealed. Main conclusions focus on the effects of the active social policies for social and economic development.
Key words
Labor market, social policy, employment, unemployment
Introduction
Unfavorable negative demographic trends in Bulgaria leading to processes of decreasing and aging of labor resources, sustainably unbalanced character of labor market, characterized by high unemployment and low labor demand, the availability of vulnerable groups and significant regional discrepancies in labor market development are among the most serious challenges before the country in the XXI century [17, 20]. Among the macroeconomic policies and means a significant place is rendered to the so-called active programs and measures on the labor market which are an object of increasing attention not only because the expectations of tangible effects but also because comparatively significant financial resources necessary for their implementation [1]. Furthermore, the problem of effective spending of resources gains bigger sharpness in the current situation of limited social expenses in the country and poses questions to the effectiveness of the implementation of different programs and control [18].
Current study examines information about active programs for labor employment, makes analyses of existing good practices and determines main preferences of unemployed persons in capable of working age taking monthly social support towards transformation of social support into incomes from labor, as well as the attitude of the main institutional departments conducting the state social policy in the field of employment and unemployment and the attitude of the non-governmental organizations towards the program and their readiness for distributing the functions between state, municipalities and non-governmental organizations in implementation and financing of the program, probable problems and conflict points.
Main characteristics of active social programs and their assessment
The active programs are a means of raising the competitiveness of labor force, mobilization of labor resources and increase in economic activity of population [13]. The active policy also implements a very important socially distributing function, especially in conditions of availability of vulnerable groups on the labor market [26]. For the last the participation into active programs is the only one chance of employment, avoidance of entering endmost poverty and social deprivation (isolation) [19]. Not the least, from the right determination of goals and expected results in active programs and measures and their appropriate announcement in the public space are dependent the extent, trust and support of implemented social and economic reforms [23].
Introduced as a response to significantly increasing unemployment, а^^ social policies incessantly expand the variety of programs and measures including the following main elements [25]:
■ intermediary services on the labor market;
■ opening new places of work (programs of temporary employment);
■ qualification / re-qualification of unemployed and employed persons;
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■ entrepreneurship encouragement;
■ subsidized employment.
The active programs could be scrutinized, in the most general plan, as an instrument of support to the effective functioning of the labor market [21]. They contribute to the elimination of barriers and problems in the functioning of market economy [22]. The active programs have a multidirection impact on the labor market. Emerged as a means of unemployment limitation, nowadays expected impacts of their application are too broad [14]. Despite the availability of a number of modifications and concrete varieties for the implementation of the mentioned directions of active policies, the qualification is an important issue of consideration for all the countries, including conducted in the Republic of Bulgaria active policy on the labor market [2, 5, 12].
The building up of a capacity for executing regularly monitoring activities and assessment of the effectiveness of conducted active policies is one of the priority tasks in the strategies on the European level too. In the practical assessments of the active programs and measures, the problems most often arising are substantiated by their multigoal and multiaspect nature and they are connected to the lack of a common and consolidated methodology for assessment, as well as to mistakesin measurements and the absence of adequate statistical information, resulting in the objective impossibility to trace the persons and state "benefits" of participation in such programs [3, 24].
The starting point in the assessment of active programs and measures are the activities of clarification of goals, tasks and expected results for a concrete program [16]. Studies of different active programs in the field of labor market worldwide show ambiguity and often contradictory results regarding their effectiveness [27]. Results are highly influenced by the examined country's peculiarities, period and way of implementation of programs. The outlined great variety of active programs gives an evidence that during the assessments of their effectiveness all probable aspects of the effectiveness should be measured, all the impacts should be considered and compared-increase in the chances of employment, increase in the level of payment, social impact, etc. Furthermore, it is important an analysis of benefits and expenditures to be made which would give an opportunity to provide a clear answer to the question to what extent spent financial resources are economically and socially justifiable [4, 6].
Into the world practice four types of active measures' assessments are mainly applied [7]:
1) Permanent (current) monitoring and control of programs;
2) Assessment of the net impact of the programs;
3) Benefit- expenditure analyses
4) Assessment of institutional and organizational capacity of programs.
Full investigation means realization of the four above-mentioned assessments. In practice, this is very expensive and that's why most often the assessments of the net impact are applied. Most of the governments implement permanent monitoring and control over the implementation of programs. Very little, even into the world practice, are the comparative analyses of benefits and expenditures, although namely such a kind of assessment proves the economic effectiveness of spent financial resources under employment programs [27].
The effectiveness of every one program is generally measured by the implementation of its goals. A program has efficiency when in its implementation a significant part of the target group is covered. On the next place, the direct impact of the active policies on employment and level of incomes is of great interest. For the evaluations of the net impact on employment it is necessary to find out what is the percentage of the program participants succeeded to find job following finishing their participation and how many would not succeed if they weren't included into the program [14]. The net impact on the payment is measured as a relative share of program participants which after the end report higher incomes than before participation in the program. That way, the increase in incomes is explained by the participation into the program.
For the final measurement of the effectiveness it is necessary to compare the net impacts on employment and level of incomes with direct and indirect expenses made during the program implementation. It is also possible to assess non-monetary effects, often called just social. In order an active program to be of full effectiveness, on the macro level it is necessary the side effects to be subtracted by the net impact thus finding the real net effect or the real significance of the program as a means of decrease in unemployment and increase in new-opened places of work. The side effects could be:
■ Dead weight effect: the results got by the participation into the program would arise without it as well. For
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example, when an unemployed person is employed under a program of subsidized employment, but the same person would get the same job without the program, the effect of dead weight loss would be noticed.
■ Effect of substitution: that effect emerges in the cases when an unemployed person is employed in a program of subsidized employment and gets a job which would be given to another person non-participating in the program, the net effect is null.
■ Effect of shift: this side effect is noticed in regard to the production process when an organization using subsidized employment replaces on the market other organizations which do not use preferences under the program of subsidized employment.
The importance of juxtaposing of expenditures to realized incomes and benefits from every one program could be illustrated by the following example. If a program of qualification and re-qualification of unemployed persons and the intermediary services give one and the same quantitative contribution (net effect) to increase of employment, but the resources spent in qualification and re-qualification are twice higher than those of intermediary services, the first program would be twice less economically effective than the second one.
Discussing the situation on the labor market in the country in connection to the overall economic conditions, the following trends should be mentioned in recent decades of transition to market economy and processes and attempts of establishment a new social system: stagnant labor demand, qualitative disbalance between labor demand and supply, high and lasting unemployment and significant levels of poverty, problems in labor integration of unemployed persons from the risky (vulnerable) groups because of their low competitiveness on the labor market and low flexibility in the changing economic environment [19]. The concentration of unemployed persons from certain risky groups in certain regions and settlements creates additional prerequisites for the high level of unemployment and as a consequence - emerging social tension.
Assessments of the impacts from the implementation of active measures on the labor market in the country, and particularly National action plan on employment, show that there are many weaknesses in both planning and implementation [9-11]. The achievements in the last decade are accompanied by a number of problems in procedures, planning, lack of communication, etc. [8, 15].
The results show more pessimistic and negative than optimistic and positive attitudes and expectations. They support the conclusions that economic growth for now is not transformed into some concrete improvements in everyday life and in the material status of the people which is the case in its greatest depth for the poorest people in the community [13].
The analyses of previously existing and implemented programs of temporary employment show the relatively low effectiveness which is easily to be proved by the kept level of unemployment during and after the end of the programs. Such programs are characterized by the following more important peculiarities [12]:
■ employment is provided only for a certain period of time and after that the hired unemployed persons are again without jobs and register in labor offices;
■ comparatively identical selection of activities is offered, usually unattractive and non-qualified connected to cleaning, planting, afforestation, communal infrastructure, etc. which do not contribute to acquisition of new and specific professional skills;
■ acquisition of professional qualification is not offered nor through practicing qualified activities, neither through participation in courses of professional qualification;
■ negative attitude of participating employers who isolate the most risky groups in the selection processes.
Along with negative social consequences (some of which will be commented later) the practice of "social
support" instead of "labor employment" creates also economic problems as far as it leads to irrational, economically ineffective and non-perspective re-distributions of incomes from working to unemployed and socially vulnerable who could work and realized economic benefits not only for themselves but also for the state in different forms.
In conjunction with the rest of the changes in economic system and social structure of the country, the transition processes lead to significant impoverishment of a big part of the population. A common conviction is that the unemployed persons from different risky groups are among the most influenced and one of the main reasons for that is the labor isolation and subsequent social marginalization [14]. The motivation to get out of the poverty has many dimensions, incl. how the citizens see the trends in economic development, how they estimate their own position on
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the background of the overall development of the country and in comparison to the way of life of the rest. The way out of the poverty is not a problem of the society only but also a question of personal position and wish for a change. The search of some contact points between what the society wants to achieve through the National program „From social support to employment" and to what extent socially supported poor want to change their economic status and are ready for the corresponding efforts is a matter of investigation of the success of the program. Namely socially supported unemployed persons' way of assessments of their own situations, their vision for perspectives in economic development and about their personal perspectives are the initial point in determination their readiness to participate in the program.
In making assessments of the studied program there are four major moments:
First, the program offers full employment per day and weak;
Second, the program offers employment in certain activities;
Third, the program offers employment in conditions of fixed payments;
Fourth, the program envisages sanctions for those who have refused participation.
The effectiveness of the implemented programs till now is doubtful considering the level of unemployment during and after the corresponding program's end which is kept. The organized and implemented temporary employment programs are characterized by the following more important peculiarities:
■ employment is provided only for a certain period of time and after that the hired unemployed persons remain again without a job and register in the labor offices;
■ relatively identical composition of unattractive and non-qualified activities is offered which are connected to cleaning, planting and afforestation, communal infrastructure, etc. Those do not contribute to the acquisition of new and specific professional skills;
■ professional qualification acquisition is not offered by practicing qualified activities neither by participation in vocational training courses giving professional qualification;
■ negative attitude of the participating employers who isolate some risky groups during the selection among the unemployed persons.
The same characteristics are relatively repeated regarding the National program "From social support to employment" having been the main program implemented on the Bulgarian labor market since the years of transition to a market economy. Conclusion
The economic effect of the active policy could be sought in several directions. On the individual level, for an unemployed person the economic effect would comprise of increased level of incomes as a result of finding job after participation in an active policy. On the level of the National employment agency, the economic effect could be measured by the saved resources from compensations for unemployment in cases of ceasing payments because the unemployed person has found a job. For the government the incomes are as saved money of compensations for unemployment and increased incomes in the state budget (National insurance institute) which the unemployed person and the employer have to pay from the moment of starting the job. For society as a whole, the economic effect is in the increased level of incomes and quality of life. References
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© Георгиев М. П., 2017
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УДК 338
С.Ф. Алексеева
Студент кафедры «Релейная защита и автоматизация электроэнергетических систем» Казанский государственный энергетический университет
г. Казань, Российская Федерация К.Ю. Кутюмова
Студент кафедры Студент кафедры «Релейная защита и автоматизация
электроэнергетических систем» Казанский государственный энергетический университет
г. Казань, Российская Федерация
ОЦЕНКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ЦЕЛЕСООБРАЗНОСТИ ПЕРЕХОДА ОТ ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ HVAC1 К HVDC2
Аннотация
В статье оценивается рациональность перехода от ЛЭП переменного тока к ЛЭП постоянного тока с экономической точки зрения.
Ключевые слова
HVAC, HVDC, потери электроэнергии, капиталовложения.
Передача электроэнергии от электростанции к потребителям имеет первостепенное значение в электроэнергетике. Наша жизнь невозможна без электричества. Электроэнергия накрепко связана с современным миром. Электроэнергия необходима нам не только для освещения наших домов и зарядки «гаджетов», но также является необходимым условием для передачи информации, а также для приведения механизмов в движение, что активно используется на транспорте и в бытовой технике. Потребность в передачи электроэнергии на расстояния вызвана тем, что электроэнергия вырабатывается электростанциями с мощными агрегатами, а потребляется относительно маломощными приборами.
После появления первых концепций по электроснабжению потребителей от нескольких электростанций, входящих в единую энергосистему, возник вопрос о возможности создания сети с наиболее эффективной передачей электроэнергии. Первая линия электропередачи (ЛЭП) постоянного тока была запущена в 1882 году она передавала электроэнергию на большое расстояние - линия Мисбах-Мюнхен, которая связывала генератора электроэнергии - паровую машину постоянного тока и потребителя - печь на стекольном заводе. Мощность, которая передавалась по данной линии, составляла всего 2,5 кВт. [1-2]. И здесь не было никаких преобразователей постоянного тока в переменный.
В 1891 году М.О. Доливо-Добровольский представил трёхфазную систему переменного тока, которая позволила передавать мощность 220 кВт от гидроэлектростанции на р. Неккар (Лауфене) на расстояние до 170 км с ошеломляющим для того времени коэффициентом полезного действия, превышающим 75% [3-5]. Рациональность и эффективность такого вида передачи энергии привела к повсеместному внедрению ЛЭП переменного тока.
В XXI в. передача и распределение электроэнергии осуществляется на переменном токе. Хотя данная система передачи электричества имеет ряд преимуществ, но не лишена и недостатков. Наиболее существенным является - недостаточная пропускная способность воздушных линий электропередач (ВЛ).
Существует ли путь решения этой проблемы?
Основные баталии «войны токов» закончились более 100 лет назад. Но, не смотря на объявление переменного тока победителем, всё же стоит обратить внимание на «несломленный» постоянный ток. Именно он может существенно повысить пропускную способность распространенных сегодня ВЛ
1 HVAC - высоковольтная линия электропередачи переменного тока.
2 HVDC - высоковольтная линия электропередачи постоянного тока.
