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2Мудделер цацтыгысы. Барлыц авторлар осы мацалада ашуды талап ететт ыцтимал MYдделер цацтыгысыныц жоцтыгын мэлiмдейдi.
Корреспондент автор. Айтпан Эсем Мухамбетцызы, «Цазацстан-Ресей медициналыц yHueepcumemi» МЕББМ, магистр, Цазацстан, Алматы ц. E-mail: Asem.aitpan@bk.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-601X.
Авторлардыц цосцан улеси Барлыц авторлар тужырымдаманы ззiрлеуге, нэтижелердi орындауга, вцдеуге жзне мацала жазуга тец Yлес цосты. Бул материал бурын жарияланбаган жзне басца баспаларда царалмаганын мзлiмдеймiз.
Царжыландыру. Жоц.
Мацала келт тустг: 20.10.2022.
Жарияланымга цабылданды: 31.10.2022.
Conflict of interest. All authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest requiring disclosure in this article. Corresponding author. Aitpan Asem M., NEI «Kazakh-Russian Medical University», Master of Medicine, Kazakhstan, Almaty. E-mail: Asem.aitpan@bk.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7512-601X.
Contribution of the authors. All authors have made an equal contribution to the development of the concept, implementation, processing of results and writing of the article. We declare that this material has not been published before and is not under consideration by other publishers. Financing. Absent.
Article submitted: 20.10.2022. Accepted for publication: 31.10.2022.
UCD: 616.13-089 DOI: 10.24412/2790-1289-2022-4-2534
IRSTI: 76.29.30.
IMPACT OF ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE ON THE 24 - MONTHS OUTCOMES AFTER DRUG-ELUTING STENTS IMPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE AND INSULIN-TREATED DIABETES MELLITUS
*1 Lütfi Baran, 2 Talantbek Batyraliev, 3 Mehmet Ba$temir, 2 Serdar Turkmen
1 Department of Internal Medicine, Sanko University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey 2 Department of Cardiology, Sanko University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey 3 Department of Endocrinology, Sanko University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
Summary
In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), renal failure which can result in hemodialysis use is seen during the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) performed with contrast agents with iodide. This injury is more particularly in patients with diabetes with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) compared to the patients who have not diabetes.
Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the alterations in the renal glomerular filtration rate after the implantation of the drug-eluting stents (DESs) in the patients with Type-2 insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (ITDM) and CAD.
Study Design: Prospective study.
Methods: In total, 463 patients with ITDM in which one or more drug-elution stents under PCI were inserted successively for last 5 years (last uptated to December 2015) were included into the study. Patients in both groups were followed with eGFR with laboratory tests and with other cardiologic parameters by the Departments of Cardiology and by the Department of Internal Medicine for 24 months with 3-month periods.
Results: The patients being included into the study were separated into two groups according to the eGFR as Group 1 including 351 patients (75,8%) with eGFR > 90 ml/min/1,73m2 and Group 2 including 112 patients (24,2%) with eGFR between 60 and 89 ml/min/1,73m2. Patients in both groups were followed for 24 months with 3-month periods. At the end of the study, no statistically significant change was found in both groups in eGFRs. But, a tendency to decrease in the eGFR(s) in Group 2 was found. Furthermore, when three-month eGFR measurements were compared with the first eGFR before PCI, no significant difference was found. Besides, the frequency of contrast agent-induced nephropathy (CIN) was seen more common in significant level in Group 2 when compared to Group 1 (p<0.01). In the 24-month cardiologic follow-up, the incidence of restenosis and revascularization, the incidence of major cardiac complications and the relative risk of death were seen more commonly significantly in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p<0.01).
Conclusion: This study suggested that the reduction in the eGFR which was not statistically significant after DES but which tended to decrease in Group 2 patients could be yielded from the chronic negative effect of the diabetes mellitus (DM) on the renal functions. Furthermore, this effect has demonstrated that the risk of contrast agent-induced nephropathy after the stent application in diabetes patients with reduced eGFR led to increase in the incidence of restenosis and repeating revascularization in the twenty-four-month follow-up and that it is the determinant of the mortality risk.
Key words: Insulin-treated diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, drug-eluting stent, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolism disease originating from the disorder in the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolisms due to the insufficiency of insulin production or due to the impairment of the effect of insulin and progressing with elevation in the blood sugar [1; 2]. While the diabetes prevalence of diabetes was 6,4% in adults between 20-79 years old on 2010 worldwide, it is estimated that this ratio will be 7,7% on 2030. While a 20%-increase in the number of diabetic adults between these years is estimated in developed countries, this is estimated to be 69% in the developing countries [3].
In the conducted studies, it has been observed that obesity; insufficient physical activity, smoking, and the presence of dyslipidaemia and hypertension increase the risk of ischemic heart disease with diabetes [4; 5; 6; 7]. Furthermore, epidemiologic and pathologic studies have shown that DM constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases [8]. On the other hand, 75% of hospitalizations and 80% of deaths are related with cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients. DM has been detected in the 25% to 30% of the patients being hospitalized due to the heart attack, or receiving stent or bypass treatment [9].
Insulin receptors are located on the endothelium cells of both large and small vessels. It has been shown that insulin affects the secretion of endothelin-1 with endothelial growth factor and that hyperinsulinemia which is the indicator of insulin resistance is directly related with the higher coronary artery disease incidence [10]. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is more common in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients and the lesion causing to vascular obstruction is thinner and longer. Furthermore, to perform the invasive therapeutic procedure to this affected vessel becomes more difficult. The probability of the re-emergence of the same stenosis after the insertion of the stent is higher in diabetic patients compared to those being non-diabetic [11]. In a study, ulcerated coronary plaque with thrombus has been found in 94% of the patients with diabetes in which unstable angina existed in the performed coronary angiography [12].
One of the important complications that increase the mortality risk in the patients with diabetes and CAD is masking of the ischemic symptoms associated with autonomous neuropathy [13]. On the other hand, beside the fact that diabetes is a very important determinant of the restenosis in the coronary interventions, it has been demonstrated that it is also the most important determinant (hazard ratio 2,4) of the mortality following the renal failure [14]. In the recent years, better results have been obtained in reducing the incidence of revascularization and the major cardiac events by defining better the mechanisms of restenosis and particularly with the widespread use of the drug-eluting stents [15]. In the studies conducted with the use of DES and with the use of stents that do not elute
drug (bare- metal stent-BMS) in patients with DM and with CAD, it has been shown that DESs decrease significantly the revascularization of the target organ, stenosis and mortality compared to those that do not elute drug [16; 17; 18].
In patients with CAD, renal failure which can result in hemodialysis use is seen during the PCI performed with contrast agents with iodide [19; 20; 21]. This injury is more particularly in patients with diabetes with lower eGFR compared to the patients who have not diabetes [22; 23]. Therefore, even though there is evidence about that treatments such as N-Acetyl-cysteine, phenoldopa, statins, simultaneous hemofiltration are tried with success [24; 25; 26; 27]. It is suggested in other studies that the guidelines for preventing excessive contrast agent are not required, and that only prophylactic hydration treatment is sufficient [28; 29].
Materials and methods. In total, 463 patients receiving previously insulin treatment by establishing Type-2 diabetes mellitus in which one or more DES under PCI were inserted successively for last 5 years were included into this study. Only patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) having laboratory tests concerning myocardium injury with negative unstable angina with the patients experiencing chest pain increasing with which are 2 to 4 according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina (CCSA) classification were included into the project [35].
According to the K/DOQI criteria [36] the patients who have chronic renal failure grading as 3-4-5 or having eGFR < 60 ml/min/1,73m2 were excluded from the study. Estimated GFR was computed by using CKD-EPI formula [36; 37; 53].
Criteria used for percutaneous coronary intervention were based on the absence of definite contraindication belonging to the stent implantation for affected vessel segments. Patients having any revascularization history were not included into the study. Furthermore, patients having lesion in the left main coronary artery in which ST elevation related with the myocardial infarction (MI) was seen in the first 7 days in addition to the patients in which no ST elevation was seen but having positive laboratory tests such as Troponin were excluded from the study. On the other hand, those having allergy to contrast agents and those having intolerance to Aspirin or Clopidogrel were excluded from the study. As angiographic criterion, the patients in whom the diameter of the obstructed vessel is less than 2,5 millimeters or greater than 4,5 millimeters and those having curvature more than 60° in the stenosis location were not included into the study.
Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention were approved by the Clinical Ethical Committee and the patients were signed informed consent form. Before PCI, sufficient hydration which was not less than 100 cc was applied to all patients for the prophylaxis of the CIN. Furthermore, nephrotoxic medications were restricted. In addition, 600-milligram-per-day N-Acetylcysteine infusion
was administrated for 48 hours. Low-osmolar non-ionic contrast agents were administrated to all patients in fashion that it would not exceed 600 milliliters per day during coronary angiography and stent insertion process. 25%-increase from the initial value of the serum creatinin within the 48-72 hours following the administration of the contrast agent or an absolute increase more than 0,5 milligrams per deciliters were accepted as criterion [36].
The patients being included into the study were separated into two groups according to the GFR as Group 1 including 351 patients (75,8%) with eGFR > 90 ml/min/1,73m2 and Group 2 including 112 patients (24,2%) with eGFR between 60 ml/min/1,73m2 and 89 ml/min/1,73m2.
In all patients, only contrast agent iodixanol was used. Following the percutanous coronary intervention, patients in both groups were followed with eGFR with laboratory tests and with other cardiologic parameters by the Departments of Cardiology and by the Department of Internal Medicine for 24 months with 3-month periods. In case of repeating angina or in case of other complications, the patients were investigated by hospitalizing the patients.
Statistical methods. All data were analyzed by means of Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, US). One-way ANOVA test was used in the comparison of different groups having normal distribution. In repeating measurement values Repeated-
Measures ANOVA test was done. In the comparison of the groups which did not have normal distribution Student's paired t-test, Mann-Whitney-U or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. x2 or Fisher's exact test were used in the results indicating qualitative character. Some data were compared with Yates-corrected z - test.
Correlation analyses were done for significant relative risk computation with 95%-confidence interval in the relationship between indicators. Significance value was accepted as p<0.05 in all analysis tests.
Results. Clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients. The demographic and the clinical parameters of the patients which were separated as Group 1 including 351 patients (75,8%) with eGFR > 90 ml / min/1,73m2 and Group 2 including 112 patients (24,2%) with eGFR between 60-89 ml/min/1,73m2 were summarized in Table 1. The ages of the patients belonging to both group were ranging between 38 years old and 75 years old and most of them were male (62,6%). All of the patients were Type-2 DM patients and they were receiving subcutaneous insulin treatment. The level of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p<0.01).
Arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 59,8% of the patients. 19% of the patients in which, stent was inserted experienced previously MI. Patients with ACS who were
Table 1. Baseline demographics and clinical parameters of patients before PCI.
Parameter Group 1 (n = 351) Group 2 (n = 112) p value
Characteristics eGFR >90 eGFR 6089 -
2 2 of renal function (ml/min/l,73m ) (ml/min/l,73m ) - -
Age (years) 54+10,4 57 + 9,36 NS
Male sex 227 (64,6%) 75 (67%) NS
Blood urea nitrogen 21+4,8 23 + 6,1 NS
(mg/dl) Creatinine (mg/d 0,93 + 0,14 1,18 + 0,34 NS
Estimated GFR 100,14+12,3 82,25 + <0,01
(ml/min/l,73m2) Microalbuminuri (mg/g) 40 + 6,7 78 + 10,7 <0,01
HbAlc (%) 7,4 + 0,93 8,9 ±1,1 <0.01
Duration of diabetes 9 + 7,21 (years) 13 + 9,7 <0,01
Current smoking 125 (35,6%) 36 (32,1%) NS
Obesity 77 (22%) 39 (34,8%) <0,007
Congestif Heart Failuret 7 (2%) 2 (1,8%) NS
Hypertension 203 (57,8%) 74 (66%) 0,03
Dyslipidemia 200 (57%) 71 (63%) NS
Prior MI 56 (15,9%) 31 (27,6%) <0,001
LVEF 51% (44-70%) 52% (41- NS
median (range) - - -
Data are shown as percentage and mean + standart deviation NS = non-significant * Body mass index >30 kg/m2 f Framingham criteria
stabilized by hospitalizing before coronary angiography constituted 12% of the total number of patients. Blood-urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine tests of both groups were within the normal limits. But the level of 24-hour microalbuminuria was significantly higher in Group 2 when compared with Group 1 (p<0.01).
The distribution of vascular disease after angiography belonging to the patients is shown in Table 2. The disease of single vessel was more common in Group 1, when compared to Group 2 (p<0.001). The disease of two vessels was more common in Group 2, when compared to Group 1 (p<0.001). No significant difference could be found between groups in the disease of three vessels.
The immediate results of the study. Direct results belonging to revascularization are listed in Table 3. Stents coated with drugs such as sirolimus and paclitaxel were implanted into the patents without encountering any dissection, occlusion or no-reflow phenomenon. The success rate was 99,5% in Group 1 and 97,7% in Group 2 respectively. During the percutaneous intervention, totally 554 drug-coated stents were inserted to Group 1 and totally 180 drug-coated stents were inserted to Group 2. For the stent dilatation, 15- to 20- atmosphere pressure was applied having mean value of 15 ± 2,5 atmospheres. For the optimal implantation of each stent, 2 to 4 dilatation procedures which the mean value is 3.1 ± 0.72 were done.
Table 2. Baseline angiographic parameters.
Parameter Group 1 (n = 351) Group 2 (n = 112) p value
One vessel disease 158 (45%) 49 (33%) <0,001
Two vessel disease 112(32%) 52 (46%) <0,001
Triple vessel disease 74 (21%) 31 (28%) NS
Total stricken vessel 604 246 -
Complete revascularization index of both groups was slightly higher, but this was not statistically significant. The amount of the administrated contrast agent was significantly
greater in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p<0.01). There was no difference between the stenosis radius gains of both groups.
Table 3. The immediate results of revascularization.
Parameter Group 1 (n = 351) Group 2 (n = 112) p value
Revascularizated stenosis 535 163 -
Completeness of revascularization index 0,91 0,87 NS
Number of implanted 1,58 1,61 NS
stents per patient
Amount of 538 + 66 326 + 47 <0,01
the entered contrast (ml)
Gain of diameter of stenosis (mm) 2,10 + 0,51 2,16 + 0,48 NS
Percentage of stenosis (%) 6,1+3,8 7,3+4,1 NS
Data are shown as percentage and mean + standart deviation NS = non-significant
Hospital findings. Although preventive precautions were taken previously, CIN was developed in 5 patients (1,4%) in Group 1 and in 6 patients (5,3%) in Group 2, 2 to 4 days following the PCI (Table 4). The occurrence of CIN was significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p<0.001). Mannitol infusion or furocemide with low-dose dopamine treatments were administrated to the patients in which CIN was seen.
Subacute thrombosis was observed in 1 patient (0,3%) in Group 1 and in one patient (0,9%) in Group 2 within 3 days following the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Acute coronary syndrome which was seen either as myocardial infarction with ST elevation or as non-ST elevation myocardial infarction/unstable angina was observed in one patient (0.3%) in Group 1 and in 2 patients (1.8%) in Group 2. In these cases, tirofiban infusions were done as treatment. Furthermore, since hemorrhages were seen in one case (0,3%) in Group 1 and in 1 case (0,9%) in Group2, blood transfusion was done. During the hospitalization, the incidence of non- fatal complications
seen in 12 (10,7%) in Group 2 was significantly higher than that of non-fatal complications seen in 4 patients in Group1 (1,1%) (p < 0.001). Besides, while no mortality was seen in Group 1, it was seen in one case (0,9%) in Group 2.
Remote results of the study. While CIN was developed in 1 patient (20%) in Group1, CIN was developed in 2 patients (33,3%) in Group 2. Mortality analyses with CIN and without CIN until 24 months were summarized in Table 5. While there was no significant relative mortality risk in Group 1, a statistically significant relative mortality risk as 5,8 was found in Group 2 (95% of CI: 1.49- 23.23, p<0.001).
The follow-up results of the patients until 24 months are indicated in Table 6. BUN and creatinine tests of both groups were found within the normal limits. The levels of the HbA1c were higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p<0.04). Furthermore, 24-hour microalbuminuria levels were found significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group1 (p<0.01). Restenosis is higher in Group 2 (29 patients, 13,1%) when compared to Group 1 (15 patients, 8,2%) (p < 0.001). In cases
Table 4. Hospital results of PCI.
Parameter Group 1 (n = 351) Group 2 (n = 112) p value
Discharged patient 351 111 -
Hospital ACS (MI/NA) 1 (0,3%) 2 (1,8%) NS
CIN 5 (1,4%) 6 (5,3%) <0,001
Large hemorrhage 1 (0,3%) 1 (0,9%) NS
Transfusion 1 (0,3%) 1 (0,9%) NS
Subacute thrombosis 1 (0,3%) 1 (0,9%) NS
Repeated revascularizations 1 (0,3%) 2 (1,8%) NS
Hospital mortality 0 1 (0,9%) NS
Non-fatal complications 4 (1,1%) 12 (10,7%) <0,001
NS = non-significant.
Table 5. The relative risk of death up to 24 months in view of CIN after PCI.
Group with CIN without CIN Relative risk (95% CI) p value
1 1 (20%) 13 (3,7%) 5,3 (0,85 - 33,26) NS
2 2 (33,3%) 6 (5,5%) 5,8 (1,49-23,23) <0,001
CI = confidence interval; NS = non-significant.
Table 6. Remote results of PCI up to 24 months.
Parameter Group 1 Group 2 p value
(n = 351) (n = 112)
Blood urea mitogen (mg/dl) 22 + 6,12 23 + 8,20 NS
Creatinine (mg/dl) 1,1 + 1,10 1,2 + 1,35 NS
HbAlc (%) 6,8 + 0,82 7,5 + 0,92 <0,04
Microalbuminuria (mg/g) 55 + 6,7 97 + 10,7 <0,01
Restenosis 29 (8,2%) 15 (13,1%) <0,001
Repeated PCI 25 (7,1%) 13(11,6%) <0,001
Survived patients 337 (96%) 104 (92,8%) NS
Rethrombosis of index 8 (2,2%) 5 (4,1%) NS
Mortality 14 (3,9%) 8 (7,1%) <0,04
Non-fatal complications 51 (14,5%) 27 (24,1%) <0,001
Data are shown as percentage and mean + standart deviation. NS = non-significant.
of restenosis or new stenosis, PCI was applied again to 13 patients (11,6%) in Group 1 and 15 patients (7,1%) in Group1 again where this was greater in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was no difference between groups in terms of rethrombosis index. While mortality was seen in 14 patients (3,9%) in Group 1 due to either cardiac or
non-cardiac causes, mortality was seen significantly more in 8 patients (7,1%) in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p<0.04). Likewise, while non-fatal complications were seen in 51 patients (14,5%), these complications were seen significantly more in 27 patients (24,1%) in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p<0.04).
Table 7. Results of e-GFR parameters up to 24 months after PCI.
3-month periods Group 1-eGFR (n = 351) Group 1-eGFR (n = 112)
3 97,72+11,40 83,78+12,36
6 98,30+13,25 85,23+14,77
9 104,65+14,40 84,35+17,22
12 103,82+11,35 78,75+14,40
15 100,35+10,72 80,42+15,73
18 99,53+13,80 79,80+10,23
21 98,14+12,46 78,40+13,66
24 102,27+13,28 76,35+15,82
p value NS NS
Data are shown as mean + standart deviation; NS = non-significant.
Month* - quarterly perl«ls
Figure 1. eGFR parameters up to 24 months in view of Group 1 after PCI.
Figure 2. eGFR parameters up to 24 months in view of Group 2 after PCI.
Estimated GFR results of both groups until the 24 months being measured in each 3 months following PCI are listed in Table 7. No statistically significant change was found in eGFR in both groups. But a tendency was seen in the values of eGFR) in the followed months (Figure 2). No tendency was seen in the values of the eGFR of Group 1 (Figure 1). Furthermore, no significant difference was found between them when 3-month eGFR measurements in both groups following the PCI with first eGFR (s) before PCI.
Discussion. It has been shown in many studies that successful results have been obtained with percutaneous ballon angioplasty and then, increasing stent application to the CAD [38; 39]. The BMSs which have been used first in PCI are being replaced by the applications of DES [40].
The clinical situations of BMS and DES in patients with diabetes and those without diabetes have been continuing to be debated about some of the most important problems of the PCIs such as stent thrombosis, target lesion revascularization, target vessel revascularization and major adverse cardiac event. Even though some studies [15; 16; 18; 41] about that DES applications in patients with DM had demonstrated better clinical results in long- term compared to BMS have been reported, studies showing that there is no significant difference between BMS and DES during the follow-up time in terms of complications have been also published [42; 43].
On the other hand, one of the earlier complications that can be seen after PCI performed to those with CAD is CIN (19,21). Risk for CIN after inserting stent is seen higher particularly in patients with DM who have lower eGFR [44; 45]. Advanced glycation end-products (AGE) being occurred as a result of the sugar levels that progress in higher level have been reported to play role in the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications as the common cause of the nephropathy in patients with DM [46; 47]. Accordingly, the monitoring of the measurements of the AGE and that of the measurements of the AGE receptors are suggested as the prognostic biomarkers in patients with CAD and DM in which stent was inserted [48]. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that increase in vascular endothelial growth factor as potent mitogen as a result of the long-term persistence of the AGE accelerates to progress to renal failure [49].
In our study, although the amount of the contrast agent was lower compared to Group 1 in patients in which DES
was inserted after PCI, CIN complication was seen more in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (p<0.001). Furthermore, in the follow-up of the patients up to 24 months, while no significant mortality relative risk was found in Group 1, mortality relative risk was found significantly higher in Group 2 (RR 5,8, p<0,001). Besides, DM is in conjunction with increased atherothrombotic risk [50]. This situation is developing with diverse underlying mechanisms associated with hyperglycemia in conjunction with insulin resistance [10] and it increases the risk for stent thrombosis and target lesion revascularization by altering coagulation and platelet functions in time [51]. Furthermore, repeating revascularization following PCI and the mortality rate show an increase with the progression of DM. It has been shown that recurrent stenosis being developed after the stent insertion is in conjunction with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in these patients [52].
We encountered similar results in the presented study. We found higher restenosis, repeated PCI, non-fatal complications (p<0.001) and mortality incidence (p<0.04) compared to Group 1 (Table 6). On the other hand, there was no statistically significant change in the eGFR of both groups which had been measured for 24 months with 3-month periods. But there was a declining tendency in the values of the eGFR in Group 2 in the following months (Figure 2). There was no tendency in Group1 (Figure 1). Moreover, there was no significant difference in both groups between 3-month eGFR the after PCI and eGFR before PCI.
The observation of the declining tendency in the eGFR in Group 2 may be related with two factors. First, Group 2 has higher body mass index, time for DM and HbA1c levels compared to Group1 (p<0.01) and, the second is that although no change has been observed in both groups in long-term BUN and creatinine levels, microalbuminuria is higher in Group2 (p<0.01). All of these indicate that DM can increase either the progression of the renal injury or the complication risk in the follow-up after PCI in the patient with an accompanying ischemic heart disease by increasing the negative chronic effect of DM on renal functions.
In conclusion, this study revealed no statistically significant change in the eGFR in the 24-month follow-up between the patients included into Group 1 and those included into Group 2 after DES insertion. But, the reduction of the eGFR which
demonstrated a declining tendency in Group 2 suggested that it can be yielded from negative chronic effect of the DM as an independent determinant on the renal functions. Moreover, this effect showed that it led increase in the risk of CIN, restenosis, repeated PIC and non-fatal complications in the diabetic patients with decreased eGFR after the insertion of the stent and that it was the determinant of the mortality risk. The monitoring of the eGFR after the PCI can be beneficial to determine the patients who have chronic renal disease. In addition, randomized-controlled studies are required for determining the changes in the renal systems after the insertion of DES in the diabetic patients that use insulin.
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ИНСУЛИНМЕН ЕМДЕЛГЕН ЖYРЕКТЩ ИШЕМИЯЛЫЩ АУРУЫ ЖЭНЕ ЦАНТ ДИАБЕТ1 БАР ЕМДЕЛУШ1ЛЕРДЕ ДЭР1Л1К СТЕНТТЕРД1 ИМПЛАНТАЦИЯЛАГАННАН КЕЙ1Н 24 АЙДАН КЕЙШГ1 ГЛОМЕРУЛЯРЛЫЩ ФИЛЬТРАЦИЯНЫН БОЛЖАМДЫ ЖЫЛДАМДЫГЫНЫН НЭТИЖЕЛЕРШЕ ЭСЕР1
Lütfi Baran, 2 Т. Батыралиев, 3 Mehmet Ba$temir, 2 Serdar Türkmen
1 Санко Университет^ Медициналыц факультетiнiн, Iшкi аурулар бeлiмmесi, Газиантеп, ТYркия
2 Санко Университет^ Медициналыц факультетiнiн, Кардиология бeлiмшесi, Газиантеп, ТYркия
3 Санко Университет^ Медициналыц факультетiнiн, Эндокринология бeлiмшесi, Газиантеп, ТYркия
ТYЙiндi
ЖYректiн ишемиялыц ауруы (ЖИА) бар емделушiлерде гемодиализдi цолдануга экелуi мYмкiн бYЙрек жеткiлiксiздiгi йодидпен контрастты заттарды цолдану арцылы орындалатын терi астындагы коронарлыц араласу кезшде байцалады. Б^л зацым цант диабет жоц пациенттермен салыстырганда гломерулярлыц фильтрацияньщ болжамды жылдамдыгы темен цант диабелмен ауыратын науцастарга тэн.
Максаттары: б^л зерттеудiн мацсаты инсулинмен емделген 2-mi типтi цант диабетi жэне ЖИА бар емделушшерде дэрiлiк стенттердi имплантациялаудан кейiнгi бYЙректiн шумацтыц CYзiлу жылдамдыгыныц eзгеруiн зерттеу болып табы-лады.
Зерттеу дизайны: перспективалыц зерттеу.
Эдiстерi: зерттеуге соцгы 5 жыл iшiнде (соцгы 2015 жылдын желтоцсанына дейiн) PCI-де дэрi-дэрмектердi жою Yшiн бiр немесе бiрнеше стент орнатылган ITDM бар барлыгы 463 пациент енгiзiлдi. Ей топтагы пациенттер рскф-ны зертханалыц зерттеулермен жэне Кардиология жэне imm аурулар бeлiмшелерiнде басца кардиологиялыц параметрлермен 24 ай бойы 3 айлыц кезецмен бацылады.
Нэтижелер: зерттеуге енгiзiлген пациенттер гФБЖ сэйкес ею топца бeлiндi: гФБЖ> 90 мл/мин/1,73 м2 бар 351 пациент (75,8%) цамтитын 1 топ жэне рскф 60-тан 89 мл/мин/1,73-ке дейiнгi 112 пациенттi (24,2%) цамтитын 2 топ м2. Ей топтагы пациенттер 3 айлыц кезецмен 24 ай бойы бацылауда болды. Зерттеудiн сонында екi топта да egfrs-те статистикалыц манызды eзгерiстер табылган жоц. Бiрац 2-mi топта гФБЖ(лар) тeмендеу тенденциясы аныцталды. Сонымен цатар, гФБЖ-ныц Yш айлыц eлmеулерi бiрiншi РСКФ-мен PCI-ге дейiн салыстырылган кезде айтарлыцтай айырмашылыц табылган жоц. Сонымен цатар, контрастты заттан туындаган нефропатия жиiлiгi 1-mi топпен салыстырганда 2-mi топта айтарлыцтай децгейде жш болды (p<0,01). 24 айлыц кардиологиялыц бацылау кезiнде рестеноз жэне реваскуляризация жишп, жYректiн ауыр асцыну жишп жэне eлiмнiн салыстырмалы цауш 2-mi топта 1-mi топпен салыстырганда жш жэне сенiмдi тYPде байцалды (р<0,01).
Цорытынды: б^л зерттеу США-дан кейiн статистикалыц мацызды емес, бiрац 2-mi топтагы пациенттерде тeмендеу Yрдiсi бар rscf тeмендеуi цант диабетiнiн бYЙрек функциясына созылмалы терiс эсерiнiн нэтижесi болуы мYмкiн екенiн кeрсеттi. Сонымен цатар, б^л эсер цант диабетiмен ауыратын науцастарда стент цойылганнан кейiн контрастты заттан туындаган нефропатия цауш рестеноз жишпнщ жогарылауына жэне жиырма тeрт айлыц бацылауда реваскуляризацияга экелетiнiн жэне б^л eлiм цаупiнiн аныцтауmы факторы екенш кeрсеттi.
Ктт свздер: инсулинмен емделген цант диабетi, журектщ ишемиялыц ауруы, дзр1-дзрмекпен цапталган стент, гломерулярлыц фильтрсщияныц болжамды жылдамдыгы.
ВЛИЯНИЕ РАСЧЕТНОЙ СКОРОСТИ КЛУБОЧКОВОЙ ФИЛЬТРАЦИИ НА РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЧЕРЕЗ 24 МЕСЯЦА ПОСЛЕ ИМПЛАНТАЦИИ СТЕНТОВ С ЛЕКАРСТВЕННЫМ ПОКРЫТИЕМ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ СЕРДЦА И САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ,
ПОЛУЧАВШИХ ИНСУЛИН
Lütfi Baran, 2 Т. Батыралиев, 3 Mehmet Ba^temir, 2 Serdar Türkmen
1 Отделение внутренних болезней медицинского факультета Университета Санко, Газиантеп, Турция
2 Отделение кардиологии, медицинский факультет Университета Санко, Газиантеп, Турция 3 Отделение эндокринологии, медицинский факультет Университета Санко, Газиантеп, Турция
Аннотация
У пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС) почечная недостаточность, которая может привести к использованию гемодиализа, наблюдается во время чрескожного коронарного вмешательства (ЧКВ), выполняемого с использованием контрастных веществ с йодидом. Это повреждение более характерно для пациентов с диабетом с более низкой расчетной скоростью клубочковой фильтрации (рСКФ) по сравнению с пациентами, у которых диабета нет.
Цели: Целью данного исследования является изучение изменений скорости клубочковой фильтрации почек после имплантации стентов с лекарственным покрытием (САШы) у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа, получавших инсулин и ИБС.
Дизайн исследования: Проспективное исследование.
Методы: В общей сложности в исследование были включены 463 пациента с ИТДМ, которым последовательно в течение последних 5 лет (последний раз до декабря 2015 года) были установлены один или несколько стентов для
удаления лекарств при ЧКВ. Пациенты в обеих группах наблюдались за рСКФ с лабораторными тестами и другими кардиологическими параметрами в отделениях кардиологии и внутренних болезней в течение 24 месяцев с 3-месячными периодами.
Результаты: Пациенты, включенные в исследование, были разделены на две группы в соответствии с рСКФ: группа 1, включающая 351 пациента (75,8%) с рСКФ > 90 мл/мин/1,73 м2 и группа 2, включающая 112 пациентов (24,2%) с рСКФ от 60 до 89 мл/мин/1,73 м2. Пациенты в обеих группах находились под наблюдением в течение 24 месяцев с 3-месячными периодами. В конце исследования в обеих группах не было обнаружено статистически значимых изменений в рСКФ(ов). Но была обнаружена тенденция к снижению рСКФ(ов) во 2-й группе. Более того, когда трехмесячные измерения рСКФ сравнивались с первой рСКФ до ЧКВ, существенной разницы обнаружено не было. Кроме того, частота нефропатии, вызванной контрастным веществом, была более распространена на значительном уровне во 2-й группе по сравнению с 1-й группой (р<0,01). В течение 24-месячного кардиологического наблюдения частота рестеноза и реваскуляризации, частота серьезных сердечных осложнений и относительный риск смерти наблюдались чаще и достоверно во 2-й группе по сравнению с 1-й группой (р<0,01).
Заключение: Это исследование показало, что снижение рСКФ, которое не было статистически значимым после САШ, но имело тенденцию к снижению у пациентов 2-й группы, может быть результатом хронического негативного влияния сахарного диабета (СД) на функции почек. Кроме того, этот эффект продемонстрировал, что риск нефро-патии, вызванной контрастным веществом, после установки стента у пациентов с сахарным диабетом со сниженной рСКФ привел к увеличению частоты рестеноза и повторной реваскуляризации в течение двадцати четырех месяцев наблюдения и что это является определяющим фактором риска смертности.
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет, лечимый инсулином, ишемическая болезнь сердца, стент с лекарственным покрытием, расчетная скорость клубочковой фильтрации.
Конфликт интересов. Все авторы заявляют об отсутствии потенциального конфликта интересов, требующего раскрытия в данной статье.
Корреспондирующий автор. Dr. Lutfi Baran, Кафедра внутренних болезней медицинского факультета Университета Санко, Газиантеп, Турция. E-mail: lutfibaran@hotmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8615-5908.
Вклад авторов. Все авторы внесли равноценный вклад в разработку концепции, выполнение, обработку результатов и написание статьи. Заявляем, что данный материал ранее не публиковался и не находится на рассмотрении в других издательствах.
Финансирование. Отсутствует.
Статья постпила: 20.10.2022.
Принята к публикации: 26.10.2022.
Conflict of interest. All authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest requiring disclosure in this article. Corresponding author. Dr. Lutfi Baran, Department of Internal Medicine, Sanko University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey. E-mail: lutfibaran@hotmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8615-5908.
Contribution of the authors. All authors have made an equal contribution to the development of the concept, implementation, processing of results and writing of the article. We declare that this material has not been published before and is not under consideration by other publishers. Financing. Absent.
Article submitted: 20.10.2022. Accepted for publication: 26.10.2022.
