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Tomashuk I. V.,
Doctor of Philosophy, Assistant Professor of Economics and Entrepreneurship Baldynyuk V.M.,
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Agricultural Management and Alternative Energy Sources Vinnytsia National Agrarian University Vinnytsia, Ukraine DOI: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-13100-58-70 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE
Abstract.
The problems of development of production and social infrastructure of rural areas are considered. The dynamics of the main components of rural infrastructure development and their impact on the socio-economic situation in Ukraine are analyzed. The influence of agricultural production on the development of rural infrastructure is argued. It is emphasized that the development of rural areas today is characterized by the aggravation of a number of problems, the most acute of which are the demographic crisis, the decline of social infrastructure, unemployment and poverty, and most importantly - unresolved land use issues.
The strategic importance of multifunctional development of rural areas is studied taking into account the experience of the member states of the European Union, the member states of the Council of Europe. It is proved
that ensuring the effective development of the infrastructure of rural areas should begin with the development of a state program for the development of a particular settlement, taking into account the natural features of the territory. It is determined that the solution of global problems of rural development is the introduction of non-agricultural activities in rural areas, including eco-innovation. It is stated that the task of the state regional policy should be to support strategic projects for the regions, because full-fledged local self-government is a prerequisite for the development of regions, taking into account their features. It is concluded that the availability of effectively functioning social infrastructure of rural areas is one of the determining factors not only of social stability, but also of efficient management.
Keywords: rural areas, social infrastructure, agricultural sector, reform, strategy, innovations, resource potential, regional policy, concept, factors, model.
Introduction.
The infrastructure of rural areas is one of the main factors that characterize the quality and standard of living of the rural population. The current state of rural infrastructure is characterized by the level of development of agricultural production. Today, the vast majority of the rural population is engaged in agricultural production, as it is the main activity in the countryside. Rural areas occupy a special place in the socio-economic life of Ukraine. Agriculture is a vital branch of the national economy, as more than 75% of the consumption fund is formed by agricultural products. The low prestige of agricultural work and inadequate living conditions in rural areas do not contribute to the formation of conditions for improving rural development, therefore, it is important to increase the level of rural infrastructure, which depends not only on the welfare and social protection of the rural population. and the efficiency of production activities in rural areas.
In this regard, the development of rural areas is one of the main priorities of state policy of Ukraine aimed at raising living standards of the rural population, increasing the efficiency of the agricultural sector, improving the environment and improving the quality of human capital.
Methods.
Research on the development of rural infrastructure has led to the feasibility of using modern methods of general scientific and economic knowledge of socio-economic phenomena and processes. The study used historical, monographic, statistical analysis, graphical and other methods to preserve and develop new fundamental approaches to identifying existing reserves of expanded reproduction of rural infrastructure, which are based on improving the institutional
Production, infrastructure:
* transport;
• communications;
environmental protection (ecology);
' recreational component.
and organizational framework for using the potential of regional economic systems.
Presentation of the main research material.
Infrastructure is a set of components of an object, which have a subordinate ancillary nature and provide conditions for the normal operation of the object as a whole. In the infrastructure of the village there are production and social components. In modern conditions, the achievement of high technical and economic indicators of production is impossible without the balanced development of both basic production and production and social infrastructure [3; 7]. The production infrastructure aims to ensure the efficient functioning of agricultural production and is aimed at completing the formation and intensification of agricultural exchanges, wholesale markets, agricultural trading houses, fairs, procurement cooperatives, agricultural processing enterprises, development of branded trade, auctions, credit, etc.
The social sphere of the village is a priority for the development of rural areas. Social infrastructure plays a particularly important role in building the demographic potential in rural areas. The current state of social infrastructure of rural areas requires enhanced support in this area [11; 14], as public authorities and local governments are unable to effectively implement social reforms aimed at meeting the basic living needs of the rural population due to lack of sufficient budget funds.
The development of the infrastructure of rural areas of Ukraine is directly influenced by the agricultural sector. Although, today it is characterized by minor positive changes, but the improvement of rural infrastructure (Fig. 1) is not happening and addressing this issue remains an important issue in the state.
.Social infrastructure:
• housing and communal services; ' education;
' medicine;
• social security;
• culiure.
Fig. 1. The main components of rural infrastructure Source: formed based on the results of the study
Rural areas are not only the spatial basis of production, but also the natural environment and place of human life. That is why the efficiency of land use depends on a person, his cultural and educational level, professional training, political activity, skills, motivation, desire and ability to work and manage [2; 12].
Effective development of rural areas is determined by many components, one of which is social infrastructure (Table 1). The latter must meet the vital needs of the leading productive force of society - man, and thus contribute to the development of the rural economy.
Table 1
Systematization of conceptual approaches to the classification of elements of social infrastructure
Classification feature of social infrastructure Elements of social infrastructure
1 The level of organization of society • Social infrastructure of the country, region, city, enterprise;
2 Form of infrastructure • linear (network of railways, highways, etc.); • point (schools, theaters, universities, etc.);
3 Problem-target principle • temporary; • constant;
4 Meeting people's needs • infrastructure related to meeting the daily needs of the population; • infrastructure related to meeting the potential needs of the population;
5 Type of human activity • labor infrastructure; • socio-political activities; • education and culture; • health and physical education; • other branches of the non-productive sphere;
6 Functional-objective principle • socio-political and intellectual-cultural activities; • restoration and preservation of physical health of the population;
7 Industry principle • distribution and exchange; • provision of consumer services; • health care; • education; • management and protection of public order;
8 Availability principle • social infrastructure with unimpeded access; • social infrastructure with limited access; • social infrastructure is not available.
Source: formed based on the results of the study
The availability of an effectively functioning social infrastructure in rural areas is one of the determining factors not only of social stability, but also of efficient management. The lack of important structural elements of the social sphere is the reason for the mass outflow of labor from rural areas and the decline of rural areas [8; 11].
The unfavorable demographic situation and the constant decrease in the population in rural areas are the consequences of the decline in the educational component of the infrastructure of rural areas. In addition, the institutional guarantee of state policy on the effective functioning of rural areas is insufficient.
During the years of formation of the independent Ukrainian state, deep structural reforms were carried out in the countryside. At the stage of reform, land and
property relations were radically reconstructed, in addition, organizational and legal structures of market orientation were established on the basis of private ownership of land and property. Also, the form of work organization has changed, in particular: individual, family and collective.
Rural areas have become a center of increased economic activity, and their investment attractiveness has also increased. Currently, there are a number of current problems in the development of rural areas, which not only inherited from the previous administrative system, but also resulted from some mistakes in their reform, insufficient consistency in the implementation of reforms (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Problems of agricultural development of rural areas Source: formed based on the results of the study
Today, the solution to the problems of rural development and their effective functioning, and at the same time, improving their infrastructure, can be the introduction of non-agricultural activities, in particular - agritourism and more. In recent years, the problem of developing rural green tourism in conditions close to nature has become especially relevant. The organization of recreation and tourism on the basis of rural settlements can have an extremely positive impact on the economy and ecology of many administrative districts of Ukraine due to: use of available private housing, financial resources of rural population for construction and adaptation of private housing for tourists [9; 13], self-employment of peasants and providing tourists with environmentally friendly food.
In addition, numerous studies show that there is a positive correlation between non-agricultural employment and:
Table 2
The main problems of rural development
Key features
1 • High unemployment
2 • Increased migration of the rural population
3 • Reduction of the network of socio-cultural institutions
4 • Depreciation and obsolescence of the material and technical base of socio-cultural appointment
5 • Lack of resources to preserve and reproduce the productive potential of the village
6 • Reduction of natural increase of rural population
7 • Poor and untimely medical care
8 • Complete or partial lack of household services
9 • Insufficient level of trade service in both qualitative and quantitative terms
10 • Decrease in housing construction
- higher incomes of rural families;
- better ability to diversify sources of income;
- higher productivity of agricultural species Other research on non-agricultural employment
has found a positive link between better diversification of non-agricultural activities, income and:
- level of education;
- quality and access to service infrastructure;
- quality, objectives and organization of services;
- opportunities created through the implementation of local, regional and national government policies;
- access to credit and financial services. Introduction of non-agricultural activities in rural
areas is one of the ways to solve modern problems of rural development (Table 2).
Source: formed based on the results of the study
Based on the experience of the European Union in promoting the development of non-agricultural economic activities in rural areas, it is necessary to identify the following main potential areas:
- activities in the field of rural (green) tourism;
- energy production based on renewable sources;
- activities in the field of culture, art and national-ethnic heritage;
- land regulation and landscaping;
- development of social services;
- implementation of remote provision of services (information, trade, research, etc.) through the use of the Internet [7; 11].
According to I. Honcharuk, the development of "green business", which is largely shaped by environmental innovations - innovations for sustainable development, including products, processes, organizational change, institutional factors of "greening" the economy, an integral part of the development of non-agricultural economic activities in rural areas of
Ukraine. In addition, the concept of "green business" represents the introduction of various "green" innovations that will promote the introduction of "green economy" as an organizational and economic mechanism for achieving stability, solving global problems of rural development [2; 3].
Table 3
Priority measures to provide rural areas with the necessary infrastructure
Characteristics of measures
I • Ensure control over the implementation of the tasks of the State Target Program for the Development of Ukrainian Villages.
II • When developing and approving the State Budget of Ukraine to provide budget funds in the areas of health, education, culture, housing and communal services for rural areas in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On the priority of social development of rural areas and agro-industrial complex in the national economy" compliance with the amount of funding for rural development and giving the village an advantage over the city, as well as providing in accordance with scientifically sound standards of rural service.
III • Develop and submit to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine a draft Long-Term Rural Development Program (as an object of regulation), will create a legal basis for the economic base of their development, will ensure the formation of the institutional environment for the development of rural areas; will differentiate between measures to support agriculture and rural areas, implement interdepartmental programs aimed at returning to the village graduates of agricultural universities and social workers (doctors, teachers, cultural workers, etc.) by providing the first job, housing, etc.
IV • Consider the establishment of a Ukrainian Rural Development Support Fund, which will accumulate funds through contributions of economic entities of all forms of ownership in the amount of 1.5% of their income in order to direct funds to address urgent issues of rural development.
V • Consider the feasibility of introducing preferential taxation for newly established enterprises in rural areas in the case of innovative nature of production activities, the provision of socially necessary services or the provision of infrastructure for these areas.
VI Local authorities and local governments: • to ensure the implementation of regional and local strategies and programs for the development of non-agricultural economic activities based on available resource potential and existing needs for products and services of specific rural areas. To develop alternative types of economic activity in rural areas, in particular, by increasing the level of arrangement of spheres of life, activity and life of peasants; • in order to stop the closure and gradually resume the activities of previously closed, the opening of new socio-cultural institutions in rural areas, to ensure the distribution of expenditures for their financing between local authorities and agricultural holdings on a public-private partnership basis.
Experts of the National Institute for Strategic Studies rightly note that a number of measures should be taken to provide rural settlements with the necessary infrastructure (Table 3).
Source: formed based on the results of the study
Currently, the primary steps in shaping rural development policy are measures to stimulate investment in agriculture and declining sectors. Processing and marketing support was designed to integrate all components of the production chain from production to sales and to further improve agricultural structures and the competitiveness of the raw materials sector. Over time, attention has also begun to be paid to human capital development through accelerated retirement and vocational training.
The current state of rural areas can be adapted to a specific concept of their development. At the national and regional levels, there are several concepts (approaches) in parallel, from which three concepts of rural development can be clearly distinguished, namely:
- a concept that identifies a sectoral model - rural development with general modernization of agriculture and agri-food complex. Under this model, the main function of rural areas is the production of marketable agricultural products;
- the concept of convergence, which identifies a redistributive model that links rural development solely to reducing disparities between the most backward
rural areas and the rest of the economy. According to the redistributive model, rural areas are considered mainly as underdeveloped areas, structurally lagging behind the development of urban areas due to adverse natural and socio-economic factors, and therefore require special attention from public policy;
- a concept that identifies the territorial model, that is, rural development with the development of rural areas in general through the use of all resources located in their territory (human, physical, natural, landscape, etc.), and integration between all components and industries at the local level. This concept uses the possibilities of the territory in its broadest sense. That is, these three concepts correspond to three different, albeit non-formalized models used in European countries to shape rural development policy. Ukraine should use the European experience, as its existing potential is able to ensure the development of rural areas, to intensify the formation of new, including non-agricultural, economic activities; growth of agricultural production and improving both its quality and production processes [10; 16]. The main problem that slows down these processes at present is the
quality of governance - state, regional and local development.
The experience of Ireland shows that public policy is an effective means of promoting rural prosperity (wealth), strengthening rural values. These components are based on the adoption by the state of appropriate programs (declarations) that will promote investment in the viability and development of rural areas, as well as the preservation of the rural environment, effective management of natural resources. In addition, they will help increase knowledge and implement innovations, increase the efficiency of rural management and relieve pressure on fiscal services.
Rural areas in council of Europe member states are characterized by social, economic and environmental diversity. These discrepancies have become more pronounced since the 2008 financial crisis. Today, Europe's rural areas face the challenges of territorial cohesion, social sustainability, employment opportunities and infrastructure development. At the meeting of the congress of council of Europe member states on October 19, 2017, it was proposed to develop new strategies for rural development that will adapt to the specific features of rural areas and modern conditions of their existence [4; 15]. This strategy will be based on an investment approach that will improve infrastructure and improve the well-being of rural areas of Council of Europe member states.
Today, the socio-economic situation in rural areas of Ukraine requires an urgent solution to the systemic crisis and the solution of social problems of the Ukrainian peasantry. The priority now is to improve the standard and quality of life of the country's population, in particular rural areas, improve its overall well-being and enrich it with spiritual and moral values. The consequence of this should be the development of a free, humane and responsible personality. This approach is the basis for the formation of effective labor potential of the region, which will become the "locomotive" of infrastructure development in rural areas.
To do this, it is necessary to focus not on the export of raw materials, but on the sale of finished food products in foreign markets [1; 10]. Therefore, the development of rural infrastructure and support for agriculture should be one of the key areas of public policy.
Experience shows that agricultural policy is not able to fully address the development of rural settlements. Activation of the Ukrainian countryside is possible due to state support of the agricultural sector in combination with the development of rural areas. However, one should not ignore the importance of improving the agricultural sector in order to address the issues of rural revitalization, because today it creates an economic basis for the prosperity of rural settlements [8; 12].
The experience of foreign countries, especially economically developed ones, indicates the growing importance of non-agricultural activities in rural areas as alternative sources of income and prerequisites for further socio-economic development of individual areas. For several decades now, the world has been
actively promoting the diversification of economic activities in rural areas, which have traditionally been only a place of agriculture.
Currently, the priority task of state authorities of Ukraine and local self-government is the social revival of the village. The main conditions for the development of rural areas are set out in the new version of the Concept of the State Target Program for Sustainable Rural Development for the period up to 2025. One of the conditions for the development of rural areas is that the basis for the revival of rural areas should be the development of agricultural and non-agricultural activities that can create the necessary financial base for serious socio-economic transformations in rural areas and ensure proper living conditions [10; 16]. It is necessary to develop a new paradigm of management of agricultural enterprises in order to increase the efficiency of their economic activities, to implement a comprehensive program of rural development in the region by creating an effective system of relations at all levels of government.
According to M. Zhybak, at the present stage the problems of inconsistency of the level of development of the Ukrainian agricultural sector and rural areas in general with the world level and the standards of the EU countries remain unresolved. Current agricultural policy, especially in the context of domestic support for agricultural producers, is inconsistent [7]. The new era requires new forms of social and territorial organization, and the challenge is to invent them on the basis of successful systematic experience. Foreign experience suggests that we focus on clear planning of rural infrastructure development and the creation of new forms of associations in the countryside -business associations that will stimulate human development and be based on the principles of urban and rural balance.
Ukraine's state policy in the field of local self-government is based on the interests of residents of territorial communities and provides for the decentralization of power - ie the transfer of much power, resources and responsibilities from local governments to local governments. This policy is based on the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the best international standards of public relations in this area. Every inhabitant of a village or city has the right to modern medicine and education, accessible and high-quality administrative, communal, social services, good roads, clean and lighted streets. But people can influence the quality of these services only when those responsible for their provision are close [9; 14]. The closest authorities to the people are local governments: village, settlement city councils and their executive committees. Therefore, they must have broad powers and sufficient resources to be able to address all local issues and be responsible for them.
To this end, decentralization is taking place in Ukraine - the transfer of powers and finances from state authorities as close as possible to the people -local governments. In fig. 3 provides information on state financial support for community development
and infrastructure development in Ukraine in 2020, development. 60% of which is aimed at road infrastructure
Fig. 3. State financial support for community development and infrastructure development in Ukraine in 2020,
UAH billion.
Source: formed on the basis of [6]
Today, an important task of social and domestic purposes is to provide housing for the population. Gasification of rural settlements is one of the priorities of the village revival. In addition, trade is a sphere of social infrastructure that has a direct impact on all spheres of life, as well as to provide quality services to rural residents by trade establishments.
Currently, the complexity of solving the problems of development of social infrastructure of rural areas requires the following:
- in the field of housing and communal services: introduction of market mechanisms for housing
construction in rural areas; preservation and rational use of housing; improving the living conditions of families;
- in the field of consumer services for the rural population of the region: providing a wide range of services to rural residents; strengthening the impact of consumer services; partial compensation for rent, etc. In the table 4 provides information on the volume of services provided by enterprises in the service sector by type of economic activity in the third quarter of 2020 in Ukraine. The total amount of which is about 8.510 billion dollars USA.
Table 4
Volume of services provided by enterprises in the service sector by type of economic activity in the third
Volume of sold services, thousand UAH Including implemented services to the population
total, thousand UAH in% to the total
Total 238268527,5 46022169,8 19,3
Transport, warehousing, postal and courier activities 102347144,7 6650770,2 6,5
Land and pipeline transport 45491056,8 2738152,3 6,0
Freight rail transport 3466449,9 56259,1 1,6
Other passenger land transport 3438869,8 2599516,3 75,6
Freight road transport transport, provision of transportation services 14482669,8 42711,3 0,3
Warehousing and support activities for transportation 46774370,5 1069923,2 2,3
Postal and courier activities 2425647,9 775131,6 32,0
National postal activities 1985943,5 751025,2 37,8
Other postal and courier activities 439704,4 24106,4 5,5
Temporary accommodation and catering 5149923,4 3671530,8 71,3
Temporary accommodation 1578239,0 937478,0 59,4
Activities of hotels and similar temporary accommodation 1229928,1 793708,0 64,5
Holiday and other accommodation 331380,2 134053,5 40,5
Food and beverage activities 3571684,4 2734052,8 76,5
Restaurants and mobile food service activities 2805102,5 2567551,1 91,5
Catering services 685521,0 114103,1 16,6
Beverage service activities 81060,9 52398,6 64,6
Information and telecommunications 44475877,8 14650686,5 32,9
Publishing activities 1018955,6 83033,1 8,1
Production of motion pictures and television films, television programs, publishing of sound recordings 1234923,7 272505,4 22,1
Radio and television broadcasting activities 3044721,6 312366,0 10,3
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities 12718383,6 24726,9 0,2
Provision of information services 4924659,9 358467,9 7,3
Real estate activities 23511134,5 1043624,5 4,4
Buying and selling own real estate 351859,7 34053,3 9,7
Leasing and operation of own or leased real estate 22345853,7 640238,4 2,9
Real estate transactions for remuneration or on a contract basis 813421,1 369332,8 45,4
Professional, scientific and technical activities 26366458,5 1089453,5 4,1
Activities in the fields of architecture and engineering; technical testing and research 6706797,8 404992,5 6,0
Activities in the fields of architecture and engineering, technical consulting services 5434315,0 360520,2 6,6
Technical testing and research 1272482,8 44472,3 3,5
Research and development 3200991,5 78527,9 2,5
Research and experimental development in the field of natural sciences and technical sciences 3127111,4 73403,0 2,3
Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities 73880,1 5124,9 6,9
Other professional, scientific and technical activities 658682,0 11002,2 1,7
Activities in the field of photography 16615,3 1768,2 10,6
Other professional, scientific and technical activity 469865,7 6098,6 1,3
Veterinary activity 202455,7 76522,0 37,8
Administrative and support service activities 19000462,0 5278263,0 27,8
Rental, hire and leasing 3960942,9 51944,6 1,3
Renting of motor vehicles 799732,5 19500,3 2,4
Employment activities 1720840,3 20491,8 1,2
Employment agency activities 665834,6 15617,2 2,3
Security activities services and investigations 3150522,8 116731,5 3,7
Private security services 2819394,5 96181,8 3,4
Maintenance of buildings and areas 5723776,2 2932874,6 51,2
Comprehensive maintenance of facilities 3710634,0 2632523,8 70,9
Cleaning activities 1676739,4 294865,3 17,6
Provision of landscape services 336402,8 5485,5 1,6
Providing ancillary commercial services 841687,8 34073,8 4,0
Education 6235770,2 5911454,2 94,8
Preschool education 157102,7 147174,1 93,7
Primary education 53526,4 53088,5 99,2
Secondary education 401761,2 328332,9 81,7
Higher education 5203310,9 5061820,6 97,3
Other education 406121,9 312026,3 76,8
Supporting activities in the field of education 13947,1 9011,8 64,6
Health and social work 9023483,2 6721899,9 74,5
Health 8998164,2 6698377,0 74,4
Hospital activities 2943166,1 2155101,5 73,2
Medical and dental practice 5060667,2 4037492,5 79,8
Other health activities 994330,9 505783,0 50,9
Provision of residential care services
Provision of residential care services for people with mental disabilities and drug addicts 14543,0 13299,3 91,4
Provision of residential care services for the elderly and disabled 3198,4 3198,4 100,0
Provision of social assistance without accommodation 9564,1 8330,9 87,1
Provision of social assistance without accommodation for the elderly and disabled 10776,0 10223,6 94,9
Provision of other social assistance without accommodation 9328,7 8796,8 94,3
Health and social work 1447,3 1426,8 98,6
Arts, sports, entertainment and recreation 1325633,0 792748,5 59,8
Functioning of libraries, archives, museums and other cultural institutions 162847,2 109068,3 67,0
Activities in the field of sports, organization of recreation and entertainment 879298,4 455190,0 51,8
Activities in the field of sports 558171,9 328941,6 58,9
Recreation and entertainment 321126,5 126248,4 39,3
Provision of other services 832640,2 211738,7 25,4
Repair of computers, household goods and personal and household goods 463641,2 25363,5 5,5
Repair of computers and communication equipment 370427,8 13167,9 3,6
Repair of household appliances articles and articles of personal use 93213,4 12195,6 13,1
Provision of other personal services 368999,0 186375,2 50,5
Source: formed on the basis [6]
In the field of trade and restaurants there is a need to achieve a balance of supply and demand in the market of consumer goods; meeting consumer demand with high quality service and minimal costs; increasing the number of procurement organizations; improvement of forms of customer service, etc.
In the field of education it is necessary to carry out reconstruction, overhaul and equipping the
Table 5
General secondary education institutions (according to the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine)
premises of preschool institutions; equipping kindergartens; enriching the spirituality of the individual; promoting the implementation of computerization programs for rural schools and the "School Bus", etc. In the table 5 shows the dynamics of indicators of the education sector in Ukraine for the period 2014-2021.
Of these in institutions Graduation of students from
Number of general secondary education institutions Number of general secondary education institutions Number of
students in received a teachers in
Years general secondary education institutions daily evening (variable) received a certificate of basic general secondary education certificate of completion of complete general secondary education general secondary education institutions
2014/15 17,6 3757 3718 39 339 247 454
2015/16 17,3 3783 3750 33 336 229 444
2016/17 16,9 3846 3815 30 329 211 438
2017/18 16,2 3922 3894 28 329 203 440
2018/19 15,5 4042 4017 25 345 195 441
2019/20 15,2 4138 4116 22 352 198 440
2020/21 14,9 4211 4191 20 345 222 440
Source: formed on the basis [6]
In the field of health care, there is a need to equip medical offices; providing rural health care facilities with modern medical equipment, mobile dental offices
and other modern equipment. In the table 6 shows the dynamics of health care facilities in Ukraine in the period 2014-2017.
Table 6
Health care facilities
Years Number of hospitals, thousand Number of hospital beds Number of outpatient clinics, thousand Planned capacity of outpatient clinics
total, thousand per 10,000 population
number of visits per shift, thousand per 10,000 population
2014 1,8 336 78,5 9,8 912 213,4
2015 1,8 332 78,1 10,0 912 214,2
2016 1,7 315 74,3 10,2 915 215,6
2017 1,7 309 73,1 10,4 923 218,6
Source: formed on the basis [6]
In fig. 4 provides information on the amount of state financial support for community development and infrastructure development in Ukraine in 2021.
Fig. 4. State financial support for community development and infrastructure development in 2021, UAH billion. Source: formed on the basis [6]
We believe that the national policy of rural development should be based on a scientific basis, which in turn, should be focused on compliance with
certain norms and requirements that have already been formed in most developed countries (Fig. 5).
■ D ev ïl-opni Eut and imp Lei» Eutatiiu if pro erami for Üje impr-ov ehi Eut if rural ï ïttlïni Eutï ; Eaïific atiiu. ElEctrifk atiin. water supply, t a^plialtuiz. sewerage in yûIieeï tLriUEb public and priv itî in ïtitutiiu s, etc.);
1 Eu ïunn E tb e multi-cb auuïi principlE if linaniuii tbî ibjîctï if ïicii-cultunl aud biusEhild services aintEn ancE if teíey ant facilitiEï attbE Exp eu ï e if public aud priv atE fuud ï) :
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■ Simplifieatiiu iftbï taxation system aud pri^ iïkiu if bïuîfitï ti îutîipriïîï. ïiiiitiiu ï and irEauizatiiu ï tbat ïuïurï thï d ïy ïlipiu Eut if rural infraïtructurE ;pri^ iïiiu if appripuatE conditions iu tax lïEiïlatiiu) ;
■ Ftiniitiiu ifinYEïtmEnt activities ! attracting iuYEïtirï ti tL e d E y E LipU j Ent if priductiiu. transport and ïiciil infrastructure if rural arEaï);
■ Mid Eruizatiiu if tL e mid Eru system if training aud rEtraininE. raisin e tb e Iey e! if culturE ifpEaïautï. especially in dEprESïEd teeÍíus ;firstif all. implEin Eutatiiu if a s Et ifmEasurES ti infinn tb e public abiut tb e m Edic al and ecíIí eíc ai condition if tb e territory. iutriductkm if sanitary and hygienic training if ail strata if peasants. providing tbïir specialized training).
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Fig. 5. The main components of the realization of the infrastructural potential of innovative development of rural
areas of Ukraine
Source: formed based on the results of the study
The process of decentralization of power started in 2014 is aimed at resolving these and many other issues of the village and the city. clear division of powers between public authorities and local governments, as well as between different levels of local government. Local governments are responsible for school and preschool education, primary health care (clinics, medical and obstetric centers), cultural institutions, landscaping, public order and many other pressing issues [3; 4]. The organization of local self-government through the formation of territorial communities is enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, which presents the definition of a territorial community as the primary subject of local self-government.
Local self-government is the right of a territorial community - residents of a village or voluntary association of residents of several villages, settlements and cities into a rural community - to decide on issues of local significance. Territorial communities are a community of citizens who are aware of their rights and interests, demonstrate the ability to constructively resolve their own development, resolve conflicts, can manage the economic, social and cultural spheres of community life and implement their own development strategy [8; 10]. In fig. 6 shows the components of modern strategic guidelines for rural development.
Fig. 6. Strategic guidelines for rural development Source: formed based on the results of the study
Today, the task of state regional policy should be to support strategic projects for the regions, because full-fledged local self-government is a prerequisite for the development of regions, taking into account their characteristics. All issues related to the functioning of local communities and infrastructure development (construction or repair of schools, kindergartens, roads, obtaining permits, registrations, certificates) will be resolved on the ground without any permits from above [1; 9]. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted a number of laws to increase the powers of local governments and optimize the provision of administrative services, namely: state registration of legal entities and individuals, entrepreneurs, associations of citizens, as well as registration of
residence, civil status, property rights, land regulation issues, issuance of passport documents.
Results and discussion.
The adoption of new laws on decentralization has created a legal basis and mechanisms for the accelerated unification of territorial communities of villages, settlements, cities, directing their joint capabilities to address the problems of their territories. An active role was played by local budgets, which gained full independence in the use of available financial resources, regardless of the central budget. In fig. 7 provides information on the share of local budget revenues (excluding transfers) in the consolidated budget of Ukraine in the period 20152021, the largest amount of which falls on 2019 and is 23,3%.
Fig. 7. The share of local budget revenues (excluding transfers) in the consolidated budget of Ukraine in the
period 2015-2021, %
Source: formed on the basis [5]
In fig. 8 provides information on the share of lo- Ukraine in the period 2015-2021, the largest amount cal budget expenditures in the consolidated budget of of which falls on 2017 and is 46,9%.
Fig. 8. The share of local budget expenditures in the consolidated budget of Ukraine in the period 2015-2021, %o Source: formed on the basis [5]
On July 17, 2020, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted Resolution № 807-IX "On the formation and liquidation of districts." Today in Ukraine there are 119 district councils and 119 district state administrations. The new system of administrative-territorial organization of the subregional level in Ukraine today has 136 districts.
Today, the policy of rural development in Ukraine is carried out mainly within the framework of state regional policy and state agrarian policy. Therefore, it is necessary to single out rural areas as a self-sufficient object of regulation and solve the problems of their development comprehensively with reference to European principles and standards.
Conclusions.
The level of infrastructure of rural areas is one of the important internal factors of quality and living standards of the rural population. Today, the state of rural infrastructure largely depends on the development of agricultural production. The combination of joint efforts of the state, local authorities and business entities is a source of financial development of rural infrastructure. In addition, promoting the development of non-agricultural economic activities in rural areas should be the key to the effective development of rural infrastructure.
The task of state regional policy should be to support strategic projects for the regions, because full-
fledged local self-government is a prerequisite for the development of regions, taking into account their characteristics. All issues related to the functioning of local communities and infrastructure development will be resolved on the ground without any permits. Local budgets will play an active role in gaining full independence in the use of available financial resources, regardless of the central budget. directing joint opportunities of united territorial communities to solve problematic issues of formation and development of rural infrastructure.
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