14Актуальные проблемы
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УДК 504.03
Impact of crude oil pollution in Yenagoa community in Niger delta region of Nigeria
EYO J.E., Department of Ecology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation; CHIADIGHIKAOBI P.C., Pacherozi Engineering and Materials Nigeria Limited, 14 Chief Andy Obidike Lane, off Udeagbala Road, Ayaba Umueze, Osisioma, Abia State, Nigeria
Keywords: : Yenagoa, Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, crude oil spillage, contamination
Contamination of soil from crude oil spill is a major pollution challenge in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. Crude oil spillage is seen almost in every Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. The damages and impact of this spillage have a huge negative effect on the environment, eco system, inhabitants. Nigeria is not an exception of these negative impacts. In fact, Nigeria is seen as a nation with poor crude exploitation techniques therefore this paper focuses on the task to research the causes, effects, impacts of crude oil spillage in Yenagoa Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the impact and effect of crude oil spillage in Yenagoa. The information and data in this paper are derived from the review analysis of previous authors. From the analysis, it is seen that crude oil spillage has a huge negative effect to the environment and its inhabitants with factors caused by human. The spillage can be controlled, and the effects resolved.
О проблемах загрязнения сырой нефтью в Енагое в дельте Нигера Нигерии
ЭЙО Д.Э., Российский Университет Дружбы Народов (РУДН), Москва, Россия;
ЧИАДИГХИКАОБИП.Ч., Пачерози Инжиниринг и Материалы, Осисиома, штат Абиа, Нигерия
Ключевые слова: Енагое, дельта Нигера, загрязнения, разлив нефти.
Загрязнение почвы в результате разлива сырой нефти является одной из основных проблем в районе дельты Нигер в Нигерии. Утечка нефти наблюдается почти во всех районах дельты Нигер в Нигерии. Ущерб и последствия этого разлива оказывают огромное негативное влияние на окружающую среду, экологическую систему, жителей. Нигерия не является исключением из этих
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негативных последствий. На самом деле, Нигерия рассматривается как страна со слабыми методами добычи сырой нефти, поэтому в данной работе основное внимание уделено задаче исследования причин, последствий и воздействия разлива нефти в районе дельты Енагоа в Нигерии. Основной целью данной работы является анализ воздействия и последствий разлива сырой нефти в Енагоа. Информация и данные, приведенные в данной работе, взяты из рецензионного анализа предыдущих авторов. Из анализа видно, что розлив сырой нефти оказывает огромное негативное воздействие на окружающую среду и ее обитателей факторами, вызванными человеком. Утечку можно контролировать, а последствия устранять.
Cases of petroleum and refined petroleum spills onto communal and agricultural lands through petroleum production operations have been reported since 1958 when the production of petroleum began in Nigeria [1-5]. Soil contamination with crude oil has been a major pollution issue in Niger Delta region of Nigeria (figure 1), with statistics of over 1,260 crude oil spills sites known in the region [6] Dating far back 1956 when the first commercially viable oil wells was discovered in Oloibiri, in the Niger Delta, Nigeria till present, the issue of oil production and its effect on the environment has never stopped being the source of constant friction among the two groups in this sector (oil companies and their host communities). Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) once stated that most environmental problems linked to the oil industry are due to oil spills, gas flaring, dredging of canals and land take for construction of facilities [7-9]. Oil spills are not often noticed earlier therefore, large oil spills may not be detected depending on their location for many days or even months with untold damage to the fragile ecology of the Niger Delta. These oil activities have affected the life style (mainly fishing) of the host communities. Most people in this region are big time into fishing.
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Fig. 1. Niger Delta Region Extracted from the Nigerian Map Source: http://pubs.sciepub.com/env/5/1/4/index.html (date accessed 10.12.2020)
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The Niger Delta region is located in the south-southern, south-eastern and south-western part of Nigeria. It is an area of intensive and extensive crude oil exploration, exploitation and production. In this region, there are industrial installations like pipeline materials, flow stations, gas clusters and gas flaring sites; all of which have adverse impact on the environment [10]. Crude oil spillage is known to be the major environmental problem associated with oil exploration and exploitation activities. This has also led to regional crisis in the Niger Delta in the areas where most pipelines and flow lines are laid above the ground. According to the author on the paper [11], the major impact of oil spills are associated to destruction of farmlands, soil fauna and flora (figure 2a), poisoning of both surface and Farming and fishing are the main occupations of the people in Nigeria coastal areas of the Niger Delta. According to [12], United Nation Development Programme
Fig. 2. Niger Delta region oil spillage impact
(UNDP) (2006) reported that more than 70 % of the people of the Nigeria Niger Delta region depend on the natural environment for their livelihood [12]. Furthermore in [13], Niger Delta Environmental Survey (NDES) (1996), stated that oil production and other industrial activities are seen as some of the factors that have greatly impacted negatively on the evolution of the Niger Delta. The activities of the oil industries have brought or caused heavy environmental and ecological pollution as liquid discharges and oil spills into the air, land, and water components of the environment [13]. When there is an oil spill on water, it makes easy for the oil to spread without delay [14]. Oil spills have destroyed aquatic lives on which most people in this region feed on, exacerbating hunger and poverty in fishing communities [15]. These negative impacts could force affected communities to aggress. In [16], the authors summaries the experience of local fishermen and farmers as stated: «having lost their traditional subsistence lifestyle to pollution and other drastic changes in their immediate environment, many oil producing communities are now forced to buy their food».
Yenagoa experienced a massive oil spillage from SPDC pipeline in Aghoro communities in Ekeremor Local Government Area of Bayelsa State on May 17, 2018. According to1, the spill occurred along the 24-inch Trans-Ramos pipeline of SPDC. This oil spill affected
1Nigeria: Oil Spill Hits Bayelsa Community. https://allafrica.com/stories/201806070030.html (data accessed 10.11.2020).
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Aghoro communities and neighbouring communities in Bayelsa and Delta states. As a result of this spillage, the river which is one of community's major source of drinking was affected. As a result of this spillage, the inhabitants can no longer utilize the river, and the spill has affected most of their fishing and farming activities here2.
Shell operation in the community continues to threaten the livelihoods of the local people, as multiple spills in Biseni becomes a regular scenario. The crude was confirmed to had leaked from a rupture on the Well 4 delivery trunk line, in the Shell Biseni oilfields, connected to the Adebawa Flow Station in Jokrama Community of Rivers state. Shell officials were alerted to the rupture in November, 2006 and it was attributed to equipment failure. In December 2006, there were two separate fire outbreaks in the community caused by the spilled crude oil for several days. Shell was aware of these outbreaks, and several other spills that occurred along the trunk line in January and March of the following year3.
Waste is defined as an unwanted product or unutilised material which poses as treat to the environment. Most cases waste products are seen as a result of inability of people knowing the value of the peoples around them.
From a visit in Yenagoa in Bayelsa State Nigeria, the environment has been degraded to the stage that every means of livelihood in a state of disaster. It was identified that some factors play major roles in the causes and utilization of every aspect of crude oil. These factors are:
i. Illiteracy
ii. Poor awareness
iii. Lack of government concern
iv. Greed
v. Poor or lack of infrastructures
Illiteracy has a way it kills the human mentality. This type of killing makes the people not to know what and not what to do. In other words, this can also be referred to as ignorance. People misusing oil facilities which can explode or cause leakage. This leakage spreads and destroys the soil and the environment. Most times, this leakage causes fire outbreak. Because people are not well informed, they keep doing things that could destroy their lives and environment. This lack or poor of information is known as poor awareness. Poor awareness can be solved by educating people on the dangers associated to poor management of oil facilities in their area. To do this, lack of government concern should be a thing of the past. Government should have the wellbeing of her citizens as a priority in their governance. Government is for the people and the people for governance. Government should teach the people how to look after oil facilities, creating laws that prohibit people from building or constructing on pipe line tracks, not to play on the oil facilities (figure 3). This can be linked to greed from both the government side and the citizens. Government not wanting to educate the people in the rural areas where crude oil is mined so they don't arise tomorrow to question the government of their rights. The government that loves her people will provide alternative livelihood for the rural people.
2See link 1.
3Multiple Spills in Biseni, Nigeria. https://ejatlas.org/conflict/multiple-spills-in-biseni-nigeria (data accessed 10.11.2020).
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On the part of the citizens in the rural areas, they do not want to vacate the areas where pipelines tracks are located to avoid losing their lands and properties.
Fig. 3. Poor usage of oil pipeline tracks
Source:https://thenationonlineng.net/n9b-oil-pipeline-contracts-tension-in-delta-bayelsa/ (date accessed 10.12.2020)
Due to lack of infrastructures from the government that will sustain people and keep them out risks in these environments, people continue to risk their lives looking for ways to survive. Their simple sources of income have been destroyed by the oil companies, oil leakages and mining.
Crude oil spillage does not occur without factors effecting it. These factors can be caused by poor technical know-how, poor government intervention, poor governmental laws being implemented.
As a result of oil spillage, lives and properties are destroyed. The economy of the region and nation is put at risk.
Government should invest in utilizing every aspect of crude oil. By doing this, jobs are created, the environments are kept clean and healthy, crime will become a thing of the past.
References
1. Odu C.T.I. Pollution and the environment. Bull. Sci. Assoc. Nig. 3(2): 284 - 285 of Orchesella cincta (L.) (Collembola), Arch. Environ. Cont. Tox. 1977. 22, pp. 146-156.
2. Awobajo A.O. An analysis of oil spill incidents in Nigeria. Proceedings of National Seminar on Petroleum Industries and Nigerian Environment, Warri. 1981. pp. 57 -63.
3. Grevy P. The Niger Delta Nigeria pollution assessment study. report to the world bank. Carl Bro International Glostrup Denmark. 1995. p. 125.
4. Moffat D., Linden O. Perception, and reality: assessing priorities for sustainable development in the Niger River Delta. Ambio. 1995. 24 (7-8), pp. 527 - 532.
5. Obire O., Nwaubeta O. BioDegradation of refined petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. 2001. Vol. 5(1), pp. 43- 46.
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6. Leadership Newspaper, Abuja Nigeria: 1,260 Oil Spills Identified in Niger Delta. 2008. August 5th, Vol. 3 No. 28, p. 16.
7. Rowell M.J. The effect of crude oil spill on soils. In: Toogood, J.A. (Ed.), The Reclamation of Agricultural Soils» after Oil Spill. Dept. of Soil Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton. 1977. pp. 1-33.
8. Cortet J., Gomot de Vauflery A., Poinsot-Balaguer N., Gomot L., Texier C., Cluzeau D. The use of invertebrate soil fauna in monitoring pollutant effects, Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2001. 35, pp. 115-134.
9. Raji A.O.Y., Abejide T.S. An assessment of environmental problems associated with oil pollution and gas flaring in the Niger Delta region Nigeria, C.1960s-2000. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review. 2013. 3(3), pp. 48-62.
10. Manilla P.N, Frank OM. Chemical analysis of water samples from some flood plain lakes in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology, Environmental Science. 2009;11(3), pp. 483-7.
11. Agunobi K.N., Obienusi E.A., Onuoha D.C. An investigation of the pattern and Environmental impact of oil spillage in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Natural Resources. 2014. 4(16), pp. 124-37.
12. Ebegbulem J.C., Ekpe D., Adejumo T.O. Oil exploration and Poverty in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A critical analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 2013. 4(3), pp. 279-287.
13. Omajemite B.U. (2011). The economic dimensions of the Niger Delta ethnic conflicts. African Research Review. 2011. 5(5), pp. 46-55.
14. Akpofure E.A., Efere M.L., Ayawei P. The adverse effects of crude oil spills in the Niger Delta: Urhobo Historical Society. 2000. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from http://www.waado.org/environment/petrolpolution/oilspills/ OilSpills_AdverseEffects.html (date accessed 10.01.2021).
15. Inoni O.E., Douglason G.O., Adun F.N. The effect of oil spillage and crop yield and farm income in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 2006. 7(1), pp. 41-48.
16. Clark P.U., Alley R.B., Pollard D. Northern Hemisphere ice sheet influences on global climate change. Science. 1999. 286(5442), pp. 1104-1111.
Авторы
ЭЙО Джозеф Эдэт, Департамент Современные Исследования Окружающей Среды, Российский Университет Дружбы Народов (РУДН); e-mail: josepheyo292@yahoo.com;
ЧИАДИГХИКАОБИ Паскал Чимеремезе, ООО в Нигерии, Пачерози Инженерный и Материалов. 14 Чеф Анди Обидики Лен, офф Удеагвала, Аяба Умуезе, Осисиома, Абиа штат, Нигерия; e-mail: passydking2@mail.ru.
Информация
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НОВОСТИ
Утверждены новые ГОСТ Р для строительства автомобильных дорог
Опубликованы новые Национальные стандарты для специалистов в области строительства автомобильных дорог.
ГОСТ Р 52575-2021 «Дороги автомобильные общего пользования. Материалы для дорожной разметки. Технические требования» утвержден приказом Рос-стандарта от 15 января 2021 года N 2-ст.
Стандарт распространяется на материалы для дорожной разметки, применяемые для устройства и демаркировки дорожной разметки по ГОСТ Р 51256 на автомобильных дорогах общего пользования, улицах и дорогах городов и сельских поселений, и устанавливает технические требования к материалам.
ГОСТ Р 52575-2021 вводится в действие на территории РФ с 1 февраля 2021 года.
ГОСТ Р 52576-2021 «Дороги автомобильные общего пользования. Материалы для дорожной разметки. Методы испытаний» утвержден приказом Росстандар-та от 15 января 2021 года N 3-ст.
Стандарт распространяется на материалы для дорожной разметки по ГОСТ Р 52575, применяемые для устройства и демаркировки дорожной разметки по ГОСТ Р 51256 на автомобильных дорогах общего пользования, улицах и дорогах городов и сельских поселений, и устанавливает методы испытаний материалов.
ГОСТ Р 52576-2021 вводится в действие на территории РФ с 1 февраля 2021 года.
ГОСТ Р 59290-2021 «Дороги автомобильные общего пользования. Требования к проведению входного и операционного контроля» утвержден приказом Росстан-дарта от 15 января 2021 года N 4-ст.
Стандарт распространяется на дороги автомобильные общего пользования и устанавливает требования к проведению входного и операционного контроля при строительстве (возведении), реконструкции и ремонте автомобильных дорог общего пользования.
ГОСТ Р 59290-2021 вводится в действие на территории РФ с 1 февраля 2021 года.
Источник: http://ancb.ru/news/read/10713
