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IDENTIFICATION OF GENETIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE FLORA OF THE ALASH PLATEAU (THE REPUBLIC OF TYVA, WESTERN SAYAN) AND THE ALTAI-SAYAN MOUNTAIN COUNTRY
®A.M. Samdan1 * , D.G. Chimitov2
1Tuva State University, Russia 2Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Russia
e-mail: 1,*[email protected], [email protected]
Received: 30.09.2024. Revised: 23.10.2024. Accepted: 01.11.2024.
The article compares the flora of the Alash Plateau (Republic of Tyva, Western Sayan Mountains) with the flora of mountain ranges in Southern Siberia. Using the "inclusion measures" technique, proposed by B.I. Semkin and T.A. Komarova, to assess the degree of similarity in species composition, the study identified common features between the flora of the Alash Plateau and the Altai Mountains. It turned out that the flora of the Alash plateau is most closely related to the flora of the Uyuksky, Seminsky ranges, as well as the Chikhachev range. At the same time, it is part of the flora of the Eastern Tannu-Ola range, and the flora of the Alash plateau includes the flora of the Tsagan-Daban range. In general, the identification of botanical and geographical connections of the flora of mountain structures of adjacent territories showed the common genesis of the flora of the Alash plateau and the Altai Mountains.
Key words: Altaids, degree similarity of the flora, flora, Alash plateau, Republic of Tyva
https://dx.doi.org/10.24412/cl-31646-2686-7117-2024-35-112-118
License: CC BY-NC 4.0
Cite: Samdan A.M., Chimitov D.G. 2024. Identification of genetic connections between the flora of the Alash plateau (the Republic of Tyva, Western Sayan) and the Altai-Sayan Mountain country // Proceedings of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve. Vol. 35. P. 112-118. https://dx.doi.org/10.24412/cl-31646-2686-7117-2024-35-112-118
Introduction
Mountainous territories are hotbeds of biological diversity. The Alash plateau, which is part of the Altai-Sayan mountain country system, is no exception. Many scientists have tried to explain the high level of the floral pool in the mountains (Revushkin, 1996; Artemov et al., 2013; Lagomarsino et al., 2016; Antonelli et al., 2018; Rahbek et al., 2019; Yu et al., 2020), their conclusions boil down to the general idea that their species diversity is determined by a combination of global and local abiotic conditions (for example, geological and climatic processes) with biotic ones.
The purpose of our work was to compare flora the Alash plateau with the flora of other mountainous areas of Altai-Sayan mountain country system to identify their similarities and genetic connections.
Material and Methods
The Alash plateau represents the southwestern part of the central strip of the Western Sayan and serves as a major orographic node in the northwestern part of Tuva (Lebedeva, 1938) (Fig. 1).
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Fig. 1: 1 - Alash plateau; 2 - Seminsky ridge; 3 - Chikhachev ridge; 4 - Uyuk ridge; 5 - East Tannu-Ola; 6 - Tsagan-Daban.
The relief of the highland is divided by the rivers Alash, Ak-Sug, Khondelen and their numerous tributaries, which belong to the Khemchik river basin. Domed isolated barrens of Bai-Taiga (3129 m), Kyzyl-Taiga (3121 m), and others rise above the general surface of the highland. The climate is sharply continental with large amplitudes of fluctuations in daily and annual temperatures. Precipitation on the windward slopes reaches up to 1000 mm per year, and the downwind slopes receive the least amount of precipitation - 200-300 mm per year (Natural conditions..., 1957), being in the "rain shade".
In conditions of mountainous relief, the soil cover is characterized by spatial heterogeneity. The most complete description of the soil cover of the Alash plateau was given by Nosin (1963). In the high-altitude zone, mountain-tundra sod-humus and peat-humus soils are widely developed. The spaces of the forest belt are occupied by mountain-taiga podzolic and sod-podzolic or non-saline peat-humus soils. Mountain steppes are one of the characteristic landscapes of the Alash plateau, and
they are characterized by two types of soils: mountain chernozems and mountain chestnut soils. Steppe cryoarid soils are widespread in the extended sections of river valleys, ancient terraces, dry intermountain valleys, hilly-rocky interfluves, and submountain plumes of the southern slopes (Volkovintser, 1978).
In accordance with the natural conditions, the vegetation cover of the Alash plateau is characterized by a rather complex structure, diversity and great typological composition. Due to the large range of heights - from 700 to 3000 m above sea level, the patterns of altitudinal zonation are clearly traced in the vegetation cover. Steppe, forest, and high-altitude belts are distinguished (Namzalov, 1979).
The material for this paper is based on literary sources and the results of our own field works carried out during the period 2002-2011, 2013-2014, 2022. To compare and identify the connections of the flora of the Alash plateau, sufficiently studied flora of various regions of Southern Siberia were taken: the Uyuk ridge (Lomonosova, 1978); the ridge of the Eastern Tannu-Ola (Hanminchun, 1980); the Seminsky ridge (Pshenichnaya, 1997); Chikhachev ridge (Maneev, 1986); the Tsagan-Daban ridge (Chimitov, 2006).
By comparing one flora with others, neighboring or remote at considerable distances, the place of the studied flora among the compared flora is established, the sources and ways of formation of this flora, its specific features, have been determined by the modern natural conditions of the area and the peculiarities of florogenesis (Uvarova, 2003).
Various similarity-difference coefficients are commonly used in botany, including the S0rensen-Czekanowski coefficient, the Strugen-Radulescu coefficient, and the Jaccard coefficient in Malyshev's modification. Sedelnikov (1982), when analyzing all the coefficients, shows that to be indicative and give reliable results only when comparing equal-sized floras with approximately the same area of the compared territories and their application significantly distorts the similarity of species-diverse floras. In comparative floristics, it is proposed to use the inclusion measures proposed by B.I. Semkin and T.A. Komarova for an objective assessment of the similarity degree of floras in species composition (Semkin, Komarova, 1977). At the same time, working formulas were applied to determine the inclusion measures:
K(A,B) = c/b; K(B,A) = c/a,
where K(A,B) is a measure of the inclusion of flora B in flora A, K(B,A) is a measure of the inclusion of flora A in flora B;
a - the number of species in the flora A;
b - the number of species in the flora B;
c - the number of species common to the flora A h B.
Thus, an inclusion relationship can be determined between the two floras. We used this coefficient to identify the similarity of the flora Alash plateau, Uyuk ridge, East Tannu-Ola, Seminsky ridge, Chikhachev ridge, Tsagan-Daban.
Results
At the first stage, we summarized the data on the number of species in the flora Alash plateau, Uyuk ridge, Eastern Tannu-Ola, Seminsky ridge, Chikhachev ridge, Tsagan-Daban (Table 1).
Table 1. Number of species of the floras of the ^ mountains of Southern Siberia
Mountain systems of Southern Siberia Number of species
Alash plateau 777
Uyuk ridge 916
East Tannu-Ola 973
Seminsky ridge 983
Chikhachev ridge 800
Tsagan-Daban 617
Based on the common features of the species found in the studied flora and the compared ridges, a matrix of intersections can be compiled (Table 2).
Table 2. Matrix of inclusion measures for the flora of the mountains of Southern Siberia
AL UK ETO SE CHI TSD
AL - 0.58 0.44 0.50 0.60 0.47
UK 0.68 — 0.69 0.51 0.61 0.56
ETO 0.55 0.74 — 0.55 0.62 0.59
SE 0.63 0.54 0.56 — 0.58 0.52
CHI 0.62 0.53 0.51 0.48 — 0.36
TSD 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.33 0.28 —
Note: flora of the: AL - Alash plateau, UK - Uyuk ridge, ETO - Eastern Tannu-Ola, SE -Seminsky ridge, CHI - Chikhachev ridge, TSD - Tsagan-Daban.
The most significant degree of flora inclusion of the Alash plateau in the flora of the Chikhachev (60%), Uyuk (58%), Seminsky (50%) ranges indicates the relative homogeneity of conditions and a greater degree of proximity of the species composition of the flora, which confirms the new approach of botanical and geographical zoning of the Altai mountain country in the critical systematic summary of the "Flora of Altai" (Kamelin et al., 2005), according to which the research area belongs to the so-called Altaids. The least inclusion of the flora of the Alash plateau is observed in the flora of the Tsagan-Daban (47%) and Eastern Tannu-Ola (44%) ranges, which characterizes them as the most specific and original.
Thus, Tsagan-Daban is characterized by the predominance of Dauro-Manchu, East Asian species, which is associated with geographical location, and the presence of Central Asian elements in the flora of Eastern Tannu-Ola, a number of Daurian species are noted, since its southern macroslope is open towards arid zones of deserts and semi-deserts of Central Asia (Hanminchun, 1980). For clarity, when identifying the common features of the floras, we constructed and analyzed inclusion graphs to display the relationships between the floras using the threshold value 5. If we take 0.5 (50%) as a threshold value, then for the above expressions K (A, B) < 5 and K (B, A) > 5, this will be graphically displayed as A^B, i.e. flora A is included in flora B. In
the case when both inclusion measures exceed a given threshold value, there is a similarity of the compared floras, which is denoted as A-^B. Using such designations, it is possible to graphically depict the inclusion and similarity relations of the compared floras, which is what we present below a graphical representation of the inclusion measures of the compared floras (Fig. 2). In this graph, bold lines indicate similar flora in species composition, in which the threshold value 5 is higher than 0.5 (50%). Thin lines with directional arrows indicate which flora is included in the other, and dotted lines indicate the remoteness of the floras.
Fig. 2. Graphical representation of the inclusion measures of the compared flora. AL - flora of the Alash plateau, UK - Uyuk ridge, ET - Eastern Tannu-Ola, SE - Seminsky ridge, CH - Chikhachev ridge, TD - Tsagan-Daban. 1 - 5 in the compared flora > 0.5; 2 - 5 < 0.5, shows the inclusion of flora; 3 - 5 in the compared flora < 0.5.
The graph shows that the flora of the Alash plateau has the highest rates of proximity with the Uyuk, Seminsky ridges, as well as with the Chikhachev ridge. The flora of the plateau is part of the flora of the Eastern Tannu-Ola range, and the flora of the Alash plateau includes the flora of the Tsagan-Daban range, which indicates the relative remoteness of these floras. The flora of the Uyuk, Seminsky ridges, as well as Chikhachev, Alash plateau have the largest inclusion, which indicates the common flora of the Alash highland and the Altai Mountains.
At the same time, the flora of the Uyuk ridge in this scheme, as it were, connects all other flora. It can be explained by the almost central position of the ridge in relation to other compared flora, as well as the position of this ridge on the path of trans-Asiatic migration of species. The somewhat isolated position of the flora of the Tsagan-Daban ridge confirms its originality, diversity associated with its special geographical location deep in the mountains of the Baikal upwarp district.
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ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ СВЯЗЕЙ ФЛОР ПЛАТО АЛАШ (РЕСПУБЛИКА ТЫВА, ЗАПАДНЫЕ САЯНЫ) И АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОЙ
ГОРНОЙ СТРАНЫ
А.М. Самдан1*, Д.Г. Чимитов2
1 Тувинский государственный университет, Россия 2 Институт общей и экспериментальной биологии СО РАН, Россия e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
В статье рассматривается сравнение флоры Алашского плато (Республика Тыва, Западные Саяны) с флорой горных сооружений Южной Сибири. Используя методику «мер включения» для оценки степени сходства флоры по видовому составу, предложенную Б.И. Семкиным и Т.А. Комаровой, удалось установить общие черты флоры Алашского плато и Горного Алтая. Оказалось, что флора Алашского плато наиболее близка с флорами Уюкского, Семинского хребтов, а также хребта Чихачева. В то же время она является частью флоры хребта Восточного Танну-Ола, а во флору Алашского плато включена флора хребта Цаган-Дабан. В целом выявление ботанико-географических связей флор горных сооружений сопредельных территорий показало общность генезиса флор Алашского плато и Алтайских гор. Ключевые слова: Алашское плато, алтаиды, Республика Тыва, степень сходства флоры, флора
