CC BY
30УДК 330.15 : 332 : 504 : 502.6 : 550.028 doi:10.18720/SPBPU/2/id20-126
Гердес Андреас \
профессор, д-р наук, профессор, научный директор;
Кононова Мария Юрьевна ,
д-р техн. наук, доцент, приглашённый профессор
ВЛИЯНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КЛИМАТА НА АРКТИЧЕСКУЮ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРУ — АРКТИЧЕСКИЙ ИННОВАЦИОННЫЙ ЦЕНТР УСТОЙЧИВОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ
1 КИТ — Инновации ХАБ: Профилактика в строительстве, Карлсруэ, Германия, andreas.gerdes@kit.edu,
2 Техническая Высшая школа Розенхайма, Розенхайм, Германия Mariia.Kononova@th-rosenheim.de
Аннотация. Инфраструктура играет центральную роль в экономическом и социальном развитии стран. Она более разнообразна, чем принято считать. Национальная инфраструктура может быть разделена на шесть секторов, как показывает пример для технической инфраструктуры Германии: 1 - энергетическая, 2 - транспортная, 3 - водо-хозяйственная, 4 - городская, 5 - информационно-коммуникационная, 6 - индустриальная [1]. Эта инфраструктура подвержена различным химически-физическим воздействиям на окружающую среду в различных областях использования, что значительно сокращает срок службы этих структур. Также из-за недостаточного планирования, исполнения и обслуживания, большинство инфраструктурных сооружений должны быть существенно отремонтированы уже после 20-30 лет использования, при запланированном сроке службы без технического обслуживания, как правило, 100-120 лет [2]. Подобная реабилитация не только технически очень сложна и дорогостояща, но и вызывает высокое экологическое бремя для окружающей среды. Долгосрочное строительство является необходимым условием для устойчивой инфраструктуры.
Мегатенденции все больше влияют на социальные события, на строительную отрасль и на туристскую инфраструктуру, в частности, влияют быстро происходящие преобразования. Создание реальных лабораторий, в которых новые продукты, технологии и стратегии будут опробованы в реальных условиях вместе с владельцами инфраструктуры, например, инфраструктуры и недвижимости туристской отрасли [3, 6] Карелии [5], Арктической зоны Российской Федерации (АЗРФ) [4]. На основе опыта "KIT Innovation HUB" (Карлсруэ, Германия) и СПбПУ, ИСИ (Россия) предлагается создать и развивать «Арктический инновационный ХАБ для устойчивой инфраструктуры» совместно с российскими и китайскими партнёрами.
Ключевые слова: изменение климата, техническая инфраструктура, арктическая инфраструктура, туристская недвижимость, Арктический инновационный ХАБ, Арктическая зона Российской Федерации (АЗРФ).
Andreas Gerdes1, Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director;
Maria U. Kononova , Dr. habil. of Engineering Sciences, Ass. Prof., Visiting Professor
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ARCTIC INFRASTRUCTURE - ARCTIC INNOVATION HUB FOR SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
1 KIT Innovation HUB Prevention in Construction, Karlsruhe, Germany,
andreas.gerdes@kit.edu, Technical University of Applied Science, Rosenheim, Germany, Mariia.Kononova@th-rosenheim.de
Abstract. Infrastructure plays a central role in the economic and social development of countries. It is more diverse than is commonly believed. The national infrastructure can be divided into six sectors, as an example for the German technical infrastructure shows: 1 - energy, 2 - transport, 3 - water, 4 - urban, 5 - information and communication, 6 -industrial [1]. This infrastructure is subject to various chemical and physical environmental impacts in various fields of use, which significantly reduces the service life of these structures. Also, due to insufficient planning, execution and maintenance, most of the infrastructure facilities should be substantially repaired after 20-30 years of use, with the planned service life without maintenance, usually 100-120 years [2]. These rehabilitations are not only technically very complicated and expensive, but also cause a high environmental burden for the environment. Long-term construction is a prerequisite for sustainable infrastructure.
Megatrends are increasingly influencing social events, the construction industry and the tourism infrastructure, in particular, rapidly transforming ones are affecting. Creation of real laboratories in which new products, technologies and strategies will be tested in real conditions together with the owners of infrastructure, for example, infrastructure and real estate of the tourism industry [3, 6] of Karelia [5], and the Russian Arctic [4]. Based on the experience of KIT Innovation HUB (Karlsruhe, Germany), and SPbPU, ISI (Russia), it is proposed to create and develop the "Arctic Innovation HUB for Sustainable Infrastructure" together with Russian and Chinese partners.
Keywords: changing of the climate, technical infrastructure, arctic infrastructure, tourist real estate, Arctic innovation hub, Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF).
1. Starting point
Infrastructure plays a central role in the economic and social development of a nation. It is more diverse than is generally assumed. In simple words, a national infrastructure can be divided into six areas, as the example for Germany in Fig. 1 shows.
Sewage treatment plant
Fig. 1. Different infrastructure sectors in Germany
This infrastructure is exposed to different chemical-physical environmental impacts in the different fields of use, which can significantly reduce the lifespan of these structures. But also due to insufficient planning, execution and maintenance, the majority of the infrastructure structures have to be substantially repaired already after 20-30 years of use, although the planned maintenance-free service life is usually 100-120 years. These rehabilitations are not only technically very complex and costly, but also cause high ecological burdens for the environment. Both the costs and the environmental impact of traditional rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures are two to three times higher than the costs of the original construction of the structures. From this it can be directly concluded that long-term construction is an essential requirement for a sustainable infrastructure.
2. Impacts of megatrends on infrastructure
Megatrends are increasingly influencing not only social developments but also the construction industry, with the infrastructure in particular being affected by the rapidly progressing transformations. For example, the lack of natural resources, such as sand, is making infrastructure development more difficult in some parts of the world.
Building in existing structures (keyword: "megacities"), i.e. maintenance and repair of existing structures, requires the linking of "old infrastructure" (e.g. sewers) with "new infrastructure" (e.g. sewage treatment plants). A missing compatibility between "old" and "new" infrastructure leads to an inevitable failure of the whole system.
The globalization of the construction industry is leading to a worldwide standardization of construction, which does not always reflect the specific local influencing factors that are important for a long service life of real estate structures of AZRF tourism industry.
Digitalization in the building industry (keyword: "BIM" - Building Information Modeling) currently aims primarily at increasing the economic efficiency or profit in building planning and execution, but not at reducing life-cycle costs, which requires a high quality of the buildings, infrastructure and real estate of the tourism industry [3, 5-7] of Karelia.
A special role is played by climate change, whose effects on the building industry, but especially on the infrastructure, have already been demonstrated. This applies in particular to the Arctic regions, where the mean temperature increase as a result of climate change is already higher than the global mean temperature increase. Among other things, this leads to the thawing of the permafrost soils, which reduces the load-bearing capacity of the foundations. Materials, such as reinforced concrete, are destroyed by the effects of freeze-thaw cycles. Corrosion processes are accelerated by the action of moisture and oxygen. Polymers, modified for low temperatures, lose their integrity at higher temperatures or permanent temperature changes. The consequence of these damage processes, which were little known in these regions until then, are extensive rehabilitation measures, which in turn contribute directly to climate change through a high release of climate gases such as CO2.
With regard to the effects of climate change on infrastructure, two strategies are therefore necessary: mitigation of the release of climate gases by means of a high durability of the infrastructure structures and adaptation of the infrastructure to the effects of climate change.
Fig. 2. Impacts of megatrends on infrastructure
The measures required for this can be summarized under the simplified term "prevention in construction". Figure 3 shows a selection of these measures, some of which are already available for practical application in the construction industry, while others still need to be developed. Common to all technical measures is the extension of the real service life to the planned service life.
Strategy: Increasing the real service life to the planned service life
rY'nr ■
additives for workability
modified raw materials
mi
ECO-innOVEtflön |
products \ —■ - a fT concrete \ additives for conrete
surface protection systems accelerator for shot-crete
Fig. 3. Prevention in construction - Actions along the life cycle
3. Establishment of the Arctic Innovation Hub for Sustainable Infrastructure
The environmental impact of climate change is the topic of extensive research being conducted worldwide. The results of this research have been published in the IPCC reports, the 6th edition of which will appear in 2021/2022. In previous IPCC reports, construction has played a marginal role as the technical sector with the highest anthropogenic mass and energy flows, but also in terms of adapting infrastructure to climate change.
In practice, this means that although the consequences of climate change on infrastructure are already clearly apparent, the significance of construction for climate change and vice versa is only partially understood. This of course makes it more difficult to develop strategies for mitigation and adaptation.
This is especially true for the Arctic regions of the world, where the effects of climate change can already be observed in many parts of daily life.
Therefore, there is not only a need for research, but also the need to develop new products, technologies and services and to implement them in practice in a timely manner with appropriate tools and in cooperation with public administration and business.
The knowledge obtained through targeted research activities in this field is not only important for the development of strategies for the mitigation and adaptation to climate change for the regions concerned. Rather, the Arctic regions can also serve as a model for other regions in the world where these climate changes are already predictable.
It has been shown that megatrends such as climate change require substantial changes in the construction industry, but these cannot be achieved without the rapid introduction of (disruptive) innovations. This requires suitable structures, strategies and concepts that not only provide answers to the challenges, but also help to identify the opportunities arising from these changes. Based on the experiences of the KIT Innovation HUB, Karlsruhe, it is proposed here to establish and develop the "Arctic Innovation Hub for Sustainable Infrastructure" together with the Russian and Chinese partners.
4. Work priorities of the Arctic Innovation Hub for Sustainable Infrastructure
The project partners will define the structure, concepts and strategies for the "Arctic Innovation Hub for Sustainable Infrastructure" in a development phase. Therefore, only a few suggestions for discussion will be formulated here:
• BASIC RESEARCH: The effects of climate change on Arctic regions must be examined in terms of their importance for local infrastructure. For this purpose, joint working groups with researchers from the fields of climate research and civil engineering, preferably in the field of infrastructure, are to be established. The results should provide the scientific background for future developments of products, technologies and services.
• APPLIED RESEARCH: Existing products, technologies and services as part of preventive strategies must be modified for use in the Arctic region. However, further technical measures must also be developed to significantly improve the performance and durability of the infrastructure throughout its life cycle. Available or newly developed construction products must also be evaluated with regard to their ecological impacts (keyword: "Life Cycle Assessment"). The use of preventive measures has been demonstrated to drastically reduce life cycle costs. To this end, new life cycle management approaches need to be developed that not only reduce economic risks but also significantly increase the profitability of commercially used infrastructure.
• TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: Cooperation with all stakeholders in the construction value chain is a key element of the fast technology transfer. To this end, topic-specific working groups are being set up to identify the factors limiting the transfer. A further action is the establishment of real laboratories in which new products, technologies and strategies can be tested under real conditions together with the infrastructure owners, for example, infrastructure and real estate of the tourism industry of Russian Karelia and AZRF. These results can then be used in a following phase to optimize the results of applied research.
References:
1. Gerdes A. Bauchemie im 21. Jahrhundert - Herausforderungen und Chancen, in: Umwelteinflüsse erfassen, simulieren, bewerten: 44.Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation, 24.-27 März 2015, Stutensee-Blankenloch. Hrsg.: K.F. Ziegahn., Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation, Pfinztal, pp. 141-152.
2. Yang W., Baji H., Li Ch.-Q. Time-dependent reliability method for service life prediction of reinforced concrete shield metro tunnels // Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 14, 2015, pp. 1095-1107.
3. Kononova M.J. Geoecological Marketing of Tourist - Recreational Zones of Cities Territories. Environment. Technology. Resources, Rezekne, Latvia. // Proceedings of the 10th International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2015. Volume II, pp. 141-147. ISSN 1691-5402. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol2.267.
4. Кононова М.Ю. Геоэкологический маркетинг туристско-рекреационных зон территорий развития Арктики [Geoecological marketing of tourist-recreational Zones of development areas of the Arctic] // Almanac "Russia in the Global World", № 9 (32), Saint Petersburg: Polytechnic University Publishing House, 2016. Pp. 40-52. ISSN 2304-9472. (In Russ.)
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6. Кононова М.Ю., Вильдероттер К. Управление рисками геоэкомаркетинга недвижимости туристских территорий развития // Системный анализ в проектировании и управлении: Сборник научных трудов XXIII Междунар. науч.-практич. конф. Ч. 1. СПб: Изд-во Политех-Пресс, 2019, С. 255-258.
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