CC BY
62
ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS IN HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES AND POLITICALLY AUTONOMOUS UNITS: RECENT ESTIMATED STOCKS BY COUNTRY AND UNIT
Rafael Reuveny
This paper estimates stocks of illegal immigrants currently residing in the high income world by country and politically autonomous unit (PAU). The estimates either come as such from sources or are computed here based on auxiliary data. All the computations and sources are documented. The current version suggests the number of illegal immigrants currently residing in the high income world could be as high as 42.4 million. I provide the database in the form of an Excel file. I treat this project as an ongoing effort and invite other scholars to alter or amend it in future research.
Keywords: dataset, Excel format, documentation, multiple sources. Approach
This paper estimates stocks of illegal immigrants currently residing in the high income world, by country and politically autonomous unit (PAU). I provide results and calculations in an accompanying Excel file with four sheets (can be downloaded from the electronic version of this paper at http://www.sociostudies.org/journal/articles/450866/). The sheet entitled 'High Income Countries and PAUs' includes estimates and auxiliary computations. The sheets entitled 'Croatia', 'Latvia', 'Finland', and 'GCC countries' (GCC stands for the Gulf Cooperation Council) provide computations for these particular cases.
The Excel file cites the source of each numerical input, the full details of which are provided in the end of this paper. In what follows, I discuss how the estimates are obtained. My goal was to compile and utilize available data, rather than to make any judgment about their quality as other researchers have done (e.g., Clandestino 2009). Since the nature of illegal immigration necessitates secrecy on the part of those involved, I find it nearly impossible to judge the quality of such estimates; even the clearest and most logical procedure prepared by the best country expert with full access to official data must be less than perfectly accurate.
I identify high income countries and PAUs based on a World Bank report (WB 2011). World Bank (2013 a) defines high income in 2012 as a Gross National Income per capita (GNIpc) of at least $12,616. The World Bank excludes Taiwan (World Bank 2013b), probably due to its sensitivity vis-à-vis China. I include Taiwan here since it operates as a country and currently has a GNIpc of $20,910 (World Bank 2013c). The PAUs come in two types: (1) China's Special Administrative Regions of Macau and Hong Kong, and (2) Overseas Territories linked with former colonial powers
Journal of Globalization Studies, Vol. 7 No. 1, May 2016 30-46
30
(e.g., Puerto Rico, the Netherlands Antilles). PAUs essentially run their own immigration and socioeconomic policies and their residents may have easier entry as immigrants to their mother country. I do not address this issue here.
Sources and Estimates
The data come from media outlets, practitioners, institutions, governments, and academics. The media outlets are mostly newspapers, while the practitioners include nonprofits, philanthropic bodies, think tanks, and consulting agencies. The institutions include the International Labour Organization, the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD), the International Organization of Migration, the European Commission and others. The government sources are exclusively official papers, and the academic sources are journal articles, books, and book chapters. A variety of counts are used, including expired non-departing visas, people captured illegally working or crossing borders, and illegal residents arrested for various crimes. Some reports hint their sources wish to remain unidentified or rely on surve1ys of anonymous employers and foreigners, while others do not explicate their method.1
Most sources offer a range of estimates, recognizing the inherent uncertainty. I list several ranges by place with their mean low and high ends. When a range is not offered, I use the same number for both sides. The means are used to compute totals across all the places, for each side of the range. Graphically, the range for this total (or for any database entry) resides within a larger range stretching from the smallest to the largest estimate found, as shown below. The mean stock of illegal immigrants is between X and Y, and the stock itself could be as small as W and as large as Z.
Smallest estimate Minimum mean Maximum mean Largest estimate W X Y Z
Auxiliary Calculations
Most of the estimates come directly from original sources. I compute other estimates. The phrase 'For A, B...' below applies to some estimates for countries A, B..., not to all their estimates, as in almost all cases, some estimates are original, and in several cases
I use more than one estimation method.
For Belgium, Cyprus, Equatorial Guinea (EG), France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, UAE, and the United Kingdom, estimates report shares of illegal immigrants in the legal population. I applied these shares to the current population from World Bank (2013d), yielding a total estimate assuming the illegal and the legal groups grow at the same rate.
For Greece and Italy, I used the reported share of the illegal immigrant population in the total (illegal + legal) population (n) to solve for the stock of illegal immigrants (z)
z
based on the current stock of the legal residents (L). I begin with n =- and get
z + L
nL
z = ■
1 - n
For Australia and New Zealand, I used the reported share of the illegal immigrant stock in the total (illegal + legal) immigrant stock to find z above, with L now the legal immigrant stock.
For Denmark, Ireland, Aruba, and South Korea, I applied the reported share of illegal immigrants in the legal immigrant stock, to the legal immigrant stock in World Bank (2013e).
For the next two groups, I used stocks of illegal foreign workers as proxies for stocks of illegal migrants. Notably, these proxies may be too small if these workers have with them nonworking family members (e.g., children, spouses, and extended family); I was largely unable to find data addressing this problem. For Austria, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, and the US, I applied the reported share of illegal workers in the total legal population to the total legal population. For Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE I used the reported share of illegal immigrants in the total workforce (illegal + legal) to compute the illegal immigrant stock z above, with L now the total legal workforce.
For Kuwait and the UAE, I found stocks of illegal immigrants and Biduns (Arabic, without nationality; also Bedoun, Bidoon, and Bedoon). Formerly from nomadic tribes, Arab nations, or Iran, the Kuwaiti government calls them illegal residents (Right Now, 2012). They have limited or no access to state resources, including healthcare. I list estimates with and without Biduns.
For Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE, I found estimates for the share of the illegal immigrants in the migrant workforce (ISW), the total workforce (legal immigrants + nationals) (WF), and the legal migrant share of this workforce (MS). The illegal migrants stock is given by which also may undervalue the illegal migrant stock, since it does not count any nonworking resident family members.
For Hungary, I found data for WF (above), share of undeclared workforce in the total workforce (legal immigrants + nationals) (USW), and share of undeclared immigrant labor in the undeclared workforce (USM). Assuming the undeclared immigrant labor consists of illegal immigrants, the illegal migrant workforce is given by.
For Australia and South Korea, I use the share of illegal immigrants in the total immigrant stock (legal + illegal) (n) and the total legal immigrant stock (L). The illegal immigrant stock is given by
For South Korea, I add the stocks of illegal immigrant workers (IW), school-aged children of illegal workers (IC), and mothers of these children (IM) to get the illegal immigrant stock. This computation assumes that the mothers do not work and does not account for any illegal immigrant who is a nonworking non-mother or any child younger than school-aged.
For Ireland, there are data on the stock of illegal immigrant workers (IW), share of married illegal immigrant workers (SM), share of the latter with non-working spouses present in Ireland (MP), share of illegal immigrant workers with children (SC), and share of the latter with non-working children present in Ireland (CP). I compute the illegal immigrant stock by. This estimate may undervalue the true number, for it accounts for only one nonworking child per family.
For Guam, I found estimates of the illegal immigrant stock in 1997 (z1997) and the average yearly number of illegal immigrants (flow). The source is not clear on whether flow applies since 1997 or 2000, so I provide estimates for both. The illegal immigrant stock is computed by, where T is 14 (2000 to 2013) or 17 (1997 to 2013). This computation may overvalue the true number, for it does not account for those who left Guam or died since 1997.
For Japan, there are data for uncaptured migrants overstaying their visa and people who entered the country illegally. The two numbers are added here to estimate the illegal stock.
For Croatia, there are data on yearly apprehensions while crossing borders illegally, yearly apprehensions of foreigners working illegally, and share of illegal immigrants in the legal immigrant stock. I create three estimates: (1) sum the yearly border apprehensions over time and multiply the total by 0.5 and 0.75, assuming, conservatively, that for every 12 people caught, 6 to 8 get in illegally; (2) sum the yearly illegal work apprehensions over time and multiply the total by 0.5 and 0.75 for a similar reason; and (3) multiply the illegal share by the legal stock.
For Latvia, I provide five estimates based on the data I was able to find: (1) multiply the share of informal workers by the number of legal foreign workers, assuming this informal share equals the illegal share; (2) multiply the share of illegal immigrants in the legal immigrant stock to this immigrant stock; (3) multiply the mean yearly inflow of illegal immigrants since Latvia joined the EU by 10 (2004-2013), assuming that prior to EU membership illegal immigrant inflows were negligible; (4) multiply the share of illegal immigrant workers in the legal by the legal worker population stock; and (5) multiply the total number of people apprehended illegally crossing the border over the time period for which there is data by the above 0.5 and 0.75 factors, assuming the reasoning above applies here.
For Brunei, I found data on the number of people deported. Assuming they are all illegal immigrants, I applied the 0.5 and 0.75 factors, for the reason noted above.
For Finland, there are data on the yearly number of caught illegal residents in 2005-2011. An estimate of the number of illegal immigrants residing in Finland uncap-tured adds all of these numbers and multiply the total by the 0.5 and 0.7 factors. This number does not account for any illegal immigrants already present in 2005 or any death or departure since that time.
Finally, for the US Virgin Islands, I found data on the number of illegal immigrants captured in the six months from October 1, 2006 to the end of March, 2007. Assuming this period is representative, I get about 6,000 illegal immigrants captured in 2007 through May 2014 (400 x 15 six month periods). I then applied the 0.5 and 0.75 factors.
Concluding Remarks
This paper estimates stocks of illegal immigrants currently residing in the high income world. For the total in the Excel database, on average, the stock of the illegal immigrants residing in the high income world is in the range 22.2-26.9 million. The stock of illegal immigrants itself could be as low as 14.5 million and as high as 42.6 million. These numbers are not small, but are by no means definitive. I treat this database a work in progress and invite others to update or amend it.
NOTE
1 In general, I note that governments provide lower estimates than other source types. This makes intuitive sense as we know most citizens are averse to illegal immigrants and blame leaders for not enforcing border controls, strict surveillance, and deportation. Governments may thus have an incentive to downplay the scope of this immigration.
REFERENCES
Abella, M. 2012. The United States and Japan's Immigration Dilemmas in Comparative Prospective. American Behavioral Scientist 56 (8): 1139-1156.
Al Arabyia. 2013. Saudi's Smart Move on Illegal Immigrants. English, September 16. URL: http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2013/05/13/Saudi-s-smart-move-on-illegal-immigration.html.
AlSulaiti, A. 2009. Muharraq City: a GIS-based Planning Strategy for its Ancient Heritage Conservation. PhD thesis, University of Portsmouth.
Angleviel, F. 1999. 'Take One, Take All!': Media Coverage of Chinese Boat People's Case in New Caledonia. Asia Pacific Media Educator 6 (4): 40-48.
Antigua Observer 2009. Jamaican Rep Calls on Government to Regularize Immigrants? Status. 9/21/2013. URL: www.antiguaobserver.com/jamaican-rep-calls-on-government-to-regularise-immigrants%E2%80%99-status/.
Arab Times 2013. 22,000 Indians among 95,000 Illegals Still Living in Kuwait. 9/14/13. URL: www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/184555/ref tab/ 36/Default.aspx.
Arango, J., and Finotelli, C. 2009. Spain. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix A. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Asa, R. 2011. Practical Measures for Reducing Irregular Migration. Helsinki: European Migration Network.
Asian Migration News. 2010. 1-31, Scalabrini Mitigation Center. 9/13/2013. URL: www. smc.org.ph/amnews/amn1001/amn1001.htm.
Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants. 2013a. Petition to Stop KSA Crackdown on Undocs. 9/16/2013. URL: www.apmigrants.org/home/item/94-petition-to-stop-ksa-crackdown-on-undocs.
Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants. 2013b. Trends, Patterns, and Conditions of Migration. Global Migration Report for 2012. Asia Pacific Mission for Migrants.
Associated Press. 2007. Bermuda to Put Bite on Illegal Immigration. 5/22/2014. URL: http:// www.amren.com/news/2007/01/bermuda_to_put/.
Bahamas Local. 2008. Crack Down on Hiring Illegal Immigrants. 09/23/2013. URL: www. bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/56/Crack_down_on_hiring_illegal_immigrants.html.
Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2009. Greece. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix A. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2010. Country Report Cyprus. PROMINSTAT. 11/05/2013. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/ewsi/en/resources/detail.cfm?ID_ITEMS=17550.
Baldwin-Edwards, M. 2011. Labour Immigration and Labour Markets in the GCC Countries: National Patterns and Trends. Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation (pp. 2-7). London School of Economics.
Battistella, G. 2003. International Migration in Asia. in Migration Patterns and Policies in the Asian and Pacific Region. New York: United Nations, ESCAP.
BBC Caribbean 2009. Caribbean Tackles Migration. 9/14/2013. URL: www.bbc.co.uk/car ibbean/news/story/2009/11/091106_immigration.shtml.
BBC News Middle East 2013. Kuwait MPs Pass Law to Naturalise 4,000 Stateless Bidun. 9/23/2013. URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21857431.
Big Pond Money 2012. Illegal Workers in Australia.
Bilger, V., and Hollomey, C. 2011. Policies on Health Care for Undocumented Migrants in Switzerland. Country Report, International Center for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD). Vienna: University of Neuchatel.
Bloemraad, I. 2002. Understanding 'Canadian Exceptionalism' in Immigration and Pluralism Policy. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Bonjour, S., Dzhengozova, M., and Kraler, A. 2009. The Netherlands. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix B. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Bonn, M. 2013. On the Interdependence of Illegal and Legal Immigration. Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics. Aachen, Gießen, Göttingen, Kassel, Marburg, Siegen.
Bug, M. 2009. Is New Zealand's Migration System a Feasible Option for Germany? GeorgAugust-Universität Göttingen.
Burroughs, E. 2012. Irish Institutional Discourses of Illegal Immigration: A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach. Dissertation. Maynooth: National University of Ireland.
Bustamante, J. 2011. Report to the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants. New York: Human Rights Council, United Nations General Assembly.
CAIRCO 2013. How Many Illegal Aliens Reside in the United States? Colorado Alliance for Immigration Reform (CAIRCO), 9/17/2013. URL: www.cairco.org/issues/how-ma ny-illegal-aliens-reside-united-states.
Catuira, M. 2011. Best Practices in Organizing Undocumented Migrant Workers. Migrant Monitor 1: 37-42.
Central Intelligence Agency 2013a. The World Factbook, Labor Force. 9/13/2013. URL: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2095.html.
Central Intelligence Agency 2013b. The World Factbook, Latvia. 9/13/2013. URL: https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lg.html.
Central Intelligence Agency 2013c. The World Factbook, Qatar. 9/13/2013. URL: https:// www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/qa.html.
Central Intelligence Agency 2013d. The World Factbook, Saudi Arabia. 9/13/2013. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html.
Central Intelligence Agency 2013e. The World Factbook, United Arab Emirates. 9/13/2013. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ ae.html.
Chicago Tribune. 2013. Bosnia and Croatia Crack Down on Human Smuggling into EU. 11/05/2013. URL: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05-15/news/sns-rt-us-croatia-eu-smugglingbre94e0xy-20130515_1_illegal-migrants-zoran-radosavljevic-croatia.
Chonkova, B., Horvath A., and Misic, G. 2011. Dynamics of European Migration, A Comparative Assessment of Croatia, Bulgaria, and Hungary. Budapest: The Center for Policy Studies.
Chung, E. A. 2010. Workers or Residents? Diverging Patterns of Immigrant Incorporation in Korea and Japan. Pacific Affairs 83 (4): 675-696.
CICS Immigration Consulting. 2013. Illegal Immigration in Canada Expected to Surge in 2015. 9/23/2013. URL: www.cicsimmigration.com/illegal-immigration-canada-expected-surge-2015/.
Collantes, S., Soler, A., Klorek, N., and Maslinski, K. 2011. Access to Healthcare and Living Conditions of Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Migrants in Cyprus. Malta, Poland and Romania. HUMA Network.
Collins, J. 2008. Globalisation, Immigration and the Second Long Post-war Boom in Australia. Journal of Australian Political Economy 61: 244-266.
Council of the European Union 2009. Questionnaire on the Possible Creation of a System of Electronic Recording of Entries and Exits of Third Country Nationals in the Schengen Area. 9/23/2013. URL: http://statewatch.org/news/2012/mar/eeu-council-schengen-entry-exit-questionnaire-8552-09.pdf.
Countries and Their Cultures. 2002. Aruba. 9/14/2013. URL: www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Aruba.html.
Crocombie, R. 2007. The Fourth Wave: Chinese and Pacific Islands in the Twenty-First Century. Occasional Papers, Chinese in the Pacific, No. 1. Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Australian National University.
Cuadra, C. B. 2010a. Policies on Health Care for Undocumented Migrants in EU 27. Health Care in Nowhereland: Improving Services for Undocumented Migrants in the EU. Country Report Belgium. Malmo: Malmo University.
Cuadra, C. B. 2010b. Policies on Health Care for Undocumented Migrants in EU 27. Health Care in Nowhereland: Improving Services for Undocumented Migrants in the EU. Country Report Luxembourg. Malmo: Malmo University.
Cuadra, C. B. 2010c. Policies on Health Care for Undocumented Migrants in EU 27. Health Care in Nowhereland: Improving Services for Undocumented Migrants in the EU. . Country Report Estonia. Malmo: Malmo University.
Cyrus, N. 2009. Undocumented Migration: Counting the Uncountable. Data and Trends Across Europe. European Commission.
Department of Immigration and Citizenship 2013. Fact Sheet 87 - Initiatives to Combat Illegal Work in Australia. Government of Australia, 9/21/2013. URL: www.immi.gov.au/ media/fact-sheets/87illegal.htm.
Diaz, A. M. 2009. Challenges to Get Access to Affordable Treatment. The Netherlands: Dokters van de Wereld, Médecins du Monde.
Di-ve 2012. 16,000 Irregular Immigrants in 10 Years. 9/14/2013. URL: http://di-ve.com/ news/16000-irregular-immigrants-10-years.
Drbohlav, D. 2003. Immigration and the Czech Republic (with a Special Focus on the Foreign Labor Force). International Migration Review 37 (1): 194-224.
Drhohlav, D. 2005. The Czech Republic: From Liberal Policy to EU Membership. Migration Policy Institute. 9/23/2013. URL: www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display. cfm?ID=325.
Drbohlav, D. 2012. Patterns of Immigration in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland; A Comparative Perspective. In Okolski, M. (ed.), European Immigrations; Trends, Structures and Policy Implications (pp. 179-209). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Drbohlav, D., and Lachmanova, L. 2008. Undocumented Migration. Counting the Uncountable. Data and Trends across Europe. CLANDESTINO Country Report. The Czech Republic. 7/10/2013. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/ewsi/UDRW/images/items/docl_9049_294 764951.pdf.
Drbohlav, D., and Mendová, L. 2009. Undocumented Migration: Counting the Uncountable. Data and Trends across Europe. European Commission.
Ducanes, G., and Abella, M. 2008. Labour Shortage Responses in Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia: A Review and Evaluation. Paper Number 2, ILO Asian Regional Programme on Governance of Labor Migration. Bangkok: International Labour Organization.
Dye, D. 2011. Gov't Urges Public to Nark on 'Illegal Stay Foreigner'. 9/14/2013. URL: http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2011/05/23/govt-urges-public-to-nark-on-illegal-stay-foreigner/.
Dzhengozova, M. 2009. Portugal. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix B. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
EPSGO 2005. Foreign Workers: Implication to Brunei Darussalam. Public Management Case Study Presentation.
European Migration Network. 2011. Practical Responses to Irregular Migration in Estonia. Tallinn: Estonian Academy of Security Sciences.
European Migration Network. 2012a. Practical Measures for Reducing Irregular Migration, Greece. In Raffaele, C., Giuliani, M., Pasztor, Z., Pittau, F., and Ricci, A. (eds.). Rome: EMN Italy Report.
European Migration Network. 2012b. Practical Responses to Irregular Migration: the Italian Case. In Raffaele C., Giuliani, M., Pasztor, Z., Pittau, F., and Ricci, A. (eds.) Rome: EMN Italy.
European National Red Cross Societies. 2009. Country Update for 2009: Austrian Red Cross. Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants.
European National Red Cross Societies 2010. Country Update for 2010: Norwegian Red Cross. Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants.
ExpatForum.com 2009. Portugal Visas, Permits, and Immigration. 9/16/2013. URL: www. expatforum.com/articles/visas-permits-and-immigration/portugal-visas-permits-and-im migration.html.
Express 2012. Scandal of UK's 863,000 Illegal Immigrants. 9/17/2013. URL: www. ex-press.co.uk/news/uk/365637/Scandal-of-UK-s-863-000-illegal-immigrants-one-in-four-of-the-EU-s-total.
Ferguson, J. 2003. Migration in the Caribbean: Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Beyond. London: Minority Rights Group International.
Frontex Risk Analysis Unit. 2013. Western Balkans Annual Risk Analysis 2013. European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union.
Fox News Latino. 2013. Puerto Rico Lawmakers Vote to Issue Driver's Licenses to Undocumented Immigrants. 09/17/2013. URL: http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/ politics/2013/ 06/14/puerto-rico-to-issue-driver-licenses-to-undocumented-migrants/.
Fuchs, R. 2011. Human Trafficking of Legal and Illegal Migrant Workers in Taiwan. Taiwan: Hope Workers Center.
GlobalDetentionProject 2010. Belgium Detention Profile. 9/23/2013. URL: www.globalde tentionproject.org/countries/europe/belgium/introduction.html.
Gonzalez-Enriquez, C. 2009. Update Report Spain: Estimate on Irregular Migration for Spain in 2009. Hamburg: Institute of International Economics, Database on Irregular Migration.
Gordon, I., Scanlon, K., Travers, T., and Whitehead, C. 2009. Economic Impact on the London and UK Economy of an Earned Regularisation of Irregular Migrants to the UK. GLAEconomics, London School of Economics.
Gray, B. H., and van Ginneken, E. 2012. Health Care for Undocumented Migrants: European Approaches. Issues in International Health Policy. London: The Commonwealth Fund.
Gulf Daily News. 2013. Labour Minister Is Quizzed over Illegal Workers Issue. 9/23/2013. URL: www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=345647.
Haaretz. 2009. Number of Illegal Migrant Workers Hits 300,000. 9/13/2013. URL: www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/number-of-illegal-migrant-workers-hits-300-000-1.267993.
Haiti Libre. 2012. 300 Haitian Illegal Immigrants Repatriated in One Week. 9/23/2013. URL: www.haitilibre.com/en/news-6435-haiti-social-300-haitian-illegal-immigrants-repatriat ed-in-one-week.html.
Hoefer, M., Rytina, N., and Baker, B. 2012. Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States, January 2011. Office of Immigration Statistics, Homeland Security.
Holder, L. 2009. Immigration Blues in CARICOM. The Barbados Advocate.
Holian, P. 2012. St. Maarten: Paradise in Peril. 9/14/2013. URL: www.greenantilles. com/2012/04/01/st-maarten-paradise-in-peril/.
Howells, S. 2011. Report of the 2010 Review of the Migration Amendment (Employer Sanctions), Act 2007. Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra.
Huffington Post. 2013. Puerto Rico Governor Endorses Licenses for Undocumented Immigrants. 9/17/2013. URL: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/07/puerto-rico-gover nor-endo_n_2832203.html.
Hugo, G. 2000. 'Foreign Workers' Integration in Australia and Undocumented Immigration in Asia. International Migration in Asia: Trends and Policies. Paris: OECD.
HWWI 2009a. Stocks of Irregular Migrants: Estimates for Hungary. Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI), Database on Irregular Migration. 9/21/2013. URL: http://irregular-migration.net/typo3_upload/groups/31/3.Database_on_IrregMig/3.2. Stock_Tables/Hungary_Estimates_IrregularMigration_Oct09.pdf.
HWWI 2009b. Stocks of Irregular Migrants: Estimates for Poland. Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI), Database on Irregular Migration. 9/16/2013. URL: http://irregular-migration.net/typo3_upload/groups/31/3 .Database_on_IrregMig/3.2.Stock_ Tables/Poland_Estimates_IrregularMigration_Oct09.pdf.
HWWI 2009c. Stocks of Irregular Migrants: Estimates for Slovakia. Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI), Database on Irregular Migration. 9/16/2013. URL: http://irregular-migration.net/typo3_upload/groups/31/3.Database_on_IrregMig/3.2. StockTables/Slovakia_Estimates_IrregularMigration_Nov09.pdf
IceNews 2012. Drop in Undocumented Immigrants in Finland, News from the Nordics. 10/11/2013. URL: http://www.icenews.is/2012/11/25/drop-in-undocumented-immigrants-in-finland/.
International Organization for Migration 2009, 2013. Bahamas. 9/21/2013, 5/21/2013. URL: www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/americas/central-and-north-america-and-th/bahamas.html.
Iglicka, K., and Weinar, A. 2006. Immigration to Poland: The Case of Ukrainians. Warsaw: Center for International Relations, Center for Migration Research, Warsaw University.
IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis 2008. Equatorial Guinea: Oil Money Draws Sub-Saharan Africans. 9/23/2013. URL: www.irinnews.org/report/81046/equatorial-guinea-oil-money-draws-sub-saharan-africans.
Isle of Man Government 2006. Immigration in the Isle of Man. Passports and Immigration Office, Isle of Man.
Israel Government 2012. Data on Foreigners in Israel. Population and Immigration Agency, Department of Design, Research, and Quality, January.
Jamacia Observer 2005. Jamacians Among Illegal Immigrants Told to Leave Cayman Islands. 9/17/2013. URL: www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/94220_Jamaicans-among-illegal-immigrants-told-to-leave-Cayman-Islands.
Jandl, M. 2009. A Multiplier Estimate of the Illegally Resident Third-country National Population in Austria Based on Crime Suspect Data. Hamburg Institute of International Economics. 1/14/2013. URL: http://irregular-migration.net/typo3_upload/groups/31/4. Background_Information/4.7.Working_Papers/WP2-2009_Jandl_MultiplierEstimate_Ir regularMigration_Austria2.pdf.
Jandl, M., Hollomey, C., and Stepien, A. 2007. Migration and Irregular Work in Austria: Results of a Delphi-study. Geneva: International Labour Office and International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Justich, R., and Ng, B. 2005. The Underground Labor Force Rising to the Surface. Bear Sterns Asset Management. New York.
Kapiszewski, A. 2001. Nationals and Expatriates: Population and Labour Dilemmas of the Gulf Cooperation Council States. Garnet and Ithaca Press: Reading, UK.
Katzman, K. 2013. Kuwait: Security, Reform, and U.S. Policy. Congressional Research Service.
Kennedy, K. J. 2012. Immigration and Hong Kong: 'New Immigrants' and Ethnic Minorities. The Hong Kong Institute of Education, UNESCO-KEDI Regional Policy Seminar, July 10-12, Bangkok.
Khalee Times 2013. Bahrain Starts 2nd Phase of Drive Against Illegal Workers. 9/23/2013. URL: www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2013/May/ middleeast_May23.xml§ion=middleeast.
Khallash, S., and Saunders, J. 2013. Denmark. In Urso, G., and Shuster, A. (eds.), Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Brussels: International Organization for Migration.
Kicinger, A. 2013. Poland. In Urso, G., and Shuster, A. (eds.), Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Brussels: International Organization for Migration.
Knapman, C. 2012. United Arab Emirates Migration Profile. Cairo: Center for Migration and Refugee Studies, The American University in Cairo.
Komulainen, S. 2013. Finland. In Urso, E., and Shuster, A. (eds.), 2013. Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Brussels: International Organization for Migration.
Koser, K. 2010. Dimensions and Dynamics of Irregular Migration. Population, Space and Place 16: 181-193.
Kovacheva, V., and Vogel, D. 2009. The Size of the Irregular Foreign Resident Population in the European Union in 2002, 2005 and 2008: Aggregated Estimates. Hamburg Institute of International Economics. URL: http://irregular-migration.net/typo3_upload/ groups/31/4.Background_Information/4.7.Working_Papers/WP4_Kovacheva-Vogel_2009_ Eu ropeEstimate_Dec09.pdf.
Kovats, A., Varadi, L., Akule, D., Lulle, A. et al. 2009. The Situation of Migrants from Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine on the Labour Markets of Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic. European Commission.
Kraler, A., and Reichel, D. 2009a. Austria. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix B. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Kraler, A., and Reichel, D. 2009b. Sweden. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix B. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Kraler, A., Reichel, D., and Hollomy, C. 2009. Undocumented Migration Counting the Uncountable. Data and Trends across Europe. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Kraler, A., Bonjour, S., and Dzhengozova, M. 2009. Belgium. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix B. Vienna: Centre for Migration Policy Development,
Kraljevic, R., Marinovic, L., and Zigante, B. Z. 2011. Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Croatia. Zagreb: The UN Refugee Center (UNHCR).
Krikorian, M. 2005. Back in the CMNI: The Commonwealth of the Northern Marina Islands is No Model When It Comes to Immigration. Center for Immigration Studies. 9/17/2013: URL: www.cis.org/node/409.
Kuwait Times 2013. Nearly 3,000 Indians Deported: Envoy. 9/14/2013. URL: http://news. kuwaittimes.net/nearly-3000-indians-deported-envoy/.
Lang, G. 2011. Canada's Failed Immigration Policies. 9/23/2013. URL: http://lawdiva. wordpress.com/2011/04/14/canadas-failed-immigration-policies/.
Lasocik, Z. 2010. Migrants in Poland. 9/16/2013. URL: http://nsfk.org.oprettet.nu/Page/ ID/385/Misuse-of-Migrant-Labour#Files.
Lenoel, A. 2009. United Kingdom. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix A. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Marchetti, S., Piazzalunga, D., and Venturini, A. 2013. Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries. Country Report. Turin: European Commission,
Maroukis, T. 2012. Update Report Greece: The Number of Irregular Migrants in Greece at the End of 2010 and 2011. Database on Irregular Migration. Update Report. URL: http://irregular-migration.net/.
Mascoll, C. 2009. A Numbers Game. 9/23/2013. URL: http://whatmattersmostblog.word press.com/2009/12/17/a-numbers%E2%80%99-game/.
McKay, S., Markova, E., Paraskevopoulou, A., and Wright, T. 2009. The Relationship between Migration Status and Employment Outcomes. London: Working Lives Research Institute, London Metropolitan University.
Mezs, I. 2013. Latvia. In Urso, G., and Shuster, A. (eds.), Migration, Employment, andLa-bour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Brussels: International Organization for Migration.
Mezs, I., Akule, D., and Polatside, V. 2010. Latvia. In Platonova, A., and Urso, E. (eds.),
Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Part 1. Migration and the Labour Markets in The European Union (2000-2009). International Organization for Migration.
Micivklewicz, K. 2011. Migration and Asylum in Central Eastern Europe: The Impacts of European Integration. Nowak, M., and Nowosieiski, M. (eds.), (Post)transformational Migration (pp. 177-200). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Miera, F. 2008. Immigration to Germany. Migration Citizenship Education. 7/14/2013. URL: http ://migrationeducation.org/22.0.html.
Migrant Rights Centre Ireland. 2007. Life in the Shadows: An Exploration of Irregular Migration in Ireland. Dublin.
Migrant Rights Centre Ireland. 2010. Regularisation of Undocumented Migrants. Dublin.
Migrant Rights Centre Ireland. 2011. MRCI Releases Profile Report on Undocumented Migrants in Ireland. Dublin.
Migration Information Source. 2013. Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States. 9/17/2013. URL: http://www.migrationinfor mation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?id=931.
Migration News. 1997. INS: Methodology and State-by-State Estimates. 9/17/2013. URL: http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1196_0_5_0.
Migration News. 1999. Chinese to Pacific Islands. 9/17/2013. URL: http://migration.ucda vis.edu/mn/more.php?id= 1822_0_2_0.
Migration News. 2000. Eastern Europe. 9/23/2013. URL: http://migration.ucdavis.edu/ mn/more.php?id=2094_0_4_0.
Migration News. 2005. Spain, Portugal, Greece. 9/16/2013. URL: http://migration.ucdavis, edu/mn/comments.php?id=3076_0_4_0.
Migration News. 2009a. Italy, Spain, Greece. 10/14/2013. URL: http://migration.ucdavis. edu/mn/more.php?id=3619_0_4_0.
Migration News. 2009b. Middle East: Bahrain, UAE, Israel. 9/16/2013. URL: http://migra tion.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3561_0_5_0.
Migration Watch. 2010. The Illegal Migrant Population in the UK. 10/15/2013. URL: www.migrationwatchuk. org/pdfs/briefingPaper_ 11.22.pdf.
National Statistics Office - Malta 2013. Last Year, 27 Boats Arrived in Malta Carrying 1,890 Irregular Immigrants, the Second Highest Number in a Decade. News Release. European Statistical System. June, 19.
Nation News. 2013. Stealing Gold, Old Iron. 9/23/2013. URL: www.nationnews.com/arti cles/view/stealing-gold-old-iron/.
Norton, K. A. 2012. A Mapping Study on Access to HIV Services for Mobile and Migrant Populations in Antigua. Bad Homburg: EPOS Health Management GmbH,.
Norwegian Directorante of Immigration. 2012. Myth: There Are 30 000 People Irregularly in Norway, and Many of Them are Criminals. 9/16/2013. URL: www.udi.no/Norwe gian-Directorate-of-Immigration/Annual-Report-2011/Migration-2011/Myth-There-are-30-000-people-without-papers-in-Norway-and-many-of-them-are-criminals/.
Odé, A. W. M. 2013. Netherlands. In Urso, G., and Shuster, A. (eds.), Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Brussels: International Organization for Migration.
OECD 2000. International Migration in Asia: Trends and Policies. Paris.
OECD 2009. International Migration Outlook. SOPEMI, Paris.
OECD 2012. International Migration Outlook 2012. Paris.
OECD 2013. International Migration Outlook 2013. Paris.
Afrik News. 2008. Migrant Workers Outnumber Equatorial Guineans. September 23. URL: www.afrik-news.com/article14746.html.
Passel, J. S., Cohn, D., and Gonzalez-Barrera, A. 2013. Population Decline of Unauthorized Immigrants Stalls, May Have Reversed. Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
Pavic, Z. 2010. Croatia. In Platonova, A., and Urso, E. (eds.), Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Part 1. Migration and the Labour Markets in The European Union (2000-2009). International Organization for Migration.
Pavic, Z. 2013. Croatia. In Urso, G., and Shuster, A. (eds.), Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. International Organization for Migration.
PICUM 2012a. Defence for Children International (DCI) v. Belgium. Complaint No. 69/2011. Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (PICUM), European Committee for Social Rights.
PICUM 2012b. PICUM Bulletin - 9 May 2012. Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (PICUM). 9/23/2013. URL: http://picum.org/en/news/bulle tins/33977/.
Woman News Network. 2012. Anti-immigrant Sentiments Plague Sex Workers of Geneva's 'Red-Light' District. September 10. URL: http://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/09/10/ anti-immigrant-sentiments-plague-sex-workers/.
Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation 2010a. Country Update for 2010: Hellenic Red Cross. Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants.
Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation 2010b. Country Update for 2010: Iceland. Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants.
Productivity Commission 2006. Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth. Productivity Commission research Report. Australian Government. 11/27/2013. URL: www.pc.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/ 9438/migrationandpopulation.pdf.
Pulse of Kuwait 2013. India to Seek Solution to Deportation Issues Minister Ravi Draws Flak over Kuwait Gaffe. 5/28/2013. URL: www.indianfrontliners.com/ index.php?option= com_content&view=article&id=6647.
Refworld 2012. Bahamas and Haiti: Treatment of Haitians in the Bahamas. Document ZZZ104105.FE. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.
Reichel, D. 2009. Slovenia. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix B. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
RFI 2006. Combien d'Immigrés Clandestins en France? 9/23/2013. URL: www.rfi.fr/actufr/ articles/076/article_43041.asp.
Right Now 2012. 'Being 'Without' - Who Are the Bidoon of Kuwait? 11/29/13. URL: http://rightnow.org.au/topics/asylum-seekers/being-%E2%80%9Cwithout%E2%80% 9D-%E2%80%93-who-are-the-bidoon-of-kuwait/.
RJR News 2010. J'can Illegal Immigrant Leaving Grand Cayman y. 5/21/2014. URL: http://rjrnewsonline.com/local/jcan-illegal-immigrant-leaving-grand-cayman-y.
Ruspini, P. 2009a. Italy. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix A. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Ruspini, P. 2009b. Latvia. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix B. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Ruspini, P. 2009c. Switzerland. In Baldwin-Edwards, M., and Kraler, A. (eds.), Regularisations in Europe. Appendix A. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
Salis, E., and Villosio, C. 2013. Italy. In Urso, G., and Shuster, A. (eds.), Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Brussels: International Organization for Migration.
Schloenhardt, A. 2001. Trafficking in Migrants: Illegal Migration and Organized Crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 29: 331-378.
Schneider, J. 2012. Practicing Measures for Reducing Irregular Migration. Working Paper 41 of the Research Section of the Federal Office, Nuremberg: Federal Office for Migration and Refugees.
Schwenken, H., and Heimeshoff, L. 2011. Domestic Workers Count: Global Data on the Often Invisible Sector. Kassel: Kassel University Press.
Selberg, N. 2012. The Swedish Labor Market and Irregular Migrant Workers. Lund: Lund University.
Shah, N. 2009. The Management of Irregular Migration and its Consequence for Development: Gulf Cooperation Council. ILO Asian Regional Programme on Governance of Labour Migration. Working Paper № 19. Bangkok: International Labour Organization (ILO).
Shah, N. 2010. Building State Capabilities for Managing Contract Worker Mobility: The Asia - GCC Context. International Organization for Migration (ILO).
Shah, N. M. 2011. Kuwait's Revised Labor Laws: Implications for National and Foreign Workers. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 20 (3-4): 330-363.
Shih-Diing, L. 2008. Casino Colony. New Left Review 50 (March - April): 109-124.
Sim, A., and We, V. 2009. Undocumented Indonesian Workers in Macau. Critical Asian Studies 41 (1): 165-188.
Skelton, R. 2007. Migration and Labor Markets in Asia and Europe. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 16 (3): 425-441.
Stabroek News 2009. New Immigration Policy to Be Released. Access 09/21/2013. URL: www.stabroeknews.com/2009/news/regional/05/30/new-immigration-policy-to-be-rele ased/.
Stenun, H. 2012. Making Migrants Governable: Counting and Defining the 'Illegal Immigrant. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 2 (4): 280-288.
St. Thomas Source 2013. Some Illegal Aliens File Legal Status in US Virgin Islands. URL: 9/17/2013. http://stthomassource.com/content/news/local-news/2013/05/25/some-illegal-aliens-file-legal-status-us-virgin-islands.
The Aegeean. 2013. Go Back Where You Came From! 11/05/2013. URL: http://www. zeus.aegee.org/magazine/2013/01/09/go-back-to-where-you-came-from/.
The Brussels Journal. 2006. Even Up There: Muslims Want Mosque in Reykjavik. 9/13/2013. URL: www.brusselsjournal.com/node/1311.
The China Post. 2007. Workers in Macau Protest against Illegal Labor. Local News, October 2, Hong Kong. 9/27/2013. URL:http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/local-news/ma cau/2007/10/02/124933/Workers-in.htm.
The China Post. 2011. Runaway Foreign Workers hit 31,000 in Aug. Accessed on 09/23/2013. URL: http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2011/ 10/26/320980/Runaway-foreign.htm.
The Copenhagen Post. 2012. Illegal Immigrants Flocking to Denmark. 9/23/2013. URL: http://cphpost.dk/news/national/illegal-immigrants-flocking-denmark.
The Dominican. 2007. Illegal Migrants Eye US Virgin Islands. The Dominican.net 1(98), April 9.
The Dominion. 2013. Borderless Cities Sanctuary Cities for Migrants Taking Root Across Canada. 9/23/2013. URL: http://dominion.mediacoop.ca/story/borderless-cities/17327.
The Ecologist 2013. Migrant Workers Face 'Severe Exploitation' in Italy's Farm Sector. 9/13/2013. URL: www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/1750915/migrant_worke rs_face_severe_exploitation_in_italys_farm_sector.html.
The Economist 2012. Illegal Immigration: The Crossing Point. 9/13/2013. URL: www. economist.com/node/21549012.
The Encyclopedia of the Earth 2012. Slovenia. 9/16/2013. URL: www.eoearth.org/view/ article/172774/.
The European Commission 2013. Iceland. 11/24/2013. URL: http://ec.europa.eu/enlarge ment/countries/detailed-country-information/iceland/index_en.htm.
The Gleaner 2008. Illegal Jamaicans Must Leave Bermuda Or Be Expelled. 9/23/2013. URL: http ://j amaica-gleaner.com/latest/article.php?id=4013.
The Globe and Mail 2006. Ottawa Rules out Amnesty for 200,000 Illegal Workers. 9/23/2013: URL: www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ottawa-rules-out-amnesty-for-200000-illegal-workers/article4112345/.
The Guardian 2012. Qatar's Migrant Workers Losing out in $100bn World Cup Preparations. URL: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2012/ dec/04/qa tar-migrant-workers-world-cup-preparations.
The Indian Express. 2010. Hong Kong Cracks Down on Illegal Immigrants. 7/10/13. URL: www.indianexpress.com/news/hong-kong-cracks-down-on-illegal-immigrants/ 620182/.
The Korea Herald. 2012. Medical Support Set for Undocumented Migrants. 9/16/2013. URL: http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120307001296.
The Korean Times. 2013. Illegal Aliens Children. 9/16/2013. URL: www.koreatimes.co.kr/ koreatime_adminV2/LTNIE/common/nview.asp?idx=1517&nmode=2.
The Nassau Guardian. 2011. Cable: Haitian-Bahamian Tension Could Lead to Violence. 9/23/2013: URL: http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content& view=article&id=10980&Itemid=27.
The National 2010. Oman Struggles to Keep Out Illegals. Access 09/16/2013. URL: http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/oman-struggles-to-keep-out-illegals.
The New York Times. 2013. Indonesia Asks Saudis to Extend Deadline for Undocumented Workers. 9/16/2013. URL: www.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/world/asia/indonesia-asks-saudi-arabia-to-extend-deadline-for-workers.html?_r=2&.
The New Zealand Herald. 2008. Dept of Labor Offers Amnesties to Overstayers. 9/16/2013. URL: www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10528 387.
The People 2013. Investigation: The Asylum Seekers; Hundreds of Illegal Immigrants Beat Checks at Borders by Sailing to Channel Islands. 5/21/2014. URL: http://www.thefree library.com/INVESTIGATION%3A+THE+ASAILUM+SEEKERS%3B+Hundreds+of+ illegal+immigrants...-a0107104212.
The Prague Daily Monitor. 2013. Number of Illegal Immigrants Rising in Czech Republic. 9/21/2013. URL: http://praguemonitor.com/2013/03/22/number-illegal-immigrants-risi ng-czech-republic.
The Press. 2013. Warning for Rebuild Employers. 9/14/2013. URL: www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/business/the-rebuild/8173062/Warning-for-rebuild-employers.
The Seattle Times. 2009. Dutch Islands Offer Amnesty to Illegal Immigrants. 9/14/2013. URL: http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2010203534_apcbstmaartenimmigrants. html?syndication=rss.
The Washington Post. 2010. Born in Japan, but Ordered Out. 9/13/2013. URL: http:// arti-cles.washingtonpost.com/2010-01-17/world/36796622_1_illegal-immigrants-immigra tion-policy-deportation.
The UAE Ministry of Labour. 2007. The Protection of the Rights of Workers in the United Arab Emirates. The UAE Ministry of Labour.
Thomsen, T. L., and Jergensen, M. B. 2012. Researching Irregular Migration: Concepts, Numbers, and Empirical Findings in a Scandinavian Context. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 2 (4): 275-279.
Times of Malta. 2013. 5,000 Migrants Still in Malta from a Decade of Arrivals. 9/14/2013 URL: www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130219/local/5-000-migrants-still-in-mal ta-from-a-decade-of-arrivals.458203.
Times of Oman. 2013. Ministry Urged to Stop Hiring Illegals or Illegally. 9/16/2013. URL: www.timesofoman.com/News/Article-19970.aspx.
TradeArabia 2013. Bahrain Plans Crackdown on Illegal Workers. 9/21/2013. URL: www.tradearabia.com/news/LAW_237344.html.
Triandafyllidou, A., and Maroufof, M. 2013. Greece. In Urso, G., and Shuster, A. (eds.),
Migration, Employment, and Labour Market Integration Policies in the European Union. Brussels: International Organization for Migration.
United Nations. 2009. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Distribution. 05/23/2013.
United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. 2005. Caribbean Expert Group Meeting on Migration, Human Rights and Development in the Caribbean, 14-15 September.
United States Department of State. 2007. 2007 Report on International Religious Freedom -Bahamas. 9/23/2013. URL: http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search &docid=46ee67a558&skip=0&query=illegal%20immigrants&coi=BHS.
United States Department of State. 2013. 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report - St. Maarten. 9/14/2013. URL: www.refworld.org/docid/51c2f38918.html.
US Department of Commerce. 2012. Census Bureau Projects US Population of 315.1 Million on New Year's Day 2013. 09/17/2013. URL: http://www.commerce.gov/blog/2012/ 12/28/census-bureau-projects-us-population-3151 -million-new-years-day-2013.
Vogel, D. 2012. Update Report Germany: Estimates of Irregular Foreign Residents in Germany 2010. Database on Irregular Migration, Update Report. URL: http://irregular-migration.net/.
World Bank. 2011. Migration and Remittances Factbook. Washington, DC: The World Bank. July 1. URL: http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTDEC PROSPECTS/0,,contentMDK:21352016~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~the Site PK:476883,00.html.
World Bank. 2013a. How We Classify Countries. Washington, DC: The World Bank. November 24. URL: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications.
World Bank. 2013b. Where Are Your Data on Taiwan? Washington, DC: The World Bank. November 24. URL: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/1149 33-where-are-your-data-on-taiwan-.
World Bank. 2013c. East of Doing Business in Taiwan, China. Washington, DC: The World Bank. Accessed December 28. URL: http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreecono mies/taiwan-china/.
World Bank. 2013d. World Development Indicators: Population Dynamics. Washington, DC: The World Bank. URL: http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/2.1#.
World Bank. 2013e. International Migrant Stock, Total. Washington, DC: The World Bank. URL: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL.
Wikipedia 2013a. Saba. 10/14/2013. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saba.
Wikipedia 2013b. Bonaire. 10/14/2013. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonaire.
Wikipedia 2013c. Sint Eustatius. 10/14/13. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Eustatius.
Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. 2007. Brunei Darussalam, 5/22/2014. URL: http:// www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Brunei_Darussalam.aspx.
Wyssmuller, C., and Efionayi-Mader, D. 2011. Undocumented Migrants: Their Needs and Strategies for Accessing Health Care in Switzerland. Vienna: Country Report on People & Practices, Center for Migration Policy Development.
Yle 2009. Sharp Increase in Illegal Immigrants. 9/23/2013. URL: http://yle.fi/uutiset/sharp_ increase_in_illegal_immigrants/5858643.
Yle 2011. Thousands of Illegal Immigrants in Finland. 9/23/2013. URL: http://yle.fi/uutiset/ thousands_of_illegal_immigrants_in_finland/2854185.
Zanfrini, L. 2013. Immigration in Italy. June 30, 2013. URL: http://migrationeducation. de/fileadmin/uploads/CountryprofileItaly_aggiornamento.pdf.
